Term
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Definition
heat / light energy released during a chemical reaction: pyrolysis. Combustion requires these three elements. Fire elimination usually addresses one of the three. Understanding the causes is also important. |
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Definition
results in energy output, gases, and other residues |
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Term
What creates fire in buildings? |
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Definition
Electrical Chemical Mechanical Others/arson |
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Term
most death in building fires |
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Definition
result from smoke and gases because of Modern building materials: Other gases include oxides of nitrogen, ammonia, cyanide, phosgene, hydrogen chloride (PVC) |
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Term
three major objectives of fire protection and life safety |
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Definition
protection of property, and the restoration and continued use of the building after the fire. |
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Term
additional life safety concerns |
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Definition
Life safety also involves the protection of people during emergencies other than fire, such as earthquakes, floods , terrorist threats , and similar disasters. |
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Term
five major ways that fire protection in buildings is accomplished |
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Definition
•by preventing fires •by early fire detection and alarm •by providing for quick exiting of building occupants •by containing the fire •by suppressing the fire |
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Term
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Definition
provide sufficient warning for 3 occupants to leave the building and to alert firefighters so that extinguishing efforts can begin before the fire spreads. |
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Definition
building materials, compartmentation, and smoke control |
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Term
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Definition
sprinkler systems, standpipes, and other methods. |
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Term
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Definition
limiting the hazardous situations that could lead to starting a fire, and then if a fire occurs, limiting the outcome. It also limits the products of combustion. Building codes address these concerns in a number of ways that include setting forth minimum flame-spread ratings and establishing flammability standards and similar constraints |
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Term
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Definition
Warnings, egress, materials, size and compartments, property protection…. |
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Term
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Definition
The basic idea is to separate a building into sections, to contain fire and limit its spread, both to allow building occupants to escape and to protect other parts of the building that are not initially subject to the fire. |
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Term
Compart-ment-ation in high rise buildings |
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Definition
it may not be practical to evacuate the building immediately, Compartmentation can provide places of refuge where occupants can wait until the fire is extinguished or until they can exit safely. |
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Term
Codes require fire separation between |
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Definition
different occupancies use areas and exits parts of a building when the maximum allowable area is exceeded. Separation is required both vertically, with floor-ceiling assemblies, and horizontally, with fire-rated walls. Any openings through fire assemblies must also be rated or protected. also applies the entire building and its surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
the collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass |
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Term
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Definition
one of the most important aspects of fire protection. Smoke moves rapidly through a building, well beyond the location of the fire. |
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Term
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Definition
convection, differential air pressure between cool and warm air, the stack effect through vertical penetrations, winds, also by HVAC systems. Building geometry and the sprinkler systems also play a significant role in smoke movement, vapor created by sprinklers |
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Term
Compart-ment-ation (smoke) |
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Definition
sections to contain smoke and limit its spread. |
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Term
how hot water helps to put out fires |
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Definition
Water stops the heat and light energy, and the chemical reaction during a fire. |
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Term
reasons why water is used as the primary means of fire elimination |
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Definition
cools, smothers, emulsifies, available. cheap |
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Term
issues with water for fire elimination |
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Definition
damages building and contents, conducts electricity |
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Term
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Definition
water pipes that run the height of the building, in protected areas, and have connections for hoses at different levels |
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Term
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Definition
full scale fire fighting, buildings more than 3 levels, and malls. (sprinkled or not) 2 ½”, firefighter use only. |
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Term
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Definition
first aid fire fighting, before trucks arrive. 1 ½”. It is intended to be used by occupants, so it has hoses. Used in large un-sprinkled buildings, and special hazards. |
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Term
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Definition
shares characteristics of I and II: 2 ½”+ 1 ½” with hose. Users and firemen. |
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Term
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Definition
building storage tanks and through Siamese connections |
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Term
