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| the Proclamation of 1763 was created; iy was meant to prevent further Indian wars and declared all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to be Indian reserves and prhoibited colonists from buying Indian lands. This benefited the Indians, but not the other parties concerned; it caused confusion for settlers and land speculators alike. |
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| Colonists forced to provide barracks & supplies for Brit troops stationed in the colonies. This is essentially another tax (cost of food & shelter) |
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| Restated Parliament’s right to legislate for colonies in all cases, including taxes. |
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| Boston Port Bill closed harbor until tea paid for. Any (Intolerable Acts) Brit. official in MA charged w/ capital offense would go to trial in England. Town meetings could only be held with consent of gov. Juries chosen by sheriff. New quartering act would put soldiers into private homes if barracks not available. MA given military gov. |
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Wrote “Common Sense.” Thoughtful sense of reasons for independence.
Sense Patriots throughout colonies loved it. GW says working powerful change in minds of men. 120,000 copies of pamphlet printed in 1st few months. Powerful statement for Repub’ism & feelings of many. |
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Term
| George Washington and why he was selected to be commander in chief of the continental army |
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Definition
| Sent to VA by Gov’r Dinwiddie to tell actions a aroused surprise & concern & must withdraw from Brit. territory. |
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| From Virginia, Patriot leader. Actually wrote Declaration of Independance |
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| A general warrant that allowed British inspector to search any warehouse or home. A colonist found to be in possession of illegal goods would be tried by a judge in the British Admiralty Court, not by a jury of peers. Used in Sugar Act, later in Townshend Acts. |
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| Statement/argument written by one colonial assembly to be circulated to others. This one stated Townshend Acts were violation of no taxation w/o representation. Brit gov’t ordered MA House to revoke letter, defied. |
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| Created June 1754 in Albany, NY. Plan provided for a council that would levy taxes, raise armies, build forts, found new settlements, wage war, & make peace w/ Indians. Eng. & colonial assemblies thought APoU would give council 2 much power and declined. |
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| Time when Parl. Made few laws that affected the colonies- were basically left alone. Even those laws were loosely enforced. |
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| French and INdian War and why it caused the American Revolution |
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Definition
| 1755- Gen. Edward Braddock + 14,000 red-coat British land in VA. 1,000 colonial militiamen and George Washington joined Brit troops, so Braddock set out to clear French from Ohio River Valley. Troops marched to Fort Duquesne, 900 French and Indian allies fired, both caught in a deadly crossfire. 2/3 of Brits and colonial troops killed or wounded. First few years of war, British kept on being defeated. French and Indian allies seized British forts in western NY. French also winning battles in Europe and the Mediterranean. British fortunes changed when William Pitt became chief minister & took charge of war. He hired German mercenaries to fight European battles. Freed British forces in North America. 1758- British ships and troops had successful siege against Louisbourg, French outpost guarding entrance to St. Lawrence River Valley. Brit troops then moved on to attack Quebec. Same year, British forces seized Frt. Duquesne, renamed fort Pitt. Colonial soldiers also played roles in victories over French in Frt. Niagara, Crown Point, NY, & Quebec. Montreal fell 1760, New France surrendered. Fighting in other parts of world stopped 1763. |
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| New set of taxes on cloth, lead, glass, paper, tea, paint. Customs officers had power to use writs/assistance as they saw fit to prevent smuggling. Some money raised used to pay gov’t officials debts, colonists MAD. |
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| New, higher duties on sugar, coffee, ½ the amount on molasses, later reduced to 1/6. |
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| 1765: Placed a tax on a wide variety of legal docs. & printed matter. Affected most every colonist. Tax stamp affixed to legal doc. / bill of sale. |
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Definition
| 1764; Banned colonists from printing their own paper money. They could only use gold or silver to pay debts, which they had little of. |
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| Committees of Correspondance |
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Definition
| Started by Sam Adams. Used to communicate between other towns & Correspondence colonies. In few months, every MA town had committee established. Other colonies made committees, too. |
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Definition
| Recognized boundaries of Quebec as extending into Ohio River. Legalized practice of Catholicism in region. Did not establish representative assembly or trial by jury. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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Definition
| All colonies but Georgia gathered in Philadelphia, PA. Discussed appropriate response to Coercive Acts. Passed resolutions asking for immediate change in Brit policies. Asked for rights to “life, liberty, and property” + renewal of boycott to Brits. Said would meet again in spring if Coercive Acts not yet repealed. |
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Definition
| Believed as Englishmen had to support homeland. 55,000 eventually joined Brit army, 100,000 emigrated to other Brit-controlled countries, 3-400,000 tried to remain neutral thru war. 2/5 of colonists, tops, joined Rev. Some were poor men, some hardworking farmers, most active rebels were best educated + most articulate of colonial leaders |
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Definition
| Sent off July 1775. Proclaimed loyalty to king & blamed “cruel” ministers 4 colonial prob’s |
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| Second COntinental COngress |
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Definition
| Philadelphia, PA, May 10, 1775. Many hoped session would not have to take place. Others knew relations between Eng. & Amer. would never be repaired. |
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Term
| British Withdrawal (Evacuation) from Boston |
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Definition
| Early 1776, erected batteries on Dorchester heights. March 17, short of supplies + bombardment, Brits evacuate city. Patriots ecstatic, but uneasy, b/c Brits would regroup & strike again |
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| British defeated, determined imp. Results. Burgoyne suffered 5 days of attacks by a 2nd unit of Amer. army under Gen. Horatio Gates. Burgoyne forced 2 surrender army of 6,000- Oct. 1777. |
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Definition
| Feb 1763, marked official end of F&IW. French surrendered some land to Britain and east of the Mis. River. Spanish surrendered E&W FL to Brit, but got all French lands east of the Mis. + NewOr. Brit. now ruling power in NA, Europe, & on seas. |
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Definition
| Political authority derived from the people |
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Definition
| elief that a supreme power, or sovereignty, resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote & such a power is exercised by elected officials or representatives. |
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Definition
| The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided for the survey and orderly sale of the lands known as the Northwest territory— a region bounded by the Ohio River, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi River. The Congress divided these lands into townships— areas of land six miles square. Each township was further divided into thirty-six sections, with each section measuring six hundred forty acres. Land was sold by section at one dollar per acre. One section from each township was designated to support a public school. The money collected from the sale of this section was used to fund the school. The other sums collected from the sale of the lands went to support the national government. |
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Term
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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Definition
