Term
| When conducting a search in a collapes what are four tools you will require? |
|
Definition
| Rope, SCBA, Flashlight, Radio |
|
|
Term
| What are four dangers in the celler area below a collapsed structure? |
|
Definition
1,CO- Carbon monoxide
2,Oxygen displacement by water
3,Toxic liquids
4,Drowning |
|
|
Term
| What are three dangers faced in a building collape? |
|
Definition
Endery Collapse
Explosive gases
Fire potential |
|
|
Term
| List the most common type of injuries for firefighters in presidence from 1 thru 5 |
|
Definition
1, Strains and sprains
2, Cuts, bruises, wounds
3, Smoke or gas inhalation
4, Burns
5, eye injuries |
|
|
Term
| What are top five causes of firefighter deaths in presidence? |
|
Definition
1, Stress
2, Responding and returning from
incidents
3, Falls, falling objects
4, Products of combustion
5, Collapes |
|
|
Term
| On average, each year how many firefighter's are injured in the line of duty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On average, each year how many firefighter's die in the line of duty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True-False? A hose line attack is the most basic firefighting service we provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would be a common place to find a terrazo floor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A danger and consideration of trrrazzo floors is... |
|
Definition
| That they conceal the size and intensity of a fire |
|
|
Term
| What objects should you aviod around the floor area during or after a fire? |
|
Definition
| Heavey objects such as refrigerators and stoves |
|
|
Term
| True-False: A common danger with bathroom floors after a fire is that they can easily collapes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A safe operating procedure against floor collapse is... |
|
Definition
| to use the reach of the hose stream |
|
|
Term
| True-False: When wind velocity is in excess of 30 MPH conflaguration exisit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the point of no return?
How far in is it? |
|
Definition
It's the maximum distance a fully equiped firefighter can advance in a fire room and escape flashover
It is 5 feet |
|
|
Term
What is reflash?
What are they caused by? |
|
Definition
Sudden ignition of flamable gases or smoke after the fire has been knocked
It's caused by foamed plastic mattresses and fuel oil burners |
|
|
Term
What fires kill the most firefighters?
1, Residentail fires
2, Wildland fires
3, Mercantile /offices fires |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What fires kill the most firefighters?
1, Residentail fires
2, Wildland fires
3, Mercantile /offices fires |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During a fire which type wall is the least stable?
1, Parapet
2, Non-bearing
3, Bearing wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number 4 on the NFPA 704 diamond |
|
Definition
Signifies a hazard too hazardous for firefighting equipment.
Withdraw |
|
|
Term
| A sudden explosive flaming of a brush fire caused by a strong wind gust is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A collapse rescue plan includes: |
|
Definition
| site survey of all six sides of the collapsed building, search the collapsed rubble for surface victims, void search, selected debris removal and general debris removal |
|
|
Term
| What can kill more firefighters than the victims already buried in the collapse rubble? |
|
Definition
| A secondary collapse of a partially destroyed floor or wall during a rescue operation |
|
|
Term
| What is the second greatest danger to a firefighter performing collapse rescue work? |
|
Definition
| Explosion! When a building collapses, a gas main can rupture, gas pipes may break, and gas cylinders inside the structure are often crushed and broken. |
|
|
Term
| What is one the the most important assignments to be given by an officer in command of a collapse? |
|
Definition
| Shutting off utilities...Gas should be the first utility that is secured. |
|
|
Term
| What is the third greates danger to rescue workers at a collapse site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized equipment needed at a collapse site include: |
|
Definition
| cranes, front-end loaders, dump truckers, bulldozers and tow trucks |
|
|
Term
| What is the general rule in saving buried victims? |
|
Definition
| to not use heavy mechanical equipment while rescue workers are also digging with hand tools for buried victims |
|
|
Term
| Cellars must be searched when looking for trapped people because... |
|
Definition
| this area creates the largest and strongest void in a collapsed building |
|
|
Term
| Most injuries that FF receive during a collapse rescue operation are caused by... |
|
Definition
| falling or stumbling while climbing the uneven surface of the collapse rubber pile. |
|
|
Term
| To minimize the incidence of falls, FF should... |
|
Definition
| reduce the amount of walking they do on the uneven collapse rubble pile; human chains should be formed. |
|
|
Term
| What should one person do when several different groups are engaged in collapse rescue work? |
|
Definition
| one person should be in charge of scene |
|
|
Term
| What is defensive responding? |
|
Definition
| It’s knowing that certain riding positions on a fire truck are more dangerous than others and using the safest one available; its knowing the safest side of the fire truck to climb aboard when responding; its knowing how dangerous roadway intersections are to a responding fire apparatus; its knowing how to assist the driver of the fire truck through a narrow roadway or past double-parked cars; its knowing how to operate safely at a fire on a high-speed highway; its knowing that the entire company, not just the driver and the officer are responsible for the safe arrival of the apparatus to/from the call |
