Term
| List the six different levels of organization that ecologists study in order from smallest to largest |
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Definition
| individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere |
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Term
| describe the three basic methods of ecological research |
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Definition
observing; the scientist observes environment and asks questions
experimenting; to test hypotheses can be used in mock environment or the natural ecosytstem
modeling; make models when phenomena occur over a long period of time. |
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Term
| Ecologists discovered that trout were dying in a stream that ran through some farmland where they used nitrogen fertilizer. How might you explain what happened? |
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Definition
| Too much nitrogen in the water takes over a lot of the oxygen which would kill the trout, the fertilizer is an example of too much nitrogen. |
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Term
| two main forms of energy that power living systems |
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Definition
| sunlight and inorganic compounds |
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Term
| briefly describe flow of energy among organism in ecosytem |
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Definition
| from sn or inorganic compounds to autotrophs to various heterotrophs |
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Term
| what proportion of energy is transfered from one trophic level to the next |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the greenhouse affect? |
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Definition
| CO2, methane gas, water vapor, and a few other gases trap heat energy and maintain earth's temperature range |
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Term
| describe earth's three main climate zones |
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Definition
polar;cold where sun strikes at a low angle
temperate' middle, ranges in temperature from season to season
tropic is wicked hot cause the sun strikes at an almost direct angle |
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Term
| difference between abiotic factor and biotic |
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Definition
biological influences on organisms in an ecosystem= biotic
physical or nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem= abiotic |
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Term
| describe three types of community interactions in an ecosystem |
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Definition
competition; when organisms of same or diff species attempt to use the same resources in same place and same time
predation; interaction when one organism feeds on another
symbiosis; any relationship in which 2 species live closely together |
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Term
| what is the difference between primary and secondary succession? |
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Definition
primary; succesion that occurs on surfaces where there is no soil
secondary; when disturbance of some kind changes an community without removin soil |
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Term
| major biomes and one characteristic |
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Definition
tundra- 6 to 9 months with no sun, 24 hours of sun in the summer though
Taiga- coniferous forest
Temperate decidous forest- thats kind of obvious..
tropical rainforest-canopy and understory humid
desert- dry
grassland- rich mix of grasses, obviously.. |
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Term
| three characteristics that determine an aquatic ecosystem |
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Definition
| depth, flow, temp, chemistry of overlaying water |
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Term
| three important characteristics of a population |
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Definition
| geographic distribution, density, growth rate |
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Term
| factors that change a pop. size |
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Definition
| # of births , # of deaths , # of individuals that immigrate or emmigrate |
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Term
| logistic and exponential growth |
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Definition
l- when a pop growth slows or stops following exponential growth
e- when individuals in a pop reproduce at a constant rate |
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Term
| what are density dependent and independent factors? |
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Definition
ddf- limiting factor that depends on popualtion size
dif- affect all pops regardless of their size |
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Term
| describe what may effect why some countries have high growth rates while others grow more slowly |
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Definition
| bithrates, deathrates, age structure of pop |
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Term
| what did Avery and other scientists discover about how genetic information is transmiteted? |
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Definition
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Term
| what was Watson and Cricks model of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how DNA is replicated |
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Definition
| DNA seperates into two complementary strands following base pairing rules the strands each serve as template for new strand |
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Term
| list three main types of RNA and their functions |
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Definition
messenger- sends copies of instructions
ribosomal- part of protiens that assemble it
transfer- transfers amino acids to ribosome as coded by mRNA |
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Term
| what happens during transcription |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase binds to DNA and seperates it then uses one strand as template where nucleotides are assembled |
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Term
| what happens during translation |
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Definition
| the cells use info from mRNA to produce protiens |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in genetic material |
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Term
| What are some examples of selective breeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| relate genetic variation to mutation |
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Definition
| breeders increase gen variation by inducing mutations |
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Term
| describe the process scientists use to manipulate DNA |
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Definition
| they cut the DNA the DNA with restriction enzymes then gel electrophoresis to seperate them |
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Term
| what is transformation (in relation to cells and stuff)? |
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Definition
| a cell takes in DNA that becomes a component of the cells DNA |
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Term
| what is a transgenic organism? |
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Definition
| an organism that contains genes from other species |
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Term
| what two geological ideas were important to darwins thinking? |
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Definition
earth is reeeaallyy old
the processes that changed the earth in the past are the same ones that operate in the present |
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Term
| what two geological ideas were important to darwins thinking? |
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Definition
earth is reeeaallyy old
the processes that changed the earth in the past are the same ones that operate in the present |
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Term
| what did Lamarck say how organism acquired traits that was totes wrong? |
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Definition
| that the use or disuse of organs and such, the traits would then be passed on |
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Term
| acoording to malthus what factors limited pop growth |
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Definition
| that if the pop grew overtime unchecked then sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food |
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Term
| how is artificial selection dependent on the variation in nature |
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Definition
| in artificial selection nature provides variation and humans pick what they want |
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Term
| what is survival of the fittest and how does it relate to natural selection? |
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Definition
| individuals who are better suited to their environment survive which is the same thing in natural selection |
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Term
| what is darwins evidence that things have been evolving for a long item? |
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Definition
| fossil record, geographic distribution, homolougous structures, similarities in early development |