| To provide political control over these lands, the Confederation Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This law set up a three-stage process for establishing governments in the regions of the territory that would become states. As soon as a region had five thousand free white adult males, these men could elect their own legislature and send a nonvoting member to meetings of the Congress. When a region had grown to sixty thousand people, it would draft a constitution and become a state. There were to be no more than five states and no less than three states carved from the territory. Eventually, the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin emerged from the Northwest Territory. |
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Term
| Republican Beliefs at Time of American Revolution, including role of women- |
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Definition
| Statuus of F’s in late 18th cent. America inconsistent in belief that equality before law & equality of opportunity. F’s supported Rev & engaged in discussions on new state const’ns. Gained respect for efforts, buut only NJ gave serious consideration to women’s rights. For a short time, property-owning women allowed to vote in NJ. Some women resented sitch. Eliza Wilkinson, from Carolina. Some settled w/ raising virtuous children. |
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Definition
| 2-house legislature. All but 2 states (GA & PN) created. Elected legislators took over most of the dties performed before by the colonial gov’r. Drafters of state const’ns pulled out all old arguments againsr virtual rep & delveloped new system of actual rep. States developed electoral districts equal in size, called for annual elections, & broadened voting rights. Most state leg’s chosen to rep geo districts, but in ME & SC elected on statewide basis. Madison’s concept of a bicameral legislature stated that there would be a lower house, elected directly by the people of the states, and an upper house, elected by the members of the lower house. Both houses would base representation on population, which would mean that larger states would have more delegates and more power than smaller states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exectuive, Legislative, Judicial |
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Term
| Articles of COnfederation and Delay in Ratification |
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Definition
| The Articles of Confederation were quickly written, but ratification, or official approval, was held up until 1781, chiefly because of quarrels over western land claims by several of the states. The colonial charters of some states had given them claims to lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. The six states without such claims, led by Maryland, argued that the West should become public land owned by the national government. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation until this was done. Virginia was reluctant to give up claims to its huge landholding, but when the British general Cornwallis and his large army moved toward Virginia, the state decided that land was less important than a united force to oppose the British. In the end, however, Virginia only released claim to the lands north of the Ohio River, and retained its claim to the Kentucky country in which settlers had actually moved. Moreover, Virginia commanded control of the lands it ceded to the jurisdiction, or control, of the Congress should “be settled and formed into distinct republican states.” |
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| a region bounded by the Ohio River, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi River. The Congress divided these lands into townships— areas of land six miles square. Each township was further divided into thirty-six sections, with each section measuring six hundred forty acres. Land was sold by section at one dollar per acre. One section from each township was designated to support a public school. The money collected from the sale of this section was used to fund the school. The other sums collected from the sale of the lands went to support the national government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shay’s Rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, was a mob of farmers that marched through Springfield, Massachusetts. Although a group of wealthy Bostonians raised a private army of four thousand to put down Shay’s and his followers, Shay’s Rebellion made people fear that lawlessness was a real threat to the country. It also fuelled the fear of mobocracy, or mob rule. As unrest continued to spread throughout the states, many well-to-do Americans were frightened by the increasing power of state legislature and their majority factions. These shifting factions, claimed James Madison, passed more laws in the ten years after the Revolution than been passed throughout the entire colonial period. Different uses of power by state legislatures, as much as flaws in the Articles themselves, brought on calls for altering the Articles of Confederation. |
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Definition
| The Virginia Plan, created by James Madison and presented to the convention by Virginia Governor Edmund Raymond, and the New Jersey Plan, created by New Jersey Governor William Paterson, differs from one another greatly. The Virginia Plan called for three branches of government, executive, judicial, and legislative, but the New Jersey Plan only called for one. Madison’s concept of a bicameral legislature stated that there would be a lower house, elected directly by the people of the states, and an upper house, elected by the members of the lower house. Both houses would base representation on population, which would mean that larger states would have more delegates and more power than smaller states. Meanwhile, Paterson disagreed, claiming no single state should have more power than another. He called for simple amendments, or changes, to the Articles of Confederation, which gave the Confederation Congress the added powers to levy taxes and regulate commerce, and would give each state a single vote in a single legislative house. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Three-fifths Compromise stated that each enslaved African American would be counted as three-fifths of a person for both representation in the House of Representatives and for tax purposes. Therefore, for every five slaves, three would count towards the population count for the government. After much discussion, the southerners accepted this compromise. |
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Term
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Definition
| The supremacy clause ensured that the Constitution would be the highest, most important law of the land. Laws and treaties of the United States must be observed by the states, and if a state law contradicted a law passed by Congress, the state law would be considered void. |
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Definition
| An electoral college, comprised of electors chosen by local elections equal in number to the representatives and senators of each state, elect a president and a vice president every four years. The person winning the most electoral votes would become president, and the person with the second to largest vote would become vice president. If no candidate won a majority vote, or if there was a tie, the House of Representatives would select a president. The electoral college was a protection against mobocracy because it prevents a dictator rule. |
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Term
| Ratification of COnstitution |
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Definition
| Ratification= official approval |
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Term
| Federalists, Anti-Federalists |
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Definition
| Name “Anti-Fed” misleading; opposed to a central gov’t that might dominate state gov’t. not federalism. Said const’n gave 2 much power 2 nat’l gov’t at expense of power of states. Anti-feds didn’t want another level of gov’t w/ power 2 tax ppl. Thought w/o a bill of rights, const’n had no power 2 protect ppl. Thought freedoms gained would be lost at gov’ts abuse of power. Anti-feds doubted a central repub gov’t could govern land & people of us. No repubs like this 1. rome = small land & dictator-y. Eng became commonwealth but then fell to mili dictator then monarch. Feds-thought bofr mightbecome only rights. |
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Term
| Order of Ratification and the two states who people wanted to ratify |
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Definition
| DE = 1st state 2 ratify, then PN, NJ, GA, & CT. MA, MD, & SC approved in a few months after some arguments. (MA barely- 187:168) June 1788, NH = 9th, & Const’n went into effect. NY & VA, 40% of country’s pop, had not voted, if voted against, country divided. VA, 10 votes more for yes. NY needed to vote now. |
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| First Ten Amendments to COnstitution |
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Definition
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!)- based on 3 concepts: const’n is supreme law of land, anything contradicting const’n is wrong, & courts determine if acts violate const’n
Quotes-
Alexander Hamilton (that that was what paying the debts of the nation and reestablishing credit was equivalent to): “the price of liberty”
George Washington (in the Proclamation of Neutrality, referring to French Revolution): “pursue a course friendly and impartial to both belligerent powers.”