|
|
Term
| When is the safest time to climb on to and step off a fire truck? |
|
Definition
| when the apparatus is stationary |
|
|
Term
| What is the safety of the riding position on a modern fire apparatus (most safe to least safe)? |
|
Definition
| enclosed cab secured with seat belt, open cab and secured with seat belt, back step or side step secured with restraint device and back step or side step wearing no restraint device |
|
|
Term
| What is the greatest danger to FF extinguishing a car fire on a highway? |
|
Definition
| oncoming speeding cars and trucks |
|
|
Term
| What is Vehicle stopping distance? |
|
Definition
| = perception time +reaction time+braking distance |
|
|
Term
| How should warning devices (flares/triangles) be placed? |
|
Definition
| 350 feet from the apparatus and positioned so that they are visible to an oncoming motorist for at least 350 further; this gives a vehicle(s) 700 feet to stop |
|
|
Term
| What accidents are most deadly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common collision involving fire apparatus. Occurs when the apparatus must squeeze through a narrow space. |
|
|
Term
| What are three flash phenomena that can trap and kill firefighters? |
|
Definition
| rollover, flashover and flameover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden, sporadic flash or flame mixed with smoke appearing at the upper ceiling just before flashover occurs. It is a warning for firefighters to withdraw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explosion of a smoke-filled room into flame; it takes place after rollover. Defined as the result of thermal feedback (re-radiation) from ceiling and upper walls that have been heated by a fire in a room |
|
|
Term
| Fire is divided into what three periods? |
|
Definition
| growth, full and decay stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs after flashover; defined as rapid flame spread over one or more surfaces during a fire, it is caused by sudden ignition of combustible vapors that are produced from a heated surface |
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous of the three kinds of flash phenomena? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What indicates a danger of flashover? |
|
Definition
| Very hot smoke, which forces a FF to crouch down to enter a fire area |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way(s) to prevent flashover? |
|
Definition
| water on the fire early, venting or not venting (closing off a room may cause deprivation of oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| What is an indicator of flashover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an explosion caused by the combustion of a flammable gas-air mixture; it is triggered by the introduction of air into a confined space containing combustion gases, from a long-burning fire, that are heated to their ignition temperatures |
|
|
Term
| When doing a search, what can prevent rollover? |
|
Definition
| closing the door to the area involved |
|
|
Term
| Backdrafts typically occur... |
|
Definition
| in the main fire area several moments after the air has been introduced to the area |
|
|
Term
| What is the only protection a FF has against an explosive blast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of overcrowding behind an attack line? |
|
Definition
| additional FF can push attack team member forward into a dangerous position, escape from a backdraft can be hampered by extra FF and crowding will inhibit an aggressive forward moving attack |
|
|
Term
| "Never pass fire" is a ________ statement |
|
Definition
| An inaccurate statement...“Never pass fire which threatens to spread or increase in size to cut off your retreat or escape or never pass fire if a second hose line has not been stretched when there exists a threat of fire spread or increase in size that could cut your retreat or escape.” |
|
|
Term
| What should you request during a stairway fire? |
|
Definition
| request the stretching of a second line |
|
|
Term
| Ceiling collapse is caused by what? |
|
Definition
| water absorption into plaster from the hose stream |
|
|
Term
| To avoid falling through a floor, FF should... |
|
Definition
| keep one leg outstretched when advancing a hoseline |
|
|
Term
| To set a master stream in operation, coordination must occur among the following three people: |
|
Definition
| IC, interior sector command and the FF or Officer in charge of the master stream. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous assignments a FF can take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is going above the fire dangerous? |
|
Definition
| Deadly products of combustion rise upward and kill FF trapped above a fire |
|
|
Term
| What are the chain of events that lead to FF death when above a fire? |
|
Definition
| FF becomes disoriented, FF unable to return to the door or window he has just entered and is unable to find an alternate escape, FF is overcome by smoke or toxic gases as he/she runs out of air, FF is burned to death or falls victim to hyperthermia. |
|
|
Term
| What causes 25% of FF deaths per year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we operate above a fire? |
|
Definition
| to search for trapped occupants, to search for vertical fire spread and to protect people trapped on a top floor during a shaft fire. |
|
|
Term
| Most FF are trapped on a floor above because... |
|
Definition
| they failed to size up the fire area below. If the fire appears beyond the control of the FF operating the hose line, do not go above the fire |
|
|
Term
| What are three types of stairway design? |
|
Definition
