DNA: double stranded, contain C,T,A,G

deoxyribose 

RNA: single stranded, contain C,U,A,G

- is found on polymerase 1

- located in the nucleolus

*composed of ribosomes

*provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into AA

- Found on polymerase II

- located in the nucleoplasm

*looks like the coding strand of DNA

*when processed the C-terminus domain is required

*A 5' cap (triphosphate linkage 5'->5'

   -using cap binding protein (CBPs)

-stabilizes the mRNA

*the poly-A tail is added onto the 3' end of the message

- found on polymerase III

- located on the nucleoplasm

*smallest of the two

*there is 1 tRNA for every 20 AA

*contain an "anticodon" that base pairs w/ codon from mRNA in an antiparallel fassion

*CCA is added to the 3' end of all tRNA's

*some nucleotides are removed, modified or changed

What are the components of a large ribosomal subunit?

-28S 

-5.8S

-5S

-18S

A poison that attracts enzyme RNA polymerase II that produces mRNA

-reduces its gene expression until poison is reversed

-causes cytolysis of hepatocytes

-deadly poison found after producing caster oil

- alters ribosome interaction w/ translation elongation factors (eEF1 & eEF2)

- remove/depurinate 1 adenine from the 28S rRNA

- more potent than alpha-amanitin

There are consesus sequences @ splice sites, GU @ the 5' splice site, AG @ the 3' splice site & @ the A branch site

- This is carried out by splicesosome suing 2 nucleophilic attacks

1. maternally inherited diabetes & deafness (MIDD)

2. Mitochondrial encephalophathy lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes (MELAS)

Maternal Inherited Diabetes & Deafness

- a tRNA mutation

- causes sensorineural hearing loss

Mitochondrial encephalophathy lactic acidosis stroke-like episodes

- A tRNA mutation

- causes: hemiparesis=partial paralysis fo one side of the body

     hemianopsia=loss of half the vision in                        both eyes

    Cortical blindness=total/partial vision loss

- reduces the amount of complex 1 made in mitochondria

- high proportional leucine residues on 3242A->G mutation

- lowers proton pumping, rate of ATP synthesis

- located in front of the transcriptional start site (start codon)

- responsible for binding the RNA polymerase II to start making RNA

- located where transcription starts at AUG

- its location and orientation independent

- responsible for binding to activation factor proteins to induce transcription

- located where transcription stops

- UGA, UAA, UAG

- located in the coding segment

- responsible for translation

- Rat1 race

- the 5' cap is not put on until after 20-30 mins

- globin gene bind proteins that "open" the chromatin

- unique so that ubiquitous transcription factors can bind to DNA & effect transcription

-tRNA that is incorporated into the ribosome is controlled by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and uses 2 high energy molecules from ATP

- Ribosomes is responsible for moving the mRNA strand through it/not moving on the mRNA 

(bc its big and would require lots of energy)

- Ribosome is 80 in size

-large component = 60S (28S, 5.8S, 5S)

-Small component = 40S (18S)

-elF4 binds to the 5' cap

-polyA binding protein (PBP) binds it acting as a translation activator

- The small ribosomal subunit bind elF-2/tRNA/met/GTP & attract 5'cap by CBPs

-The mRNA scans for start codon

-recognition triggers GTP hydrolysis by elF-2 which causes initiation factors to release & large ribosomal subunit to bind

-eEF1 guides to an aminoacyl tRNA to bind to A site thus forming a peptide bond 

-mRNA & eEF2 moves 3 nucleotides so that tRNA will move to the P site

-The process is repeated until a stop codon appears in the A site.

-release factors that mimic a tRNA in shape, bind and cause termination

- The amino acid that is attached to the tRNA in the P site is transferred to the amino acid that is attached to the tRNA in the A site via the creation of a peptide bond

- formed by the enzyme peptidyl transferase a function of the 28S rRNA

- every AA takes up 4 high-energy bonds 

- its controlled by ferritin and transferrin receptors

- ferritin inhibits ribosomes from finding the start codon & in the 3' region it prevent protein from binding a RNA & chewing off a poly-A tail

- it cleaves one of the cap binding proteins (elF4G) so that it can no longer function as a bridge b/w the methyl cap & 40S subunit

-virus translated due to internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)