Term
Covalent Bonds
(Non-Polar) |
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Definition
| A bond in which electrons are shared between elements having a difference in electronegativity of less than 0.5.. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges, characteristic of salts. Also called electrovalent bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom, usually of another molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms of two different elements with different electronegativities bond resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water is an excellent solvent due to its polarity, high dielectric constant and smallsize, particularly for polar and ionic compounds and salts. |
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Term
*Water*
High heat capacity |
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Definition
| Can absorb heat without becoming extremely hot itself. |
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Term
*Water*
Moderating influence |
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Definition
| It takes considerable temprature influence to make water hot or cold therefore water keeps a mainly stable temprature. |
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Term
*Water*
Evaporative cooling |
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Definition
| Evaporative cooling occurs because the warmest molecules are those with the greatest kinetic energy and are most likely to leave in the gaseous state. Evaporative cooling of water contributes to the stabilization of temperature in lakes. |
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Term
*Water*
Strong cohesion and Surgace tension |
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Definition
| Water has a greater surface tension than all other liquids except mercury. At the interface between water and air is an ordered arrangement of water molecules which are hydrogen bonded to one another and the water below. The result is an interface surface or film under tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adhesion is the attraction of molecules of different compounds to one another.Water is highly adhessive. |
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Term
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Definition
*They may be very large, containing thousands of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
*They are typically composed of many smaller molecules bonded together. |
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Term
| All living things contain these four |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What is a monomer? |
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Definition
A simple molecular unit that can be linked with others to form a polymer.
The glucose molecule is the monomer of starch |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What is a Polymer? |
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Definition
A material constructed of smaller molecules of the same substance that form larger molecules.
Plastic is a synthetic polymer,
Protein is a natural polymer. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What are Functional groups? |
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Definition
| Group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for certain properties of the molecule and reactions in which it takes part. |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
How do Carbohydrates function?
(energy storage) |
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Definition
| When carbohydrates are consumed, the body turns them into glucose, excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscle cells as glycogen, to be used for when the body needs an extra burst of energy. Any leftover glycogen that isn't stored is turned into fat. |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
What does the structure of a Carbohydrate look like? |
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Definition
*Carbohydrates have the general molecular formula CH2O,
*Three common sugars share the same molecular formula: C6H12O6. Because of their six carbon atoms, each is a hexose. Glucose,Galactose & Fructose. |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
What are the Carbohydrate groups?
(Part 1) |
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Definition
| Sugars, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin. |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
What does the structure of a Protien look like? |
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Definition
| Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
What is the function of a protien? |
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Definition
| Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Essential for growth and repair of tissue. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What are Peptide bonds? |
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Definition
| A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What are Amino acids? |
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Definition
Simple organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and in certain cases sulfur.
These compounds are the building blocks of proteins. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What are Transport Protiens? |
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Definition
| Proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What are Enzymes? |
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Definition
| Breaks down substances, such as food or medicines, into simpler substances that the body can use. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What is a lipid? |
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Definition
| A group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides. Insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, Oily to the touch |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What do lipids do? |
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Definition
| Constitute the principal structural material of living cells. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
How do lipids store energy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
*Macromolecules*
Just some fun facts about fat. |
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Definition
*Fats carry essential vitamins = A D E and K
*Fats stay in stomach longer feel fuller - satiety
*Fats smell good - so we think fatty foods are tasty
*Fats help prevent dehydration of body surfaces (ie, skin) |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
Describe Triglycerides
(Saturated) |
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Definition
| Most often of animal origin, that is solid at room temperature and whose fatty acid chains cannot incorporate additional hydrogen atoms.(Bad) |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
Describe Triglycerides
(Unsaturated) |
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Definition
| Derived from plant and some animal sources, especially fish, that is liquid at room temperature. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
Describe Phospholipids |
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Definition
Various phosphorous-containing lipids that are composed mainly of fatty acids, Is a simple organic molecule.
Also called phosphatide. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
Describe Steroids |
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Definition
*Any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs.