| open, enclosed and smoke-proof stairway |
|
|
Term
| Why would an open stairway be dangerous to a FF? |
|
Definition
| It quickly becomes a chimney |
|
|
Term
| What is the safest of the three stairways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wood-frame building poses the greatest danger to FF because... |
|
Definition
| vertical fire spread is more rapid in this type of structure |
|
|
Term
| List the Construction type (most dangerous to least dangerous): |
|
Definition
| wood frame, ordinary, heavy timber, non-combustible and fire resistive |
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous roof to operate off of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List several ways a peaked roof is more dangerous than a flat roof: |
|
Definition
| there is no stairway/fixed ladder/adjoining building that can provide safe access to a peaked roof; no parapet around the edge to keep a FF from walking off or falling off at night; surface of a sloping roof can be slippery; peaked roof is built to support less weight than a flat roof because it has been designed to shed snow |
|
|
Term
| What is a typical peaked-roof construction? |
|
Definition
| roof shingle, roof tar paper, roof deck and roof rafters |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of peaked roof collapse danger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do to protect against roof deck collapse? |
|
Definition
| use a portable roof ladder |
|
|
Term
| List three common types of roof rafter systems: |
|
Definition
| timber truss, plank-and-beam and rafter construction spaced 16 inches on center |
|
|
Term
| How should a rafter system be placed? |
|
Definition
| 16 inches on center is the safest type for roof operations |
|
|
Term
| What should be used when walking on a roof? |
|
Definition
| Use the FLAT FOOT method...Bend both legs at the knees; this allows a FF to shift weight quickly and to compensate for the uneven surface of the roof. |
|
|
Term
| It is required to use a roof ladder when... |
|
Definition
| Roof slopes greater than 30 degrees |
|
|
Term
| What are the most dangerous to walk on than asphalt shingles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some other roof hazards: |
|
Definition
| climbing from a ground ladder to a roof ladder, roof rotting, skylights, scuttle covers, disorientation, fire cutting off escape and ladder placement. |
|
|
Term
| What are some types of below grade structures: |
|
Definition
| crawl spaces, basements, cellars and subcellars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small space beneath the lower floor of a structure that allows access to wiring or plumbing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| full story below grade; one half or more of its height is above grade level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| below-grade area that has more than half its height below grade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underground level below a cellar |
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous below-grade area? |
|
Definition
| a cellar completely below street level, without windows for ventilation |
|
|
Term
| What cellar is the most dangerous? |
|
Definition
| Sidewalk cellar entrance is the most dangerous. This type of cellar entrance has no fire-retarding enclose at the bottom of the stairs |
|
|
Term
| What are the dangers of cellar storage material? |
|
Definition
| collapse of material and fire concealment. A fire in a cellar must be located before it can be extinguished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid ignition of a combustible gas/air mixture that results in shock waves, structural collapse and heat release |
|
|
Term
| Why is a cellar the most confined space? |
|
Definition
| A cellar is the most confined space in a building because there are fewer windows and doors leading to fresh air....Confinement increases the chances of combustible gas explosion |
|
|
Term
| What precautions must you take when a cellar explosion is anticipated? |
|
Definition
| stand clear of any windows, avoid standing near the entrance opening that will vent the pressure or shock wave, do not use a cinder block or masonry wall for protection, and wear PPE |
|
|
Term
| FF are most often asphyxiated fighting cellar fires because... |
|
Definition
| their ability to vent a below-grade cellar is limited and sometimes impossible |
|
|
Term
| What should you suspect when unsuccessfully searching the first floor for the fire origin during a long period of time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by the instant vaporization and ignition of the liquid propane released to the atmosphere when the cylinder blows apart |
|
|
Term
| List some propane cyliner fire tactics: |
|
Definition
| cool the top space of the container, shut off the gas by means of the control valve if possible; if the flow of burning gas cannot be shut off, allow the propane cylinder to burn itself out, and use the hose stream to protect exposures |
|
|
Term
| Each year, most FF are killed battling... |
|
Definition
| residence building fires, brush and forest fires, and store fires, in that order |
|
|
Term
| What are three classifications of wildfires? |
|
Definition
| ground, surface and crown fires |
|
|
Term
| What is the safest area to fight a brush fire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the typical injuries that occur during brush fires? |
|
Definition
| eye injuries, falls and heat exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| What are the priorities of fighting wildfires? |
|
Definition
| protection of life (civilian and firefighter), property protection and fire containment |
|
|
Term
| What should firefighters realize when climbing a ladder? |
|