George Washington (in his Farewell Address, published in newspapers Sept 19, 1796): “…steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world…. [political parties are] continual mischief….”
“Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute.” –John Marshall, Federalist and later justice to the Supreme Court, in response to the XYZ Affair.
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry (after winning a victorious battle in the War of 1812): “We have met the enemy, and they are ours!”
Cabinet Positions
Alexander Hamilton, New York – Secretary of Treasury
John Jay, New York – Secretary of State
… served as, until Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, returned on a trip to Europe
General Henry Knox, Massachusetts – Secretary of State
John Adams, Massachusetts – Vice President |
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Definition
| Provided for chief justice and five associate justices to serve on the Supreme Court. They would have the power to reverse or uphold the actions of state courts in decisions regarding federal laws, treaties, or the Constitution. |
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Definition
| Believed that the government only had the powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution. Jefferson & Madison |
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Definition
| Argued that the Constitution’s elastic clause permitted Congress to take those actions deemed necessary and proper to carry out specified powers. |
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| A type of indirect tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of a product within a country. This was used on liquor, a tax put on by Hamilton. |
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| Proclamation of Neutrality |
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Definition
| Issued April 22, 1793; declared the U.S. would be neutral towards both Great Britain and France during the French Revolution. |
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Definition
| Forcing a group of people working for one country (army, navy, etc.) to work for your own. The British did this to us during the French Revolution, forcing thousands of American sailors into the British navy. |
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Definition
| Republican's nominee for vice president during the 1800 election. Federalists nominated Adams. Ballots counted, Adams 65, Jefferson and Burr tied with 73. The tie meant that the House of Representatives had to choose which Republican they wanted for President. On February 16, 1801, after seven days of deliberation and 36 ballots, Jefferson became president because Alex Hamilton threw his influence against Burr. Hamilton distrusted Burr, describing him as “a dishonest schemer” and “an unprincipled man.” Burr became vice president. |
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Definition
| A formal code of etiquette. Jefferson abolished protocol at Federalist inaugural ceremonies. |
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Definition
| Stopped Napoleon’s plans for an American empire and pushed the French out of Haiti on Caribbean Hispaniola. The deaths of thousands of French troops from yellow fever prevented the French from retaking the island. He decided that without sugar producing islands, Napoleon had no use of LA as a source of food for the island’s residents. |
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Definition
| Shoshone woman; kef Lewis & Clark part of the way over the Rocky Mountains, with assistance of her husband, a French fur trader. |
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Term
| Captain William Clark and Meriwether Lewis- |
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Definition
| Sent by Pres. Jefferson to explore the new land west of the Mississippi River. Overall objectives: discover an overland route to the Pacific, describe how the Americans could challenge British fur trade in the Northwest, and map as much of the territory as possible. Instructions: Find source of Mississippi River; cross the mountains and reach the Pacific Ocean; provide records of the location of rivers, waterfalls, rapids, and islands; provide descriptions of the weather, mineral, furs available, and Indians and their customs; and send to Washington specimens of the plants and animals they observed. |
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Definition
| Congressman Henry Clay, KY, and John Calhoun, SC, made up this group, along with their supporters. Cited British-Indian alliances as cause for war. New Englanders economically hurt by Embargo Act knew that whatever their relations with Britain would be, would be their economic results. War Hawks won out eventually and war with Britain was declared June 18, 1812. |
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Term
| Captain Oliver Hazard Perry- |
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Definition
| Led a small American fleet in a 3-hr battle against British ships. Victorious battle, first won for the Americans in a while. (War of 1812) |
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Definition
| Withdrawl. Hartford Convention established secession from the republic that would be remembered when sectional differences began to split N&S. |
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Definition
| Jan 15, 1815. Produced great American victory. Led by General Andrew Jackson, Americans killed or wounded more than 2,000 Brits & suffered only 71 soldiers killed ,wounded, or missing. The news of the Treaty of Ghent arrived almost simultaneously in D.C. Jackson now “Hero of New Orleans,” nicknamed “Old ___.” |
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Term
| Hamilton’s Financial Plan: |
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Definition
| National debt of US was aprx 54 million. With so much unpaid debt, the nation had virtually no credit. Alex Hamilton insisted that the debts be paid at face value. Otherwise, he claimed, the government would never be able to borrow in times of need. Hamilton also proposed that the federal government would pay state debts to the extent of aprox. 21.5 million dollars. Hamilton wanted to create a permanent national debt, wihth new bonds being issued as old ones were being paid. He argued that this would help creditors gain faith in the national government. The wealthy class would have an ongoing interest in seeing the government survive. Some states favored the plan, others didn’t because they had already paid their debt on their own. These such states were mainly located in the south, while the northerners still had debt. Thus, the capital, which was planned to be built in Philadeplhia, PE, was moved down to Washington, D.C., where it currently is today. |
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Definition
| Minister of the French Republic to America. Goal was to influence Americans in support of the French against the British. Originally welcomed by many pro-French Americans, genet later antagonized almost everyone when he recruited Americans in a French attempt to take over Florida and Spanish Lousisiana. Then it became known that Genet was also commissioning privately owned American ships to prey on British shipping. Genet’s pro-French supporters asked for his to return to France at this point. |
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Definition
| Chief Justice John Jay sent to Britain by Washington, hoping Jay could convince the British to leave the US. Signed November 19, 1794; won pledge to remove british from Northwest Territory & opened some British colonies in Asia to American trade. Also included a promise that Britain would compensate owners of American ships seized in the West Indies. Didn’t say that they would stop seizing American ships, though, and that made Americans mad. Washington was happy with Jay’s work, however, because set stage for next… |
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Term
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Definition
| a.k.a. Treaty of San Lorenzo – Generous to Americans b/c Spanish feared that Jay had forged a second, secret treaty with the British. The treaty with Spain allowed Americans to ship their goods down the Mississippi River through Spanish territory and deposit them in New Orleans to await shipment. Also made 31st parallel the southern boundary between US and Spanish FL. Both nations agreed to try to keep the Indians in their territories from attacking each other’s citizens. |
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Definition
| October 8, 1797, French foreign ministere Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand told the Americans that discussions with the French government would not begin for a time. A few days later, 3 French sefret agents called the Americans to tell them that negociations would take place only if the Americans paid$ 250,000 bribe. In describing this event, Adams did not name the French agents; instead, he called them simply X, Y, and Z. The XYZ Affair, as it then came to be known. |
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Term
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Definition
Series of laws, passed by the Federalist party through Congress June and July of 1798, designed to stop the activities of those friendly to France and to maintain the Federalists’ power in government by crushing their opposition.