*The sex hormones estrogen and testosterone are built from steroids, as are many modern anti-inflammatory drugs. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What are hormones? |
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Definition
| Chemicals produced by glands in the body which circulate in the blood and control the actions of cells and organs. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
What is a nucleic acid? |
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Definition
| *Composed of purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, and phosphoric acid. *Nucleic acids in the form of DNA and RNA control cellular function and heredity. |
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Term
*Macromolecules*
How does a Nucleic acid store information? |
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Definition
| It is encoded in the DNA polymer by the pattern in which the four nucleotides are arranged. To access this information the pattern must be "read" in a linear fashion, just as a bar code is read at a supermarket checkout |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
What is a Nucleotide? |
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Definition
| Building blocks of genes, which are arranged in specific order and quantity. |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
How are the nucleotides paired? |
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Definition
Thymine and Adenine
Guanine and cytosine |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
What is DNA? |
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Definition
A nucleic acid found in the nucleus of a cell and consisting of a polymer formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information
*Deribonucleic Acid* |
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Term
Macromolecules
Organic molecules
What is RNA? |
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Definition
| A large nucleic acid molecule found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell.It transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell |
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Term
*Enzymes*
What are Globular protiens? |
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Definition
| Comprising globelike proteins that are more or less soluble in aqueous solutions |
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Term
*Enzymes*
Describe enzyme catabolism |
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Definition
| Series of chemical reactions that breakdown larger molecules. Energy is released this way, some of it can be utilized for anabolism. |
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Term
*Enzymes*
Describe enzyme anabolism |
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Definition
| Phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue. |
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Term
*Enzymes*
Describe the "lock and key" model |
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Definition
| In this model, the active site of the unbound enzyme is complementary in shape to the substrate. |
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Term
*Enzymes*
Describe the "Induced fit" model |
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Definition
| In this model, the enzyme changes shape on substrate binding. The active site forms a shape complementary to the substrate only after the substrate has been bound. |
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Term
*Enzymes*
Define : 1.Substrate
2.Active site
3.Substrate complex |
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Definition
1)The material or substance on which an enzyme acts
2)location on the surface of the enzyme where the catalyzed reaction takes place
3)When the substrates of a chemical reaction are bound to the enzyme. |
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Term
*Enzymes*
Define Inhibiters :
1.Competitive
2.Non Competitive |
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Definition
1)The inhibitor binds to the substrate binding site.
2)Never bind to the active center, but to other parts of the enzyme that can be far away from the substrate binding site |
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Term
*Enzymes*
What does an allosteric reaction involve? |
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Definition
| Involves a change in the shape and activity of an enzyme that results from molecular binding with a regulatory substance at a site other than the active one. |
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Term
*Enzymes*
Explain Negative feedback |
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Definition
| The more product there is, the less product which is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| Rigid outermost cell layer found in plants and certain algae, bacteria, and fungi, not present in animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex, discrete green structure, or organelle, contained in the cytoplasm of plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Large membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells. They capture food materials or unwanted structural debris surrounding the cell, sequester materials that might be toxic to the cell, maintain fluid balance within the cell, export unwanted substances from the cell, or even determining relative cell size |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane-bound organelle in the cytoplasm of most cells containing various hydrolytic enzymes that function in intracellular digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus in which DNA is housed and which lack many of the organelles found in more advanced cells. |
|
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Term
| Define Naked circular DNA |
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Definition
| While the individual strands of a linear double helix represent two distinct and separable molecules, this need not be true for circular DNA. If the strands twist an odd number of times around one another in completing the DNA loop, then they are covalently joined into a single molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A minute round particle composed of RNA and protein that is found in the cytoplasm of living cells and serves as the site of assembly for polypeptides encoded by messenger RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure that forms the site of adhesion between two cells, consisting of a dense plate in each adjacent cell separated by a thin layer of extracellular material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that forms the site of adhesion between two cells, consisting of a dense plate in each adjacent cell separated by a thin layer of extracellular material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic channels of plants facilitating transport and communication between individual cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spontaneous migration of substances from regions where their concentration is high to regions where their concentration is low. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of a liquid solvent through a semipermeable membrane that does not allow dissolved solids (solutes) to pass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microtubules are protein structures found within cells, one of the components of the cytoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
Define
1)hypertonic
2)hypotonic |
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Definition
1)Having the higher osmotic pressure of two solutions.