Definition
| that falls are a leading cause of fireground death and injury. |
|
|
Term
| What are the safety precautions when removing a victim from a burning building onto an aerial ladder? |
|
Definition
| FF should be out on the aerial, person should be instructed as how to climb out of the window, victim’s feet should be guided onto the rungs, and victim should be encouraged to transfer his body weight to the aerial. |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of explosions within a building? |
|
Definition
| gas meter, vapors from arsonist’s flammable liquids, propane cylinders, window air conditioners, kerosene containers and backdrafts. |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between a backdraft and a flashover? |
|
Definition
| backdraft is an explosion, flashover is not; both are rapid combustion reactions; flashover occurs during the growth stage, backdraft occurs during the decay stage; additional oxygen is the triggering event for backdraft, heat is the triggering event for flashover. |
|
|
Term
| List five ways to safeguard against an explosion: |
|
Definition
| contain the explosion, vent its effects, quench the explosion with an extinguishing agent, isolate it from people, or “dump or remove” the explosive material |
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective way of preventing a backdraft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A wall can collapse in three different directions: |
|
Definition
| 90-degree angle, inward-outward and in a curtain-fall collapse |
|
|
Term
| Why is the 90-degree angle wall collapse the most dangerous? |
|
Definition
| because it creates the largest collapse danger zone |
|
|
Term
| What should you use to increase safety on the fireground? |
|
Definition
| Use the reach of a hose stream...typical handline has a 50 foot reach; master stream has a 100 foot reach |
|
|
Term
| Why is outside venting one of the most dangerous assignments? |
|
Definition
| FF assigned this duty often works alone; sometimes at the rear or side of the building; may have to climb over a fence; raise lower a ladder; ward off an attacking dog |
|
|
Term
| What are the precautions FF can take to avoid injuries from falling objects during outside venting? |
|
Definition
| wearing eyeshields; proper fitting helmet; avoiding the tendency to look up on the sound of breaking glass. |
|
|
Term
| Outside venting FF climbing ground ladders can be injured in two ways: |
|
Definition
| by placing the base of the ladder at a precarious angle, from which it slides out under the climbing FF, and he falls from the ladder; or by falling off the tip of the ladder, because the window explodes outward into his face as he is about to vent it. |
|
|
Term
| What are the dangers of outside venting? |
|
Definition
| falling objects around the perimeter of a building, falls from ladders/porch roofs/fire escapes, cuts from broken glass from vented windows, flashover during search and rescue operations, and burns from the blast of a hose stream when operating at the rear of the fire building. |
|
|
Term
| Fire escapes possess valuable firefighting because... |
|
Definition
| firefighting advantages in addition to their original purpose as a secondary means of escape. Can be used as a means of access to open a window instead of forcing a door, platform to vent a window, place to launch a search or rescue mission, or to start a hoseline advancement. |
|
|
Term
| List three types of fire escapes: |
|
Definition
| exterior screened stairway (most safest), party balcony and the standard fire escape |
|
|
Term
| Why is the standard fire escape the most hazardous? |
|
Definition
| mechanical parts and narrow high-pitched stairway. Also the most common. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common injury to FF on a fire escape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To protect yourself frmo step failure while operating on a fire escape, you should... |
|
Definition
| remain aware of the danger at all times and climb each step as if it were about to collapse. |
|
|
Term
| To protect yourself from gooseneck ladder failure, you should... |
|
Definition
| test its fastening by pulling the ladder away from the wall or roof deck to which it is attached. |
|
|
Term
| When a blaze is extinguished, the first overhauling action taken(after safeguarding the furniture) is... |
|
Definition
| pulling down sections of ceiling over the fire area to check for hidden flames or smoldering wood beams. |
|
|
Term
| You should never throw debris out a window because... |
|
Definition
| it can injure/kill personnel below |
|
|
Term
| Why are most FF electrocuted? |
|
Definition
| Most FF who are electrocuted are not directing hose streams-they are holding a metal tool or a metallic piece of equipment that comes in contact with live electrical equipment |
|
|
Term
| What is the best protection against suffering a fall on the fireground? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Moth and Flame Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| FF becomes vulnerable to injury when he is concentrating on the flames and not on the surrounding dangers |
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous floor collapse area inside a burned-out structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons why the bathroom floor is more susceptible to collapse? |
|
Definition
| fixtures create a heavy dead load, small floor beams in older buildings, weakened floor joist from years of leaking water pipes and sweating; floor joist destroyed because bathrooms contain the most poke-through holes and concealed avenues of fire spread. |
|
|
Term
| All firefighting decisions can be made using these firefighting guidelines: |
|