sprinkler types - Early and quick suppression |
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Definition
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Term
sprinkler types - Wet pipe sprinklers |
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Definition
kept filled with water under pressure, ready to act. These are the most common. They respond immediately to a rise in temperature at any sprinkler head. |
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Term
sprinkler types - Dry pipe systems |
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Definition
used in areas subject to freezing. The pipes are filled with compressed air or nitrogen (under pressure) that is released first; water then comes to the heads. |
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Term
sprinkler types - pre-action |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
heads are always open, water flow is controlled by a smoke, heat, of flame sensor, that activates all the sprinkler heads in an area at once, regardless of where the fire is. The pipes are empty; upon activation of an alarm, valves automatically open, flooding the space. Deluge systems are used in high-hazard areas where fire is likely to spread rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
heat extraction, oxygen depletion, blocking of radiant heat. |
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Term
sprinkler types - circulating |
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Definition
water is kept in movement. |
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Term
sprinklers - Flow control |
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Definition
smart system that allows sprinklers to stop according to temperature level. |
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Term
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Definition
hazard, ceiling height, type, pressure. Radius and height are critical factors in the definition of the geometry |
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Term
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Definition
Only those above fire are actuated. (Deluge does not work this way.) |
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Term
2 critical factors in the definition of the geometry of sprinklers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pre-action –DRY Pipe- systems are also called “double interlock” because two separate actions are required to cause a discharge: 1) Signal from a detection system to open the pre-action valve which will allow water to fill the pipe. 2) Heat from a fire to fuse a sprinkler head, releasing water into the room.Of course, a head can be knocked off or discharge for some other reason, but if the detection system has not opened the pre-action valve, no water will be in the pipe. The detection portion of the process can be further enhanced to require separate detectors, zones, or types of detectors to be in alarm. Before the advent of detectors that could provide a location, detectors were often grouped in zones, so that two detectors in different zones were needed to open the preaction valve. |
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Term
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Definition
sprayer, deflector, and fusible link. |
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Term
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Definition
Upright, pendant, or sidewall. Threaded or saddle. |
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Term
Thermal linkage/ Fusible link |
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Definition
The thermal linkage is the component which controls water release. Under normal conditions the linkage prevents water flow, however, as the link is exposed to heat it weakens and releases the cap. Common linkage styles: Metal levers Frangible glass bulbs Solder pellets. In most cases, when a sprinkler head opens, a detector senses movement of water and sends a signal to an annunciator panel or fire control center so that fire fighting personnel know where the fire is. |
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Term
common v. higher temperature sprinklers |
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Definition
The common operating temperatures range between 135 -225°F The higher temperature sprinklers, however, may be utilized where excessive ambient temperatures exist, i.e. mechanical/boiler rooms. |
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Term
Sprinklers for industrial settings |
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Definition
There are orange and green fusible links, for higher temperatures, used in industrial settings. |
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Term
Operating temperature lag time |
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Definition
Upon reaching the desired operating temperature, an approximate 30 second to 4 minute time lag will follow. This lag is the time required for linkage fatigue and is largely controlled by the link materials and mass. |
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Term
What are the criteria for using different types of temperatures for sprinklers? |
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Definition
Normal ceiling temp Risk factor Room contents or stored materials. |
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Term
sprinkler temperature/coding/color |
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Definition
135-170: Ordinary - no color 175-225: Intermediate - white 250-300: High - blue 325 - 375: Extra High - red |
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Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type A |
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Definition
Water and foams, dry chemical Used in ordinary combustibles: wood, paper, cloth, plastics…. Cooling effects of water, coating/interruption from dry chemicals. (Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential) |
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Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type B |
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Definition
Smothering or interrupting chemicals Used on combustible liquids, gases, greases…. Exclude oxygen, inhibits release of gases, interrupts chain reaction. (Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential) |
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Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type C |
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Definition
CO2 or dry chemical used on electrical equipment. (Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential) |
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Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type ABC |
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Definition
all of the above (Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential) |
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Term
Fire Extinguisher: Type D |
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Definition