-Naturalization Act: Increased from 5 to 14 years the time in which a foreigner had to live in the US before being eligible for citizenship
-Alien Enemies Act: Allowed president to deport aliens in a time of peace and to deport or arrest aliens in time of war.
-Alien Friends Act: Allowed president to deport aliens at any time he thought they were “dangerous to the peace and safety of the US.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Made it a crime to delay operation of law, start a riot or revolt, or to publish or state any “false, scandalous, and malicious” criticism of the president and Congress. Ten publishers were convicted of sedition and put to jail. Democratic-Republican party was strengthened, not weakened, as intended. |
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Term
| Doctrine of states’ rights- |
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Definition
| Held that since the states had contracted to create the federal government, the states could declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. |
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Term
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- |
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Definition
| Laid down basis for doctrine of states’ rights. In 1798, Jefferson, writing secretly because of his position as vice president and because of the power of the Sedition Act, drafted a resolution for the legislature of KY, a new state. Argued that each of the states had the right to declare null and void and acts of Congress that they believed were unconstitutional. Madison, also secretly, drafted a similar resolution for the Virginia legislature. The Republicans appealed to the state legislatures in this way because they believed that the states and not the Supreme Court should have the right to review the legality of congeressional decisions. In 1798, the KY & VA resolutions took no further steps; the hullaballoo died down, and the Alien and Sedition Acts were allowed to expire when Jeff pres. |
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Term
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Definition
| April 1802, Robert R. Livingston , US minister to France, offered the French government $2 million for West Florida and the port of New Orleans. To Livingston’s surprise, the French minister Talleyrand countered his offer. When Livingston told Talleyrand he would like the Americans to pay only $5 million for this the entirety of LA, Talleyrand rejected, but James Monroe arrived in France the next day to help Livingston out. Napoleon, who had control of some of the lands that is now part of the US, decided he had no use of the land, so the Americans met with French negotiators and settled on the incredibly low price of $15 for lands nearly equal to the size in which the size of the rest of the US was currently. The negotiators were stunned at the bargain, but accepted eagerly. |
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Term
| -Jefferson’s morals vs. bargain: |
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Definition
| As a strict constitutionalist, he realized that the Constitution said nothing about buying a new territory. Had there been time, he would have asked for an amendment to the Constitution to provide for territorial acquisitions. The French wanted an answer in six months, but Livingston wrote from Paris that Napoleon was already having second thoughts. Jefferson, therefore, used the treaty-making power specified to the president in the Constitution to make the purchase. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1807; ended all commerce with foreign nations. When the British ship, Leopard, fired on the American warship Chesapeake, killing or wounding 21 Americans and impressing four others, many Americans called for a declaration of war against the British. Jefferson, realizing that this country was in no position ready to start a war, asked Congress for an embargo act on all overseas trade. Thus, the 1807 Embargo Act. No American ships could leave port, and foreign ships could not take cargo out of the US. However, exports fell drastically and imports decreased dramatically. Jefferson finally admitted that his idea was a failure, and the act was lifted three days before he left office. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ended fighting in War of 1812; signed Dec 24, 1812. All prewar boundaries, restored, all territory returned. |
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Term
| Major Pierre-Charles L’Enfant- |
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Definition
| 1801, designed Washington, D.C. Beautiful. Fired before work was completed, though, because of his fierce temper. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important artist of time period. Painted portaits of outstanding political, social, and economic leaders of his day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fought in Rev War. Took up painting, concentrated on depiction of important historical events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taxidermist, repaired watches, made boots, invented corn planter, made dentures ofr George Washington, also famous artist. Founder of Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asserted the principle of judicial review. Helped to establish the court as an equal and independent partner with the president and Cong. |
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Term
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Definition
| Farmers in western Pennsylvania terrorized tax collectors and refused to pay the excise tax on liquor. Washington was alarmed at this defiance and, in 1794, led 13,000+ militiamen to put down the Whiskey Rebellion. Only arrested 20 farmers, but established gov’ts power to enforce laws and ^ revenue. |
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Term
| Hamilton’s National Bank- |
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Definition
| Proposed to Congress a national bank with a charter that would last 20 years. Few banks in country at time, primarily in big cities. Would be privately owned but part of federal government. Would act as a collecting and disbursing agency for the Department of the Treasury, lend money to government when necessary, issue currency to be used in payment of federal taxes. James and Madison outraged, as strict constitutionalists. Hamilton won case! |
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Term
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Definition
| 1790, population of US 4 mil. 1810, 7+ mil,1815, nearly 9 mil! INTENSE POPULATION GROWTH AFTER REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Much of the new settlement took place on the new western lands. New York to Ohio River to St. Louis, line running southward from St. Louis to TN to GA major population here. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was comprised of the provisions listed in the Thomas Amendment, which drew a line at thirty-six degrees, thirty minutes latitude west from the boundary of Missouri to the frontier with Mexico. Slavery was prohibited in the territory north of that line and permitted south of it. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 ended the crisis at hand but only temporarily settled the question of slavery in the West. Many Americans realized that slavery was the most dangerous issue ever to confront the nation. Senator Freeman Walker of Georgia warned that the slavery issue could mar the future by “feuds, civil wars,... a brother’s sword crimsoned with a brother’s blood,.. our houses wrapped in flames, and our wives and infant children driven from their homes.” The power of the slavery issue to tear the nation apart also alarmed the aging Thomas Jefferson. “This momentous question, like fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror,” Jefferson wrote. The Missouri crisis, many Americans realized, had pushed the nation to the brink of disunion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Tallmadge Amendment, introduced by Congressman James Tallmadge on February 13, 1819, provided that Missouri would be admitted only if the further introduction of slaves into that state were prohibited. The slaves already there would remain in slavery, except that all slave children born after the territory became a state would be freed when they reached the age of twenty-five. Eventually the Tallmadge Amendment would make Missouri a free state. The House of Representatives approved this amendment, but it was rejected by the Senate. Congress adjourned for the summer without taking further action, but the issue was far from settled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote The Oregon Trail (1849), which became a classic in American literature. As a result of the publicity of this account and many others, Oregon County attracted widespread public attention and beginning in 1843, caravans of covered wagons set out each summer from Independence, Missouri, headed for the Northwest. This book described life along the Oregon Trail and the scenery of the West. |