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Term
| In genetic terms what indicates evolution is taking part in a population? |
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Definition
| change in relative frequency in alleles |
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Term
| what are the two main sources of genetic variation? |
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Definition
| mutations and gene shuffling |
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Term
| name the three ways that natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes |
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Definition
| directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection |
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Term
| how does genetic drift lead to change in gene pool? |
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Definition
| individuals that that carry a particular allele may leave more descendants than others until it becomes common |
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Term
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Definition
| says that allele frequency in a pop will remain constant unless factors cause the frequencies to change |
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Term
| how is reproductive isolation related to the formation of new species? |
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Definition
| the populations have two seperate gene pools which evolve because thats what they do |
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Term
| what substance probs made up the earths atmosphere? |
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Definition
| hydrogen cyanide, CO2, CO1, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, H2O |
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Term
| how did the addition of oxygen to the earths atmosphere affect life? |
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Definition
| some became extinct while other evolved to learn to respirate |
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Term
| what does the endosymbiotic theory state? |
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Definition
| proposes that euk cells arose from living communities of prok cells ( some mitochondria and lysosomes etc. were in the communities) |
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Term
| how are living things organized for study? |
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Definition
| biologists using classification system KPCOFGS typically used |
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Term
| what was Linnaeus' classification system |
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Definition
| kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species |
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Term
| how are genes used to classify organisms |
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Definition
| scientists now classify based on evolutionary similaritites |
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Term
| what are the six kingdoms of life as now identified? |
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Definition
| protista, fungi, plantae, animalia, Eubacteria, archaebacteria |
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Term
| what are the three domains of life? |
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Definition
| Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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Term
| whats the difference between Eu and Archaebacteria |
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Definition
| A lacks peptidoglycan, they have diff membranes, DNA sequence is more like eukaryotes |
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Term
| how do bacteria maintain equilibrium in the environment? |
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Definition
| they are producers, they are decomposer, others have uses in our bod |
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Term
| what are the parts of the virus? |
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Definition
| core of DNA and RNA protein coat |
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Term
| what are the two ways that viruses cause infection |
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Definition
lytic- virus enters, copies, bursts cell
lysogenic- virus integrates with DNA and replicates along with host cells DNA |
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Term
| Sequence the levels of organization in multicellular organisms |
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Definition
| cells tissues organs and organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in the external enviroments |
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Term
| describe the functions of the nervous system |
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Definition
| it controls and coordinates functions throughotu the body and responds to internal and external stimuli |
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Term
| what happens when a nueron is stimulatd by another nueron? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the funtion of the central nervous system |
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Definition
| relays messages, processes info, and analyzes info |
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Term
| describe the functions of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
the sensory transmits impuleses from sense organs to the central nervous system
the motor division transmits impulses from central to muscles and glands |
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Term
| list the diff functions of the skeletal system |
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Definition
| supports bod, protects organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, provides site for blood cell formation |
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Term
| describe structure of bone |
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Definition
| solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts |
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Term
| what are the three types of joints |
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Definition
| immovable, slightly movable, freely movable |
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Term
| what are the three types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Term
| list the functions of the integumentary system |
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Definition
| serves as barrier against infection and injury, regulates body temp, removes waste, provides protection from UV rays and such |
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Term
| list the organs of the digestive system |
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Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
major accessories are the salivary glands, the pancreas,and the liver |
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Term
| explain the function of the digestive system |
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Definition
| is to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body |
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Term
| what are the functions of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| the kidney helps maintain homeostasis; it removes waste products; maintain blood pH; regulate the water content in blood, therefore blood's volume |
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Term
| describe how blood is purified |
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Definition
| it enters nephron where impurities are filtered and emptied into collection duct. the purified blood leaves nephron through renal vein |
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Term
| describe the role of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
| it collects fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system |
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Term
| explain how blood cells pass through the bod |
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Definition
| when it leaves the left side of the heart it passes through a large blood vessel called the aorta and blood flows through three types of blood vessels, arteries, capillaries, and veins |
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Term
| what does the circulatory system consist of? |
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Definition
| heart, series of blood vessels, and the blood that goes through them |
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Term
| what is the function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| to bring exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood the air and tissues |
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Term
| describe the function of the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| made up of glands that release their products into the bloodstream. these products deliver messages through the body |
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Term
| explain how endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis |
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Definition
| through metabolism, and maintaining water balance |
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Term
| describe the functions of the male and female reproductive systems |
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Definition
male- to produce and deliver sperm
female-to produce ova in addition the female system prepares the females bod to nourish a developing embryo= baby! |
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