Definition
| protection of life (civilian and firefighter), fire containment and property protection. |
|
|
Term
| What is the highest goal of the fire service? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List three reasons why a fire officer orders an outside attack on a fire: |
|
Definition
| FF is unable to advance an inside attack hoseline; the structure is too dangerous; or there is a shortage of backup resources to respond if the interior attack were to fail. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major reason why FF are unable to fight a fire using inside hose streams? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another problem that can prevent an inside attack on a fire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Fire Flow Formula? |
|
Definition
| length x width of fire area/3 x % of flame of room or area |
|
|
Term
| Factors that influence fireground fire flow calculations: |
|
Definition
| fuel load, layout of the fire area and access to the fire area |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of Above-the-Fire Operations: |
|
Definition
| when stretching line to upper floor, do not pass a floor on fire unless a charge hoseline is in position on that floor; notify your officer when going above a fire to search for a victim or extension; stay close and face the wall when climbing/descending a stairwell; locate a second exit if you enter a smoke-filled and heat-filled room, or apartment above a fire and suspect flashover conditions |
|
|
Term
| Advancing a Hose Line is... |
|
Definition
| crouch down and keep one leg outstretched; vent the roof skylight over the fire before advancing a hoseline; vent windows and doors and stand to one side when backdraft or explosion signs show |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SCBA required when going into a cellar; notify officer and wear SCBA when going into basement to shut off utilities; do not let the presence of an operating sprinkler give you a false sense of security (wear your SCBA, CO can be present) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Collapse rescue? |
|
Definition
| at any collapse, stretch and charge a hoseline; shut off all utilities; never allow hand crews and heavy equipment to work at the same time; shore up sections of a structure that are in danger of collapsing |
|
|
Term
| During Fire Escape Operations, you should... |
|
Definition
| always have at least one hand firmly on a fire escape when climbing/descending; before climbing a gooseneck ladder, check its stability; stand away from weights when lowering a counterbalance weighted ladder, weights may collapse from the impact of the ladder striking the sidewalk |
|
|
Term
| What is Forcible Entr Operations? |
|
Definition
| control the door when forcing; wear PPE when forcing door to protect against a potential backdraft |
|
|
Term
| During Ladder-Climbing Operations: |
|
Definition
| place tools on floor inside a window when coming off a ladder (this frees up both hands); use a ladder belt when climbing on an aerial; FF should never be up on an aerial ladder while it is being raised/rotated/extended; when climbing into a window of a burned-out or vacant building, drop your tools inside and listen for them to strike the floor |
|
|
Term
| With Wall Collapse Dangers: |
|
Definition
| whenever the re is danger of collapse, an officer in command must establish a collapse zone, zone should equal the height of the structure; collapse zone for an aerial stream will vary from the zone for ground stream operations; take a flanking position if the collapse zone is greater than the reach of hose streams; greatest danger of a wall collapse occurs during an outside attack on a fully involved church fire. |
|
|
Term
| When overhauling, list three safety actions must be taken by the officer in command |
|
Definition
| (fresh air pumped into the structure, portable lights set up for visibility and a safety survey of the structure and contents); FF in possession of a properly charged hand light; burned out bathroom having high danger for floor collapse. |
|
|
Term
| When fighting Propane Cylinder Fires: |
|
Definition
| full PPE; direct hose stream at top of tank; use of wide fog pattern when Ff attempting to shut off control valve of cylinder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when walking on a peaked roof, straddle or stay near the ridge rafter; walk flat foot on the roof; use a roof ladder when there is danger of peaked-roof deck burn-through; roof operations should be conducted from an aerial ladder or aerial platform when peaked-roof beams are in danger of collapse due to fire in the attic; FF should not walk on a peaked roof with a slope of more than 30 degree angle |
|
|
Term
| What should you do when searching for the Location of a Fire? |
|
Definition
| practice safe and organized search methods to prevent injury during flashover; know warning signs of flashover. |
|
|
Term
| Why flashover phenomenon has been more common in recent times: |
|
Definition