2)Having the lower osmotic pressure of two fluids. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasm away from the wall of a living plant or bacterial cell, caused by loss of water through osmosis. |
|
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Term
| what does exocytosis mean? |
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Definition
| A process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are discharged from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the outer cell membrane. |
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Term
| What does endocytosis mean? |
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Definition
| A process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell. |
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Term
| What is the plasmodesmata? |
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Definition
| Microscopic channels of plants facilitating transport and communication between individual cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A salt or an ester of pyruvic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Theory suggests essentially that most ATP synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the membrane of a mitochondrion by using the energy of NADH and FADH2 formed from the breaking down of energy rich molecules such as glucose. |
|
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Term
| What occures in the matrix of mitochondria? |
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Definition
Pyruvate and fatty acids are
imported from the cytosol and converted to acetyl CoA |
|
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Term
| What does oxidative phosphorylation mean? |
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Definition
| The process in cell metabolism by which respiratory enzymes in the mitochondria synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the oxidation of NADH by molecular oxygen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A coenzyme, C21H28N7O17P3, occurring in most living cells and utilized similarly to NAD but interacting with different metabolites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The reduced form of NAD, which is a coenzyme,occurring in most living cells and utilized as an oxidizing or reducing agent in various metabolic processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the inward projections or folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. |
|
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Term
| Describe the Calvin cycle.(Dark reaction) |
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Definition
| The second stage of photosynthesis, not requiring light to occur, and during which energy released from ATP drives the production of organic molecules from carbon dioxide. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| The spongy, colorless framework of a red blood cell or other cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process found in autotrophs, usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant that uses the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic matter, forming a 3-carbon compound as the 1st stable intermediate. |
|
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Term
| Describe what happends during cyclic photophosphorylation |
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Definition
| electrons are recycled, The excited electrons resulting from the absorption of light in photosystem I are received by the primary electron acceptor and then transferred to the cytb6-f complex which acts as an electron transport chain. The electrons return back to the reaction center of Photosystem I, where the cycle is ready to start all over. The electrons are using to translocate Protons which the ATPase uses to synthesize ATP. No reduction of NADP+ occurs in Cyclic Photophosphorylation. |
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Term
| Describe photorespiration |
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Definition
| Oxidation of carbohydrates in plants with the release of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. |
|
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Term
| What occures during C4 carbon fixation? |
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Definition
| Plant that prefaces the Calvin Cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into 4-carbon compound. This pathway is found mostly in hot regions with intense sunlight. |
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Term
| What occures during CAM carbon fixation? |
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Definition
| plant that uses Crassulacean acid metabolism as an adaptation for arid conditions. CO2 entering the stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin Cycle during the day, when the stomate is closed. |
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Term
| What occurs during interphase |
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Definition
| The stage of a cell between two successive mitotic or meiotic divisions. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle apparatus forms at opposite poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of mitosis and meiosis, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the nuclear spindle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following the division of the nucleus. |
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Term
| What is the cleavage furrow? |
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Definition
| The series of mitotic cell divisions that produces a blastula from a fertilized ovum. It is the basis of the multicellularity of complex organisms |
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Term
| What does it mean to be haploid? |
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Definition
| Having the same number of sets of chromosomes as a germ cell or half as many as a somatic cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The natural formation in offspring of genetic combinations not present in parents, by the processes of crossing over or independent assortment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. |
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Term
| What does it mean to be Diploid? |
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Definition
| Having a pair of each type of chromosome, so that the basic chromosome number is doubled: diploid somatic cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The side-by-side association of homologous paternal and maternal chromosomes during the first prophase of meiosis. |
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Term
| What is genetic variation? |
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Definition
| A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. |
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Term
| What is the Law of Segregatoin? Two parts. |
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Definition
1)Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters.
2)For each character, an organism inherits two genes, one from each parent. |
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Term
| What is the Law of Segregatoin? Two parts. |
|
Definition
3)If the two alleles differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the organism's appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance.
