- results from impairment of cell's ability to maintain homeostasis due to breakdown of plasma membrane

- cell swell/break open/will cellular contents/lack alteration in nucleus (lysosomes)

- Promote inflammation

- ischemia (cause a decrease in ATP)

- lack O2 loss of mitochondria 

- programmed cell death into fragmentation of the DNA (causing a bleb), shrinkage of cytoplasm, membrane changes

- Doesn't lyse nor damage neighboring cells

The dead or dying cell is phagocytosed by phagocytic cells (macrophages & neutrophils) during apoptosis

Why is it called Programmed 

cell death?

1. Deleting unwanted structures

2. Sculpting specific tissues by ablating fields of cells (during finger formation)

3. Controlling cell number

4. Eliminating Cells 

    -that are abnormal, nonfunctional, or dangerous

- the # of new cells produced/sec=the same # that are destroyed by apoptosis

-too little cell death: causes cancer & viral infections

-too much cell death: causes neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, parkinsons, AIDS

- Apoptosis can be triggered either by withdrawal of positive, negative, or both

- Intrinsic Pathway

- Extrinsic Pathway

dependent on spectrum of Bcl-2

  - if encoded apoptosis will be inhibited

  - releases Cytochrome C which triggers cellular damage/aging/mitochondrial DNA damage

Cytochrome C binds to adaptor protein & activate caspase (apoptosome) which leads to apotosis

- Killer lymphocyte + FAS protein bind activating caspase

- The eat me signal on apoptotic cells contain phosphatidylserine and scramblase

What does necrosis and apoptosis 

dependent on?

- concentration

-duration of exposure