| use of smoke detectors, firefighters are arriving at the scene earlier in the growth process of the fire, frequently before flashover; synthetic furnishings are liberating a greater amount of heat and flammable gases; improved PPE has allowed FF to enter farther into superheated atmospheres prior to flashover; thermal windows and energy-efficient heat barriers hold more heat within a confined space of the room |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when operating around the perimeter performing ventilation, take precautions to avoid injury from falling objects; to determine proper angle of a ground ladder, stand erect at the base of the ladder with boots against the ladder beams and your outstretched arms grasping the rungs at shoulder level; when you cannot open a window manually to vent smoke and you must break glass, stand to one side and use a pike pole for safe reach; five feet is the maximum a FF can go into a superheated, smoke filled room and return back to safety if flashover occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when moving through a brush fire, the FF should raise a tool or arm in front of the face as he moves to prevent eye injuries; never enter brush that is over your head and reduces your vision, if the wind changes, you are in danger of being engulfed by fire in the brush; when the wind frequently changes direction during a brush fire operation, the safest location from which to attack the fire is in the black area; FF are most often killed during small fires, FF should attack fires from the flank; three most common injuries to FF during brush fires are eye injuries, falls and heat exhaustion. To lessen the possibility of exhaustion, due the following: have ample rest periods, adequate water supply and remove PPE when safety permits |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of flames from one floor to the floor above from outside of the building. FF entering a window on the floor above a fire can have escape routes cut off by auto-exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| explosion caused by rapid ignition of fire gases occurring in a burning room that has been tightly sealed up |
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Term
| What are blasting agents? |
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Definition
| explosive material widely used at construction sites for demolition |
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Term
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Definition
| boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion that occurs when a container of liquefied petroleum gas ruptures. Death from burns have killed FF 250 feet away; death caused by flying pieces of shrapnel have killed FF 800 feet away |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden eruption of hot oil over the top of a large burning crude oil storage tank. A boil-over can occur after water from hose stream sinks to the bottom of the burning oil and is heated to its boiling temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| toxic product of combustion; uncontrolled smoldering of a fire generates CO |
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Term
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Definition
| below grade level in a building. FF die as a result of CO accumulation in this portion of a structure |
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Term
| A collapse danger zone is... |
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Definition
| most deadly area on the fireground. A FF should never enter a collapse zone after it has been declared |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as any portion of a burning structure that collapses due to fire damage. Structural collapse is the fourth leading cause of FF death. |
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Term
| What is a Commericial building fire? |
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Definition
| this type of fire is more dangerous than a residential fire. Additional dangers found in commercial structures include: dangerous chemicals and flammable liquids, dangerous machinery, unusual floor layout, heavier floor loads, larger floor areas, high ceilings and greater fuel loads. |
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Term
| Define Convection currents |
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Definition
| transmission of heat upward through flames and heated smoke. Convection currents trap and kill FF operating both on the floor above a fire and in cellars |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of sense of direction experienced by FF when searching in a smoke-filled room. Caused by the obscuring smoke and the failure to use an organized search technique when moving around such a room. Most FF who die from disorientation, die as a result of flashover or asphyxiation |
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Term
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Definition
| electricity passing through the body may bring about death by causing violent muscular contractions of the heart, interrupting the breathing process or by burning vital organs in the path of the electric current through the body |
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Term
| Elevator can kill FF in the following ways; |
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Definition
| elevator may call to the floor on fire; elevator stops between floors carrying FF, shaft becomes a flue for flames and smoke; elevator falls down the elevator shaftway have also killed FF |
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Term
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Definition
| violent combustion reaction of fuel, oxygen and heat which creates rapid expansion of gases strong enough to collapse an enclosing structure or to create shock waves that break glass windows or knock down FF near the explosion. Explosions include: BLEVE, backdraft and a smoke explosion |
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Term
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Definition
| materials, usually solids, that undergo explosive decomposition when subjected to shock, heat or pressure. Three categories include: primary high, secondary high and low explosives. DOT four classifications are: Class A, B, C or blasting agents |
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Term