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| Under the leadership of this man and the church, the Mormons were able to pool their resources as few frontier communities had done. Working for the good of the community as well as for themselves, they quickly built an irrigation system, planted fields, and made the Utah desert bloom. Birthrates were high, as the Mormons placed a strong emphasis on marriage and motherhood. They also built a temple that became the center of Mormon life in Utah. This all occurred after multiple hate crimes, one that took the life of their original leader, Joseph Smith, forcing them to move multiple times, eventually setting out in the winter of 1846-7 for Utah, which was at that time still a Mexican territory. They established the town of Salt Lake City and a number of smaller agricultural settlements and took on the practice of polygamy, which was eventually abolished. |
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| In August 1845, Ambassador John Slidell was sent to Mexico City with an offer to purchase the territories of what is now New Mexico, California, and Arizona. The Mexican government saw this as further evidence of American hostility. The president was furious when the Mexican authorities refused to even see Slidell. |
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| A German immigrant to the United Stated, Astor established a trading post in the Oregon County in 1811, called Fort Astoria. For several years, Astor’s American Fur company controlled the fur trade on the upper Missouri River did a brisk business interchanging knives, blankets, and other goods for the pelts that Indian hunters brought in. |
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| A major improvement in western river travel took place in 1811 with the introduction of the steamboat. America’s first commercially successful steamboat was built in 1807 by Robert Fulton. The Clermont, as it was officially named, although commonly known to a skeptical public as “Fulton’s Folly,” made its maiden voyage up the Hudson River that year. |
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| A young Whig congressman from Illinois. Lincoln demanded to know “the spot” where blood had been shed on American soil after the Mexican War and contended that Mexico had the better claim to the area along the Rio Grande, where the first skirmish took place. |
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| Privately built toll roads. The turnpike got its name from a pole, or a pike, at the tollgate. This pike was turned to admit traffic after the toll was paid. The major routes to the West were the Mohawk and Genesee Turnpike to Lake Erie, the Catskill turnpike to the Allegheny River, the Forbes Road from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and the Cumberland and Wilderness Roads from Virginia and Maryland. |
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| To admit. We are not sure whether the majority of American settlers intended to become loyal citizens of Mexico or whether they secretly hoped that the United States would bring Texas into the Union, or annex it. |
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| Believed that the United States would and should extend across the whole continent. The intended to do everything that they could to hasten that day. John L. O’Sullivan, an expansionist and editor of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, and wrote in 1845, it was the United States’ “manifest destiny [belief that the U.S. was fated to reach from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. |
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| In 1812, the Cumberland (National) Road extended from eastern Virginia and Maryland to the Ohio River town of Wheeling, Virginia (now a part of West Virginia). It was better known as the National Road after 1811, when it was taken over and maintained by the federal government. This was the only road in reasonably good shape. |
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| The Erie Canal was the most famous of the canals to link the West with eastern part of the United States. Completed in 1825, it provided an all-water connection between the Hudson River at Albany, New York, and Lake Erie. Financed by the state of New York at a cost of seven million dollars, the Erie Canal played an important role in the development of upstate New York. It also made New York City a major port for exporting farm products from the upper Midwest. |
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| Having to do with land on plantations? |
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The basic Indian policy of the federal government was to remove the eastern tribes from their homelands to land west of the Mississippi that was not yet occupied by whites. Policymakers mistakenly believed European settlement would not soon cross the Mississippi. Although it was supposed to be voluntary, removal became mandatory whenever the federal government felt it was necessary. How this policy was carried out varied from one presidential administration to the next, but few white Americans questioned its wisdom. The Indian tribes north of the Ohio River were the first to be removed. They did not always leave willingly. The Miami and nearly a dozen other tribes in Ohio resisted the government’s efforts to remove them, which led to open warfare. These tribes suffered a crushing defeat by the regular army and militia troops, or short-term volunteers, in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near present-day Toledo, Ohio. A year later, these tribes reluctantly signed the Treaty of Grenville, which turned over their lands to the government. In Indiana, the Shawnee, under the leadership of their able chief Tecumseh, had also resisted. Their hope of turning back the wave of white settlement ended in defeat and in Tecumseh’s death at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. Indian claims to most of Indiana and Illinois were ended in 1818 and 1819, with the tribes moved to reservations, or land reserved for each tribe, beyond the Mississippi River. In 1832, a bank of Sauk and Fox Indians, led by a warrior named Black Hawk, made an unsuccessful effort to return to Illinois. Most of the group, which included many women and children, were massacred during an outbreak known as the Black Hawk War. Indian removal in the South went more slowly. In 1830, millions of acres of farm and forest land in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida were still inhabited by American Indians, and land speculators and farmers were anxious to get hold of that land. The tribes of reek,
Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, together called the Five Civilized Tribe, resisted, though. The Choctaws agreed, in treaty in 1830, to move to what is now Oklahoma. Delay in getting funds from Washington held up the start of their removal until winter, causing the ill-clothed and poorly sheltered tribe to die of exposure. The Cherokee fared worse, though: the tribe refused to sign a removal treaty, so soldiers and Georgia volunteers were sent in by the government to remove them by force. The Cherokees ran from their homes to escape this massacre, leaving all of their possessions behind, but they were ruthlessly hunted down and forced into stockades. Many women were raped and men murdered. The forced march that followed, the Trail of Tears, was worse: thousands of men, women, and children died from exposure and disease on the trail. Additionally, the Creeks in Alabama refused to sign a removal treaty and an army was sent by the Jackson administration to remove them. The same thing happened to the Seminoles in Florida. In the Seminole War, from 1835 to 1843, the Indians, led by Osceola, were assisted by the former slaves who had escaped from Florida. |
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| A tribal member of the Cherokees that developed a Cherokee alphabet. Because of this, most Cherokees became literate. This shows that these American Indians were hardly standing in the way of the progress of civilization, but instead completely familiar with American law and knew how to protect claims to their land. |
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| President Andrew Jackson’s implementation of Indian policy differed from that of previous presidents because Jackson was willing to force Indians to leave against their will. Elected in 1828 largely by southern and western voters, he gave their demand for Indian removal his full support. In 1830, he persuaded Congress to pass the Removal Act, which gave him authority to set up Indian reservations in the West. Congress also provided money for the cost of moving the southern tribes. In 1831, Jackson ignored the Supreme Court’s ruling and insisted that the Indians relinquish the claims to the land. One by one, the tribes signed treaties in which they agreed to move to reservations in the West. |