4)The two genes for each character segregate during gamete production. |
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Term
| What does the Law of Independant Assortment state? |
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Definition
| The emergence of one trait will not affect the emergence of another. |
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Term
| How does semiconservative replication work? |
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Definition
| The normal process of DNA synthesis, in which the two original strands of the molecule separate, and each acts as a template on which a new complementary strand is laid down. |
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Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| A heterozygous condition in which both alleles at a gene locus are partially expressed, often producing an intermediate phenotype. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The failure of paired chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate and go to different cells during meiosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An interaction between nonallelic genes, especially an interaction in which one gene suppresses the expression of another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A transfer of a chromosomal segment to a new position, especially on a nonhomologous chromosome. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chromosomal defect in which a segment of the chromosome breaks off and reattaches in the reverse direction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template resulting in the transfer of genetic information from the DNA molecule to mRNA. |
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Term
What is
1)mRNA
2)RNA Polymerase |
|
Definition
1)messenger RNA
2)A polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template, or, in some viruses, from an RNA template. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A segment of a gene situated between exons that is removed before translation of messenger RNA and does not function in coding for protein synthesis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A sequence of DNA that codes information for protein synthesis that is transcribed to messenger RNA. |
|
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Term
| What occures during translation? |
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Definition
| Messenger RNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the genetic code. Translation is necessarily preceded by transcription. |
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Term
|
Definition
1)transfer RNA
2)ribosomal RNA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any of the repeating subunits of chromatin, consisting of a DNA chain coiled around a core of histones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any of a group of viruses, many of which produce tumors, that contain RNA and reverse transcriptase, including the virus that causes AIDS. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomal material that is genetically active and stains lightly with basic dyes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A virus that infects and lyses certain bacteria. |
|
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Term
| Describe reverse transcription. |
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Definition
| The process by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A unit of genetic material that functions in a coordinated manner by means of an operator, a promoter, and one or more structural genes that are transcribed together. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any of a class of enzymes that catalyze the linkage of two molecules, generally utilizing ATP as the energy donor. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1)Restriction fragment length polymorphism.
2)complementary DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the Human Genome Project? |
|
Definition
| A bioinformatics project that has identified the 30,000 genes in human DNA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms. |
|
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Term
| What does embryology refer to? |
|
Definition
| The branch of biology that deals with the formation, early growth, and development of living organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What dos Analogous structures refer to? |
|
Definition
A trait that is morphologically and functionally similar
to another, but which arose from a different ancestral condition. |
|
|
Term
| What is Artificial selection? |
|
Definition
| Human intervention in animal or plant reproduction to ensure that certain desirable traits are represented in successive generations. |
|
|
Term
| What are vestigial structures? |
|
Definition
| Features that apparently serve no function in an organism and are allegedly holdovers from an evolutionary past. |
|
|
Term
| What does genetic mutation refer to? |
|
Definition
| A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type. |
|
|
Term
| Define the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
|
Definition
| A fundamental principle in population genetics stating that the genotype frequencies and gene frequencies of a large, randomly mating population remain constant provided immigration, mutation, and selection do not take place. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The evolutionary formation of new biological species, usually by the division of a single species into two or more genetically distinct ones. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The evolutionary formation of new biological species, usually by the division of a single species into two or more genetically distinct ones. |
|
|
Term
| What is postzygotic isolation? |
|
Definition
A type of reproductive isolation that occurs after members
of two different species have mated and produced a hybrid offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Explain divergent evolution. |
|
Definition
| The process by which initially similar gene copies diverge to perform different functions as they lose the selective pressure initially present on them. New selective pressures then take over to evolve the genes towards totally different functions. |
|
|
Term
| Eplain convergent evolution. |
|
Definition
| The adaptive evolution of superficially similar structures, such as the wings of birds and insects, in unrelated species subjected to similar environments |
|
|
Term
| What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? |
|
Definition
| Suggests that eukaryotic cells first appeared when a prokaryotic cell was absorbed into another cell without being digested. |
|
|
Term
| What do heterotrophic prokaryotyes do? |
|
Definition
They feed on organic matter by secreting enzymes and absorbing
the digested material. |
|
|
Term
| What do autotrophic prokaryotes do? |
|
Definition
| They make organic food using energy from sunlight. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A photosynthetic bacterium of the class Coccogoneae or Hormogoneae, generally blue-green in color and in some species capable of nitrogen fixation. |
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