| What is the second leading cause of FF death? |
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Definition
| FALLING!!!Most deadly falls occur from elevation: falls from responding apparatus, falls from roofs of burning buildings, and falls from fire department ladders; however, most falls occur at ground level |
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Term
| What is a Falling Object? |
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Definition
| the perimeter is the most dangerous area on the fireground. To escape the danger of falling objects (but not the collapse), get inside the building or stay away from the perimeter of the burning building |
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Term
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Definition
| the luminous zone of combustion when one gas burns in another. Thermal burns to FF are one of the third categories of FF death. A FF best protection against flame is water from an attack hose. Nothing can protect a FF from prolonged exposure to flame |
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Term
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Definition
| flash fire which occurs over the surface of a wall, ceiling or floor. It is caused by the sudden ignition of combustible vapors that are produced by heating the surface of that wall, ceiling or floor. Flameover fires trap FF searching for fires and advancing hoselines down hallways. |
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Term
| Flammable-vapor explosion is caused by what? |
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Definition
| the instant ignition of flammable vapors and gases mixed in air and set off by a source of heat. Often occurs during fires started by an arsonist, who uses a flammable liquid to hasten the spread of a fire |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden explosive flaming of a brush fire caused by a strong wind gust or change in wind direction. FF working in high, dense brush, such as cattails have been trapped and killed by flare-ups |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden rapid ignition and the immediate self-extinguishment of a room filled with a combustible atmosphere. Caused by pockets of combustible gases, vapors or dusts which suddenly come in contact with a nearby ignition source |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid ignition of heated fire gases and smoke that have built up in a burning room. Caused by thermal radiation feedback, sometimes called re-radiation, from the ceilings and upper walls, which have been heated by the fire growing in the room. Flashover means full room involvement with fire; it takes place during the growth stage of a fire |
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Term
| What is considered Hazardous material? |
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Definition
| any substance that causes death or disabling injury in a brief exposure. Most common hazardous materials are products of combustion: flame, heat, toxic gases and smoke. Fire kills more FF than any other hazardous material |
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Term
| What is the head of a wildfire? |
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Definition
| fast-moving leading edge along which a grass fire, brush fire, or treetop fire (crown) is advancing. The head of a wildfire is the most dangerous area of the fireground |
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Term
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Definition
| product of combustion. Heat is associated with the natural motion of molecules; the faster the molecules of a material move, the hotter the material becomes. Dry temperatures above 280 or 320 degrees will cause extreme pain to unprotected skin |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 10 feet above floor level constitute a danger to FF. Such ceilings can allow dangerous heat and flame build-up to take place above the heads of FF searching in smoke. High ceilings cause FF to misjudge signs of flashover |
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Term
| What is considered a large-area occupancy? |
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Definition
| enclosure greater in size than 25 by 50 feet with no interior enclosing partitions. Causes FF to be disoriented by smoke; makes searching more dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| ground-based or aerial nozzle with a fog or straight stream capable of delivering more than 300 gallons of water per minute to a fire. Heavy streams have caused building collapse; general rule is to not allow interior FF to take place while master stream(s) are in use |
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Term
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Definition
| the horizontal flow at ceiling level and the subsequent banking down to floor level of smoke and heat generated by a fire in a confined space. Occurs more rapidly in small rooms |
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Term
| Can kill a FF if he does not know what it means |
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Definition
| Number 4: printed on the NFPA 704 marking system. Warns us that the hazard in the room or container is too dangerous to approach. |
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Term
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Definition