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| As Texans withdrew to the San Jacinto River in eastern Texas, Santa Anna committed a fatal blunder. He mistook Houston’s caution for cowardice and, assuming that the Texans were afraid to fight, advanced toward the San Jacinto with only a small part of his army. This Mexican force still outnumbered Houston’s troops by two to one. The Texans met Santa Anna’s army on the west bank of the San Jacinto River and prepared for battle. When the Texans failed to attack in the early morning of April 21, 1836, the Mexicans grew still more confident. They failed to post lookouts in the area separating the two armies. Late in the afternoon, when Santa Anna least expected it, the Texans attacked, shouting, “Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!” They routed the surprised Mexican troops in a battle that lasted barely twenty minutes. Santa Anna was captured alive the next day while he was trying to escape disguised as a common soldier. The battle became known as the Battle of San Jacinto. |
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| General Antonio López de Santa Anna had recently seized control of the government and had rejected the Texans’ plea for separate Mexican statehood. When the Mexican government refused to recognize Texas’s independence, General Santa Anna set out with an army to put down the rebellion. It seemed likely that he would succeed: facing him was an ill-equipped and unpaid army of Texan volunteers. Santa Anna did, in fact, win that battle, but in the next battle, ego got the best of him and his troops and when they failed to keep watch, the Texans routed the troops in a battle that lasted barely twenty minutes. He was captured alive the next day while he was trying to escape disguised as a common soldier. As the price of his release, Santa Anna signed a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. The Mexican government disowned this treaty after General Santa Anna’s release but made no further attempt to regain Texas. |
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| What the Mexican government required of Americans- |
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| The terms to which United States citizens agreed to in order to receive land from the Mexican government were to become citizens of Mexico, to join the Roman Catholic church, and to free the children of any slaves brought into Texas when they reached the age of fourteen. They also had to pay Austin about one hundred twenty dollars and pay the government a thirty dollar fee. The offer was so attractive that by 1834 Texas had an Anglo American population of nearly twenty-one thousand. |
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| Religious groups and where they settled- |
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| The Mormons established a colony in Utah because they were continually harassed by their non-Mormon neighbors. First, the members of the religion immigrated to Ohio, Missouri, and eventually to Illinois; when their founder, Joseph Smith, was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob, they were forced to move again. This time, the Mormons drew completely from the United States and into Utah, which was then still Mexican territory. Under the leadership of Brigham Young, they set out during the winter of 1846-1847 and established the town of Salt Lake City and a number of smaller agricultural settlements. In time, the Mormon colony in Utah grew and prospered. |
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| Religious settlement of Utah and Oregon- |
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Definition
| Mormons ultimately established their colony in Salt Lake City, Utah, after many moves, where they colony prospered. |
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| Americans living east of the Mississippi River in the 1830s began to hear about the Oregon Country from missionaries who had moved there. After reports were published that the Indians in Oregon were eager to learn about Christianity, missionaries were sent there by several religious groups, such as Methodists and Catholics. The reports about the Indians’ craving for religion were not accurate and the missionaries had little success in Christianizing them. In fact, this resulted in much of the Indian population being devastated by a measles epidemic. The missionaries sent letters home filled with praise for the fertile land of the Northwest. As a result of this publicity, the Oregon Country attracted widespread public attention. Beginning in 1843, caravans of covered wagons set out each summer from Independence, Missouri, headed for the Northwest. |
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| As the price of the release of Santa Anna, who was captured as a POW in the war against Mexico, Santa Anna signed a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. The Mexican government disowned the treaty as soon as Santa Anna was free, but it made no further attempt to regain Texas. Proclaiming themselves an independent republic, the Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president and Lorinzo de Zavala as their first vice president. The Republic of Texas remained an independent nation until December of 1845, when it was annexed to the United States. |
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| Expansion finally became a national political issue in this election. Sensing growing public support for the expansionists’ demands, the Democratic Party that year endorsed both the annexation of Texas and the acquisition of Oregon. It also nominated at its presidential candidate James K. Polk, an ardent expansionist. Polk ran against Henry Clay, the Whig candidate, and James G. Birney, the candidate of the antislavery Liberty Party, both of whom opposed the annexation of Texas. Polk’s election that fall was a victory for expansionists. |
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| President Polk and the war with Mexico- |
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| To force Mexico to the peace table, Polk assembled the largest American army of the war and ordered an attack against Mexico City. After landing at and capturing the Mexican port of Veracruz, this force of nearly nine thousand soldiers won a major battle against Santa Anna at the town of Cerro Gordo. The army then marched went to the Mexican capital. Commanded by General Winfield Scott, the American army fought its way into Mexico City on September 13, 1847. Still, it took President Polk another five months to get the peace treaty that he wanted, even with American troops camped in Mexico City. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- |
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| Signed on February 2, 1848, finally brought the war with Mexico to an end. In this treaty, Mexico gave up its claim to Texas and to all its territory north of the Rio Grande. It also established the present boundary between Mexico and the United States (except for a thin strip of land in what is now southern New Mexico and Arizona that was added in 1853 by the Gadsden Purchase). The US agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for the newly acquired territory. This was a payment of about five cents an acre—hardly more than a token for the 529,017 square miles the United States received. The treaty gave the native inhabitants of the newly acquired areas a year in which to resettle in Mexico, should they choose to remain Mexican citizens. The vast majority chose to stay where they were and thus automatically became citizens of the US. |
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| American occupation in California began with an uprising at Sonoma, this battle. This uprising of United States citizens who had settled in California was led by the explorer John C. Frémont. No blood was shed. A naval force, commanded by Commander John D. Sloat, sailed from the port of Mazatlán to aid the rebellion. Sailors from United States naval ships landed and occupied the principal town from San Francisco to Los Angeles. American settlers in California welcomed the arrival of Kearney’s army. |
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| A slave that organized an uprising that included plans for burning the city of Richmond and for capturing the state governor. The revolt was exposed before it could take place, and the principal leaders, including Prosser, were executed. |
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| The two leaders during slave games of corn shucking. To make extra work for slaves easier, slave owners often made work almost like a party. The planter would send word to neighboring plantations and butcher a hog for a barbecue. Turning the work into a contest, the slaves would appoint two corn generals who would choose teams. Both teams would attack the piles of corn already brought in from the fields to see which side could shuck the most. During an evening of eating, drinking, and merriment, the corn was shucked, gossip and news were exchanged, and the bonds of the slave community were strengthened. |
