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Fire
Fire
75
Architecture
Professional
11/04/2015

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Term
Fire
Definition
heat / light energy released during a chemical reaction: pyrolysis.
Combustion requires these three elements. Fire elimination usually addresses one
of the three. Understanding the causes is also important.
Term
Combustion
Definition
results in energy output, gases, and other residues
Term
What creates fire in buildings?
Definition
Electrical
Chemical
Mechanical
Others/arson
Term
most death in building fires
Definition
result from smoke and gases because of
Modern building materials:
Other gases include oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, cyanide, phosgene, hydrogen
chloride (PVC)
Term
three major objectives of fire protection and life safety
Definition
protection of property, and the restoration and continued use of the building after the fire.
Term
additional life safety concerns
Definition
Life safety also involves the protection of people during
emergencies other than fire, such as earthquakes, floods , terrorist threats , and
similar disasters.
Term
five major ways that fire protection in buildings is accomplished
Definition
•by preventing fires
•by early fire detection and alarm
•by providing for quick exiting of building occupants
•by containing the fire
•by suppressing the fire
Term
Fire detection systems
Definition
provide sufficient warning for
3
occupants to leave the building and to alert firefighters so that extinguishing efforts
can begin before the fire spreads.
Term
Fire containment
Definition
building
materials, compartmentation, and smoke control
Term
Fire suppression
Definition
sprinkler systems, standpipes, and other methods.
Term
Fire prevention
Definition
limiting the hazardous situations that could lead to starting
a fire, and then if a fire occurs, limiting the outcome. It also limits the products of
combustion. Building codes address these concerns in a number of ways that
include setting forth minimum flame-spread ratings and establishing flammability
standards and similar constraints
Term
What do codes address?
Definition
Warnings, egress, materials, size and compartments, property protection….
Term
Compart-ment-ation
Definition
The basic idea is to separate a building into sections, to contain fire and limit its spread, both to allow
building occupants to escape and to protect other parts of the building that are not initially subject to
the fire.
Term
Compart-ment-ation in high rise buildings
Definition
it may not be practical to evacuate the building immediately,
Compartmentation can provide places of refuge where occupants can wait until the fire is
extinguished or until they can exit safely.
Term
Codes require fire separation between
Definition
different occupancies
use areas and exits
parts of a building when the maximum allowable area is exceeded.
Separation is required both vertically, with floor-ceiling assemblies, and horizontally, with fire-rated
walls. Any openings through fire assemblies must also be rated or protected.
also applies the entire building and its surroundings
Term
Smoke
Definition
the collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted
when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass
Term
Smoke control
Definition
one of the most important aspects of fire protection. Smoke
moves rapidly through a building, well beyond the location of the fire.
Term
Smoke moves by
Definition
convection, differential air pressure between cool and warm air,
the stack effect through vertical penetrations, winds, also by HVAC systems.
Building geometry and the sprinkler systems also play a significant role in smoke
movement, vapor created by sprinklers
Term
Compart-ment-ation (smoke)
Definition
sections to contain
smoke and limit its spread.
Term
how hot water helps to put out fires
Definition
Water stops the heat and light energy, and the chemical reaction during a fire.
Term
reasons why water is used as the primary means of fire elimination
Definition
cools, smothers, emulsifies, available. cheap
Term
issues with water for fire elimination
Definition
damages building and contents, conducts electricity
Term
Standpipes
Definition
water pipes that run the height of the building, in protected areas,
and have connections for hoses at different levels
Term
Standpipes - class I
Definition
full scale fire fighting, buildings more than 3 levels, and malls. (sprinkled or
not) 2 ½”, firefighter use only.
Term
Standpipes - class II
Definition
first aid fire fighting, before trucks arrive. 1 ½”. It is intended to be used by
occupants, so it has hoses. Used in large un-sprinkled buildings, and special
hazards.
Term
Standpipes - class III
Definition
shares characteristics of I and II: 2 ½”+ 1 ½” with hose. Users and
firemen.