Graphite, sodium chloride, dry chemicals Used on combustible metals.(Numerals approximate square footage/ extinguishing potential) |
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Term
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Definition
Halons were eliminated in the 90’s. They were used to extinguish fires by interrupting the chemical chain reaction in a fire. Do not harm contents or people. They harm the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
Foams: float on flammable liquids cover flammables smothering fires. Different types of expansion: from 20:1 to 1000:1 CO2 and inerting gases: absorb combustion energy and replace oxygen. Used in small spaces without people. Clean gases: FM-200, similar to Halon, does not harm firefighters. |
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Term
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Definition
float on flammable liquids cover flammables smothering fires. Different types of expansion: from 20:1 to 1000:1 |
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Term
Fire suppression - CO2 and inerting gases |
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Definition
Absorb combustion energy and replace oxygen. Used in small spaces without people. |
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Term
Fire suppression - Clean gases |
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Definition
FM-200, similar to Halon, does not harm firefighters. |
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Term
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Definition
A warning system. An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is either classified as automatic, manually activated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems can be used to notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to bring emergency help, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Types: (NFPA 72) |
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Term
Fire Detection - Protected premises |
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Definition
sounds an alarm only in the protected building. Action to deal with the occurrence is local. |
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Term
Fire Detection - Auxillary |
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Definition
local system equipped with a direct connection to a municipal fire alarm box. |
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Term
Fire Detection - Remote Station |
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Definition
local system equipped with a direct connection warning to a remote location (a police facility or a alarm monitoring service). |
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Term
Fire Detection - Proprietary |
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Definition
warns to a central station created and monitored for a specific building or group of buildings, and oversees only those buildings. This station is on-site. |
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Term
Fire Detection - Central Station |
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Definition
similar to proprietary, but the system supervision and all of its equipment are owned and operated by a service company. |
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Term
Fire Detection - Municipal |
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Definition
supervision organized/owned by a township or county |
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Term
alarm system classifications - Conventional system |
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Definition
uses detectors and manual stations that transmit an alarm signal only when there is a problem. |
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Term
alarm system classifications - Addressable system |
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Definition
(automatic and manual) These detectors are identical to conventional detectors, but have electronic circuit which makes each detector a separate zone, and have an electronic identification code. When there is an alarm, the control panel may ask for alarm confirmation from an a nearby detector or a repeat alarm from the same detector after (remote) reset. These are continuously checked by the control panel, and each reply by continuously sending a OK status signal. Each become a discrete zone. |
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Term
alarm system classifications - Addressable analog (intelligent) systems |
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Definition
the warning decision is made by a microprocessor at the central alarm panel. The data received from each detector are combined with other data including reports from adjacent detectors, data on the condition of the detectors, and time patterns at each detector. These information is used to eliminate false alarms, sensor sensitivity can be adjusted, and detector failure is diagnosed. |
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Term
alarm system - Components and Types |
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Definition
Signal initiation (heat, smoke, flame, manual,) Processing (verification), Alerts (calls, annunciator) Types: Manual, auto, multiplexing |
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Term
Automatic fire detection that work at different levels of the fire development. |
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Definition
Incipient: Combustion gases Gas detector Ionization Smoldering: Photoelectric Flame stage: Flame detector Heat stage: Heat detector |
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Term
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Definition
create these separations: if a fire occurs, the rational use of materials can limit the outcome. It also limits the products of combustion. Building codes address these concerns in a number of ways that include dictating minimum flame-spread ratings and establishing flammability standards and similar constraints |
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Term
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Definition
respond to fire by expanding rapidly, insulating the surface they protect or filling gaps to prevent the passage of fire, heat, and smoke. They are available in the form of strips, caulk, paint, and putty. |
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Term
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Definition
Underwriter Laboratories, nationally recognized testing lab |
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Term
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Definition
American Society for Testing and Materials. |
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Term
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Definition
National Fire protection Association |
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Term
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Definition
American National Standards Institute |
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