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| The South’s major cash crop. It eventually outsold all other staples put together. From three thousand bales in 1790, production increased to nearly four million bales by 1859, a bale containing four hundred pounds of cotton. Cotton flourished in the long, hot growing season of the Deep South and monopolized the best farmland in a wide belt extending from the Carolina hill country to the plains of eastern Texas. It assumed major economic importance far beyond the geographical limits of the South. Cotton made up sixty percent of the total exports of the United States in 1859. The remainder provided the basis for a thriving cotton textile industry in New England. Cotton, as southern politicians liked to say, was “king.” |
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| Grown by Kentucky and Missouri. |
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| Grown in Virginia, North Carolina, and the states of the upper South |
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| American System of manufacture- |
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| The American system of manufacture was one of the major contributions to the new methods of industrial production during the Industrial Revolution, named by the British. This system was based on the principle of manufacturing things with interchangeable parts. The American system of manufacture was developed in the 1790s by New England firearms manufacturers, among them inventor Eli Whitney. Under the old system of production by hand, when making a gun, for example, it was most efficient for gunsmiths to make a single part of the gun by themselves. The parts, made by hand, were rarely identical, and assembling the gun was a tough job because each piece had to be further shaped, which was time-consuming and costly. This new system used patterns or jigs to guide the workers’ tools as they cut out and shaped the parts for muskets. Using this process, the workers made parts so identical that the weapons could be taken apart, mixed together, and reassembled in perfect working order. Even more important, musket parts could be made and assembled by workers who were less skilled than the gunsmiths. This had not been possible with the old way of making firearms. Manufacturers could pay these unskilled workers low wages so that firearms could now be made more cheaply than before. Although pioneered by the makers of firearms, the system of interchangeable parts was quickly adopted by other manufacturers. |
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| Sam Slater grew up in Little Belford, England. At the age of 14, he was forced to become an indentured servant for Jedidiah Strut, a man Sam’s father owed money to. Sam’s father made Sam sign a 7-year contract with Strut, so that Sam was working for the man without pay until he was 21. Sam supposedly had a photographic memory and was extremely intelligent, learning all that he could about machinery. After 7 years, Slater wants to leave England, but, if he were to do so, he would be arrested, due to his knowledge, even though he could make a fortune off of it. So, Slater goes back to his home in Little Belford, tells his mother that he is leaving for London for the weekend, and dressed up as a farmer, did go to London, but then went to New York City and never returned to England. Slater went to Moses Brown and Richard Almey in Pawtucket, RI on the Blackstone River. Slater made a deal with these men that if he were to work for several months and fix up their machines, he could manage their cotton spinning mill, and that he did. Slater also got rid of all the workers there and employed women and children, whom he paid less. The factory next to the mill was where the parts were made. Sam eventually left the mills and traveled through New England, and made a fortune because he started to run many mills. Slater settled in Webster, (he is now called the Father of Webster), and there is now a statue of him, which is the highest point of town cemetery. There is a monument there in which he is buried along with his family. Slater is now known as the Father of American Manufacturing. |
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| Industrialization in class distinction- |
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| Industrialization sharpened the class distinctions in the United States by widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Most people in preindustrial America were neither very rich nor very poor. The majority were farmers and skilled craftspeople, who stood on the middle rungs of the social ladder. The growth of the factory system created a new working class at the lower end of American society and made other people, especially the factory owners, much richer than ever before. The most visible social change was the expansion of the urban working class; each year, people moved to the factory towns of the Northeast, looking for work. |
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| Immigration from 1820-1860- |
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| Nearly ten million immigrants entered the United States during this period. Close to ninety percent settled in the North and usually in the industrial towns and cities of the Northeast. By 1860, immigrants were willing to work for lower wages and had largely replaced the young farm women in the New England textile mills. They also wielded the picks and shovels that dug canals and built railroad throughout the North. Immigrants were an indispensible part of the workforce. |
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| Anti-immigrant. Many native-born Americans felt threatened by the growing number of immigrants because the new immigrants brought with them religious and cultural values different from those of the native-born, Protestant majority. Most were either Irish Catholics or non-English-speaking Europeans. While ethnic differences enriched American culture, they were also a source of conflict. In some cities, nativist clubs, newspapers, and political parties were organized. In 1844, the American Republicans, a nativist party, were strong enough to elect the mayor of New York City. There was also hostility towards Catholics: Protestants burned St. Mary’s Catholic Church in New York City in 1831 and destroyed a convent in Charleston, Massachusetts three years later. Anti-immigration riots were common, the most serious occurring in Philadelphia in May 1844. Clashes between Protestants and Irish Catholics killed thirteen people. |
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| From three thousand bales of cotton in 1790, production increased to nearly four million bales by 1859, a bale containing four hundred pounds of cotton. Cotton made up sixty percent of the total exports of the United States in 1859. The remainder provided the basis for a thriving cotton textile industry in New England. |
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| Population of slaves in 1860 (specific number) |
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| - Nearly four million African American slaves lived in the South, concentrated in Virginia, the Carolinas, and the cotton-producing states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Louisiana, which grew sugarcane as well as cotton, also had a large slave population. |
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| Difference in the way of life between free blacks in the North and South- |
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| Freed slaves in the North still faced racial prejudice and were the slightest bit better of than those in South. Only in New England and the northern Midwest did racial equality have much support. These northern Blacks had basic civil rights that were lacking in South: they could protest against slavery by publishing newspapers and printing books, in addition to founding own churches. Free Africans in south had a population of about 250,000, comprised of former slaves or descendants of slaves who had gained their freedom. Few were able to save enough to buy freedom, which was almost impossible for plantation slave, but urban slaves were frequently allowed to make money for themselves in their spare time. Free Southern Blacks had restricted liberties that made their social status not much higher than other slaves, such as the inability to assemble in a group without a white person present and being excluded from occupations that would involve frequent contact with other slaves out of fear of revolts. Free African Americans were second class citizens in the south. |
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| Where services were held; religion was a mix of Christianity and spirits and magic. Praying ground was apart from owner’s family. Their meetings different from white church services; they had complex intense rhythmic music, strongly influenced by old cultures and present-day needs. |
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| Women factory workers (1850)- |
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Definition
| Nearly one hundred thousand workers were employed in the textile mills of New England and more than half of them were women. |
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| General role of women in society- |
