Term
| what are the 2 assumptions of science, and what does that tell us? |
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Definition
1) science is limited to the observable:nature
2) nature is consistent across time and space
therefore, nature is/can be predictable |
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Term
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Definition
| an idea about how or why things occur |
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Term
| what are some ways of conducting an experiment? |
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Definition
| observation, interview, study, in a lab, etc. |
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Term
| what is a null hypothesis? |
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Definition
| a null hypothesis specifies what we should observe if the original hypothesis being tested doesn't hold. |
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Term
| what are some elements of a well designed experiment? |
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Definition
- control group
- controlled conditions (sometimes)
- repeating tests
- many variables (controling them) |
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Term
| when were cells first found/described? |
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Definition
cells in cork (1665)
plant cells described (1670)
animal cells described (1805) |
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Term
| True or false, all organisms are composed of one or more cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cell theory tell us? |
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Definition
| - life cannot generate spontaneously and cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Term
| What is the theory of evolution? |
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Definition
| the idea that species change genetically over time to adapt to their environment and all species descend from common ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of new species from one original species driven by natural selection |
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Term
| list 7 taxonomy groups in order |
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Definition
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species |
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Term
| what are the three domains? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four kingdoms under eukarya? |
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Definition
protista
fungi
plantae
anamalia |
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Term
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Definition
| about 4.55 billion years old |
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Term
| how do we measure planet earth? |
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Definition
| relative position of rocks and radiometric dating |
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Term
| what three components are atoms composed of? |
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Definition
Protons (Positive)
Neutrons (Neutral)
Electrons (Negative) |
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Term
| protons and neutrons are located in the ? while electrons are located in the ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forms on an element with different numbers of neutrons |
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Term
| what is an isotopes "half-life?" |
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Definition
| the rate of decay of that isotope |
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Term
| when was the first evidnece of life? |
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Definition
| about 3.55 billion years ago |
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Term
| what is the chemical evolution hypothesis? |
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Definition
| an idea that states that during early earth, simple compounds reacted chemically to form larger, more complex molecules found in living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of electrons needed for an element to become stable |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms unpaired electrons are shared by both nuclei to fill their orbitals |
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Term
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Definition
| electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
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Term
| a spontaneous reaction occurs when... |
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Definition
| one substance os combined with another |
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Term
| a non-spontaneous reaction occurs when... |
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Definition
| one substance is broken down into another |
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Term
| difference between spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions |
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Definition
| spontaneous reactions do not require energy while the other does |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity to do work or supply heat either as potential and kinetic |
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Term
| true or false? Energy cannot be created or destroyed? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred or transformed |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of disorder in a group of molecules |
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Term
| what is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| entropy always increases in a closed system |
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Term
| potential energy ctored in chemical bonds is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| what two products could form if energy was available on ancient earth? |
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Definition
| formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide |
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Term
| why is carbon the most versatile element on earth? |
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Definition
| becuase of its four valence electrons it can form almost limitless bonds |
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Term
| what is an organic compound? |
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Definition
| a compound that contains carbon-carbon bonds and some carbon-hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid, solid or gas that disolves another liquid, solid or gas. |
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Term
| what does hydrophilic mean? |
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Definition
| able to disolve in water, compounds are ionic and polar |
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Term
| what does hydrophobic mean? |
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Definition
| not disolvable in water, usually compounds are uncharged and non-polar |
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Term
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Definition
| binding between lke molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| binding between unlike molecules |
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Term
| what are 4 properties of water? |
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Definition
| it is cohesive, adhesive, denser as a liquid than a solid and able to absorb large amounts of energy |
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Term
| what are the four kinds of biological molecules? |
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Definition
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleic acids |
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Term
| what are the steps of the chemical evolution hypothesis? |
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Definition
- early gases react to hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde
- in oceans, these molecules react to form mid-sized organic molecules
- mid-sized molecules link together to form macromolecules
- life possible when macromolecules replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| a carbon-carbon based molecule with an amino and carboxyl groups |
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Term
| Amino acids are building blocks of? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are building block molecules called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical linking together of monomers |
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Term
| how do amino acids polymerize to form proteins? |
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Definition
either by
- condensation: linking a monomer and dropping a water or
- hydrolysis: adding a water and dropping a monomer |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical bond between the carboxyl group of 1 aa to the amino group of another |
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Term
| what is a sequence of amino acids called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what makes a good replicator? |
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Definition
- contains information (can't be the same molecule)
- capable of being copied
- capable of making copies itself |
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Term
| four levels of structure of proteins |
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Definition
- primary: amino acid sequence
- secondary: sequences make hydrogen bonds
- tertiary: folding and bending based on the side chain interactions
- quaternary: subunits interact to form protein complexes |
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Term
| true or false? protein structure is hierarchial? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unfolding a protein and cesasing the function, i.e.: high temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| a catalyst that reduces activation energy requirement and orient reactions to increase their liklihood |
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Term
| what is the active site of an enzyme? |
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Definition
| the location where the reactant will bind to the enzyme |
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Term
| true or false? Enzymes act alone? |
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Definition
| false; some require cofactors, either a mineral or small organic compounds called coenzymes |
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Term
| what is allosteric regulation? |
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Definition
| when a molecule causes a change in the enzyme,but not in the active site. |
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Term
| a monosaccharide is the monomer for a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the compisition of simle sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| sugars tend to form rings in? |
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Definition
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Term
| a bond that forms between two sugar molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some functions of carbs? |
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Definition
- Provide structural material
- Indicate cell identity
- Store chemical energy |
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Term
| polysaccharides do not store information they? |
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Definition
| display information in the form of a glycoprotein |
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Term
| what are the components of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
- 5-carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base |
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Term
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Definition
| one molecule vs 2 molecules |
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Term
| all known organisms use (blank) to store information? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA comes in the structure of a? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
t-a
c-g
(Pyrimidine across from purine) |
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Term
| What are Erwin Chargaff's 2 empirical rules? |
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Definition
- the total number of purines and pyrimidines is the same
- the number of a's and t's are equal to the number of c's and g's |
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Term
| what are some properties of DNA |
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Definition
- carrying information in the bases
- stable and highly structured
- readily makes copies of itself with help (Catalyst(Enzyme)) |
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Term
| what is different about the bases of RNA vs DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false? RNA cannot "Hairpin?" |
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Definition
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