Term
standpipe water supply
Definition
building storage tanks and through Siamese
connections
Term
sprinkler types - Early and quick suppression
Definition
expedite resolution
Term
sprinkler types - Wet pipe sprinklers
Definition
kept filled with water under pressure, ready to act. These
are the most common. They respond immediately to a rise in temperature at any
sprinkler head.
Term
sprinkler types - Dry pipe systems
Definition
used in areas subject to freezing. The pipes are filled with
compressed air or nitrogen (under pressure) that is released first; water then comes
to the heads.
Term
sprinkler types - pre-action
Definition
Separate slide
Term
sprinkler types - deluge
Definition
heads are always open, water flow is controlled by a smoke, heat, of flame
sensor, that activates all the sprinkler heads in an area at once, regardless of
where the fire is. The pipes are empty; upon activation of an alarm, valves
automatically open, flooding the space. Deluge systems are used in high-hazard
areas where fire is likely to spread rapidly
Term
sprinkler types - mist
Definition
heat extraction, oxygen depletion, blocking of radiant heat.
Term
sprinkler types - circulating
Definition
water is kept in movement.
Term
sprinklers - Flow control
Definition
smart system that allows sprinklers to stop according to temperature
level.
Term
sprinklers - spacing
Definition
hazard, ceiling height, type, pressure.
Radius and height are critical factors in the definition of the geometry
Term
actuated sprinklers
Definition
Only those above fire are actuated. (Deluge does not work this way.)
Term
2 critical factors in the definition of the geometry of sprinklers
Definition
Radius and height
Term
double interlock
Definition
Pre-action –DRY Pipe- systems are also called “double interlock” because two
separate actions are required to cause a discharge:
1) Signal from a detection system to open the pre-action valve which will allow
water to fill the pipe.
2) Heat from a fire to fuse a sprinkler head, releasing water into the room.Of course, a head can be knocked off or discharge for some other reason, but if the
detection system has not opened the pre-action valve, no water will be in the
pipe. The detection portion of the process can be further enhanced to require
separate detectors, zones, or types of detectors to be in alarm. Before the
advent of detectors that could provide a location, detectors were often grouped
in zones, so that two detectors in different zones were needed to open the preaction
valve.
Term
sprinkler parts
Definition
sprayer, deflector, and fusible link.
Term
sprinkler types
Definition
Upright, pendant, or sidewall.
Threaded or saddle.
Term
Thermal linkage/ Fusible link
Definition
The thermal linkage is the component which controls water release. Under normal
conditions the linkage prevents water flow, however, as the link is exposed to heat
it weakens and releases the cap. Common linkage styles:
Metal levers
Frangible glass bulbs
Solder pellets.
In most cases, when a sprinkler head opens, a detector senses movement of water
and sends a signal to an annunciator panel or fire control center so that fire fighting
personnel know where the fire is.
Term
common v. higher temperature sprinklers
Definition
The common operating temperatures range between 135 -225°F
The higher temperature sprinklers, however, may be utilized where excessive
ambient temperatures exist, i.e. mechanical/boiler rooms.
Term
Sprinklers for industrial settings
Definition
There are orange and green fusible links, for higher temperatures, used in industrial
settings.
Term
Operating temperature lag time
Definition
Upon reaching the desired operating temperature, an approximate 30 second to 4
minute time lag will follow. This lag is the time required for linkage fatigue and is
largely controlled by the link materials and mass.
Term
What are the criteria for using different types of temperatures for sprinklers?
Definition
Normal ceiling temp
Risk factor
Room contents or stored materials.
Term
sprinkler temperature/coding/color
Definition
135-170: Ordinary - no color
175-225: Intermediate - white
250-300: High - blue
325 - 375: Extra High - red
Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type A
Definition
Water and foams, dry chemical
Used in ordinary combustibles: wood, paper, cloth, plastics…. Cooling effects of
water, coating/interruption from dry chemicals.
(Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential)
Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type B
Definition
Smothering or interrupting chemicals
Used on combustible liquids, gases, greases…. Exclude oxygen, inhibits
release of gases, interrupts chain reaction. (Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential)
Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type C
Definition
CO2 or dry chemical
used on electrical equipment.
(Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential)
Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type ABC
Definition
all of the above
(Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential)
Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type D
Definition
Graphite, sodium chloride, dry chemicals
Used on combustible metals.(Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential)
Term
Halon Use
Definition
Halons were eliminated in the 90’s. They were used to extinguish fires by
interrupting the chemical chain reaction in a fire. Do not harm contents or people.
They harm the environment.
Term
Halon Replacements
Definition
Foams: float on flammable liquids cover flammables smothering fires. Different
types of expansion: from 20:1 to 1000:1
CO2 and inerting gases: absorb combustion energy and replace oxygen. Used in
small spaces without people.
Clean gases: FM-200, similar to Halon, does not harm firefighters.
Term
Fire suppression - Foam
Definition
float on flammable liquids cover flammables smothering fires. Different
types of expansion: from 20:1 to 1000:1
Term
Fire suppression - CO2 and inerting gases
Definition
Absorb combustion energy and replace oxygen. Used in
small spaces without people.
Term
Fire suppression - Clean gases
Definition
FM-200, similar to Halon, does not harm firefighters.
Term
Fire Detection - Alarm
Definition
A warning system. An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the
unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with
combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is either classified as automatic,
manually activated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems can be used to notify
people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to bring emergency
help, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.
Types: (NFPA 72)
Term
Fire Detection - Protected premises
Definition
sounds an alarm only in the protected building. Action to deal
with the occurrence is local.
Term
Fire Detection - Auxillary
Definition
local system equipped with a direct connection to a municipal fire alarm
box.
Term
Fire Detection - Remote Station
Definition
local system equipped with a direct connection warning to a remote
location (a police facility or a alarm monitoring service).
Term
Fire Detection - Proprietary
Definition
warns to a central station created and monitored for a specific building or
group of buildings, and oversees only those buildings. This station is on-site.
Term
Fire Detection - Central Station
Definition
similar to proprietary, but the system supervision and all of its equipment are owned
and operated by a service company.
Term
Fire Detection - Municipal
Definition
supervision organized/owned by a township or county
Term
alarm system classifications - Conventional system
Definition
uses detectors and manual stations that transmit an alarm
signal only when there is a problem.
Term
alarm system classifications - Addressable system
Definition
(automatic and manual) These detectors are identical to
conventional detectors, but have electronic circuit which makes each detector a
separate zone, and have an electronic identification code. When there is an alarm,
the control panel may ask for alarm confirmation from an a nearby detector or a
repeat alarm from the same detector after (remote) reset. These are continuously
checked by the control panel, and each reply by continuously sending a OK status
signal. Each become a discrete zone.
Term
alarm system classifications - Addressable analog (intelligent) systems
Definition
the warning decision is made by a
microprocessor at the central alarm panel. The data received from each detector
are combined with other data including reports from adjacent detectors, data on the
condition of the detectors, and time patterns at each detector. These information is
used to eliminate false alarms, sensor sensitivity can be adjusted, and detector
failure is diagnosed.
Term
alarm system - Components and Types
Definition
Signal initiation (heat, smoke, flame, manual,)
Processing (verification),
Alerts (calls, annunciator)
Types: Manual, auto, multiplexing
Term
Automatic fire detection that work at different levels of the fire development.
Definition
Incipient:
Combustion gases
Gas detector
Ionization
Smoldering:
Photoelectric
Flame stage:
Flame detector
Heat stage:
Heat detector
Term
Fire-rated assemblies
Definition
create these separations: if a fire occurs, the rational use of
materials can limit the outcome. It also limits the products of combustion. Building
codes address these concerns in a number of ways that include dictating minimum
flame-spread ratings and establishing flammability standards and similar
constraints
Term
Intumescent materials
Definition
respond to fire by expanding rapidly, insulating the surface
they protect or filling gaps to prevent the passage of fire, heat, and smoke. They are
available in the form of strips, caulk, paint, and putty.
Term
UL
Definition
Underwriter Laboratories, nationally recognized testing lab
Term
ASTM
Definition
American Society for Testing and Materials.
Term
NFPA
Definition
National Fire protection Association
Term
ANSI
Definition
American National Standards Institute
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