| often takes place after the fire is under control. FF have often been killed in this stage due to the following: collapsing buildings, falls into open shaftways in darkness, CO build up in below grade areas, electrocution, stress from the exertion of pulling down ceilings and gas explosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| freestanding wall. Wall types: parapet, non-bearing and bearing wall. Parapet is the least stable and the bearing wall is the most stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| sloping roof supported at its highest point by a ridge rafter and at its lowest by a bearing wall. Dangers of a peaked roof: collapse, ladders required to gain access, no parapet wall to keep a FF from falling off |
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Term
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Definition
| material that contains one or more organic polymeric substances of large molecular weight. Produces high heat, and smoke. The rapid rate at which plastic burns speeds up flashover inside a room |
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Term
| What is the "point of no return?" |
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Definition
| maximum distance that a fully equipped FF can crawl inside a superheated, smoke-filled room and still escape alive if a flashover occurs. The point of no return is five feet inside a doorway or window |
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Term
| What is Reflash fire (also called flashback)? |
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Definition
| is the sudden ignition of flammable gases or smoke inside a smoldering, burned-out room where the initial fire has just been extinguished by a portable extinguisher or hose stream. Reflash fires often trap FF making a quick primary search after the fire has been extinguished. |
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Term
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Definition
| one and two-family type of house; these type of occupancies most commonly injure or kill FF |
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Term
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Definition
| sporadic ignition of combustible gases at ceiling level during the growth stage of a fire; it occurs before the room flashes over. Rollover, along with high heat and a smoke level banked down to half the height of a room in a residential building, are warning signs of flashover. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of finely divided particles of soot and aerosols which accompany an uncontrolled fire. Smoke caused by incomplete combustion kills and injuries FF. To reduce the dangers of smoke during a fire, ventilate the smoke-filled area in a coordinated, controlled manner. |
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Term
| Smoke explosions are caused by what? |
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Definition
| by the rapid accumulation of combustible, smoke-filled atmospheres in confined spaces during a structural fire. Often occur in the main fire area during the growth stage of a fire and in its decay stage. When smoke explosion occurs in the main fire area during the decay stage of the fire, it is sometimes called a “backdraft explosion.” |
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Term
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Definition
| urgency with which FF are required to perform dangerous tasks in the vicinity of a life-threatening fire. Do not become caught up in the excitement of the fireground scene |
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Term
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Definition
| is the physical and psychological exertion and pressure caused by the demands and dangers of Firefighting. Stress can cause a cardiac arrest, stroke, aneurysm. FF aged 46 to 51 are those most often killed by the stress of FF |
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Term
| What is a tailboard (backstep)? |
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Definition
| FF riding on the tail board or side step of a responding apparatus are often killed during a collision, short stop or sharp turn. One of the most dangerous actions a FF can take while responding to an alarm is to ride on the tailboard or side step |
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Term
| What is the definition of TRUSS? |
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Definition
| structure composed of wooden or steel members joined together in a group of triangles, fastened by metal bolts, sheet metal surface fasteners or welds |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological visual phenomenon that is experience by FF during stressful firefighting situations. Tunnel vision and the hurried pace of firefighting causes accidents that could be avoided by a size-up of the entire fire and a slower pace |
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Term
| Describe an uncontrolled environment: |
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Definition
| dangerous, smoke-filled, collapse-prone, explosive atmosphere in which a FF works |
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Term
| What does visibility reduction contribute to? |
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Definition
| cause of fireground death and injury due to increased amounts of smoke and darkness. All FF should carry a personal flashlight. Poor visibility at fires is caused by smoke, darkness, mask facepieces, tunnel vision, and the interior of a structure due to electricity being cut off. |
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Term
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Definition
| there are no new lessons to be learned from a FF death or injury. The cause of a tragedy is usually an old lesson we have not learned or have forgotten along the way |
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