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| By midcentury, the economic growth of the United Stated had an effect on the status of women. Northern women, especially working-class women, played a larger role outside the home than ever before. In 1850, almost twenty-four percent of the nearly one million manufacturing workers were women. Most of them worked in textiles, clothing, shoes, and millinery. More women were also working in such middle-class occupations as teaching, nursing, printing, and book-binding. A few women had discovered that they could warn a living as novelists. Periodicals and newspapers of the early 1850s frequently carried weekly and monthly installments of novels written by female writers. Consequently, some women questioned the traditional idea that they should be content with being homemakers and nothing more. |
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| A writer who wrote novels for weekly or monthly periodicals and/or newspapers. |
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| A writer who wrote novels for weekly or monthly periodicals and/or newspapers. |
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| Commanded Fort Sumter, located in the Charleston harbor and a major federal fort in the South not yet taken by the Confederates. It was quickly running out of supplies. Major Robert Anderson warmed the War Department that he would have to evacuate if more supplies did not come in soon. However, if new supplies were brought in by sea, the civil war that Lincoln hoped to prevent, or at least delay, would be instead provoked. Lincoln decided to send unarmed merchant vessels to resupply the fort so that if the Confederates attacked the ship, they, not the federal government, would be responsible for starting the war. The Confederates did attack on April 12, 1861, and Anderson surrendered after a thirty-four-hour bombardment that left the fort heavily damaged. The Civil War had begun. |
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| From Mississippi. He was elected first Confederate president by March 1861. |
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| John Bell’s political party- |
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| Constitutional Union Party |
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| John Breckinridge’s political party- |
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| Stephan A. Douglas’s political party- |
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| John Frémont’s political party- |
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| Abraham Lincoln’s political party- |
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| The Compromise of 1850 provided for “an amicable arrangement of all questions in controversy between the free and the slave States, growing out of the subject of slavery,” as Henry Clay declared in a January 1850 session of the Senate. This compromise consisted of four pairs of resolutions, each giving something to each faction. First, he proposed that California be admitted as a free state, which he paired with a resolution that allowed the remainder of the territory acquired from Mexico to be organized without any restrictions on slavery. It was unlikely that the remaining territory, which consisted of present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and part of Colorado, would become slave territories. Still, Clay hoped to win support form he South by at least keeping that possibility alive. The second pair of Clay’s proposals focused on the boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico, which was settled in the latter’s favor, and Texas was compensated in by paying off the state’s ten million dollar debt. In two additional sets of resolutions, Clay again took up the issue of slavery. He proposed an end to the slave trade in the nation’s capital, which northern abolitionists had long demanded. He balanced this proposal with a resolution guaranteeing the continued existence of slavery in Washington, D.C. In other words, southern slave owners could bring their slaves with them to the district, but they couldn’t buy and sell slaves in the nation’s capital. Although Clay seemed to be favoring the North up to this point, his entire last resolution was in favor of the South: local citizens who detested slavery could be deputized and forced to help recapture runaways due to the power given to the marshals to demand help from bystanders if necessary. Also, Congress was denied the power to regulate interstate trade in slaves. |
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| Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise)- |
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Definition
| Repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. This bill put popular sovereignty into effect, so that the residents of the states could vote on issues, such as slavery, resulting in a provoked outrage in the North. However, the bill was passed in March of 1854 for the Senate, with the House of Representatives approving it in May. |
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| Took a step towards establishing territorial governments in Kansas and Nebraska; written by Stephan Douglas. The bill repealed the Missouri Compromise and put popular sovereignty into effect, so that the residents of the states could vote on issues, such as slavery. This bill provoked outrage in the North, but the bill was passed in March of 1854 for the Senate, with the House of Representatives approving it in May. |
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| A political party comprised of ex-Whigs and northern Democrats who were as alarmed at the influx of Irish Catholics as the expansion of slavery. This was a nativist party. When asked about their anti-immigrant activities, they replied, “I know nothing.” The Know-Nothings elected the mayor of Philadelphia, won state elections in Massachusetts in 1854, and helped to elect many anti-Nebraska movement congressmen that year. When the Republicans persuaded that American Party to endorse the Republican presidential ticket, the Know-Nothings met their demise, but gave the Republican Party a nativist outlook that drove most Catholic immigrants to the Democratic Party. |
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| Dred Scott spent 11 years on Alabama farm before moving to St. Louis with owner. Scott was there sold to John Emerson, a medical doctor. Emerson took Scott to a new post in Illinois. Scott and his owner moved back to Fort Snelling some years later, which was on the west bank of the Mississippi in the Wisconsin territory and two years later was brought back to St. Louis. There, Scott sued for his and his family’s freedom. In the suit, his lawyers argued that residence in the free state of Illinois and in a free territory while at Fort Snelling had made Scott and his family free people. This case slowly made its way though the court system, and in 1850, a local court in St. Louis decided in favor of the Scotts, with the jury declaring the family to be free. The decision was overturned two years later by Missouri’s state supreme court. Scott sued again, this time in a federal court. The US Supreme Court finally agreed to hear the case and decided to us it to decide the status of slavery in the territories. In March 1857, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in the Scott case. Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its authority in 1820 by restricting the expansion of slavery and the ruling brought the legality of popular sovereignty into question. Decision was denounced in the North as a political decision and as a proslavery ruling handed down by proslavery justices. The members of the Court had divided along sectional lines in their decision. The case stiffened resistance in the North to what many people saw as a slave-power conspiracy. |
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| Difference between Stephan Douglas and Lincoln involving slavery in territories- |
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Definition
| Douglas reassured free-soil Democrats that slavery could be excluded from the territories despite the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case. When Lincoln asked how that was possible, Douglas said that the Dred Scott decision need not stand in the people’s way. Stephan Douglas said that he would pass the local laws and police regulations essential for the existence of slavery. Douglas’s platform was known as the Freeport Doctrine, which satisfied the antislavery Democrats of Illinois that popular sovereignty could still keep slavery out of the territories. Lincoln emphasized the difference between the Democratic and Republican slavery views. |
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| On October 16, 1859, John Brown, leader of Potawatomi massacre in Kansas, led an attack against the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He was accompanied by a band of eighteen men, including five African Americans. John Brown hoped to take enough weapons from the arsenal to arm thousands of slaves for a bloody revolt against their owners. The plan had the support of some northern abolitionists, a few of whom had even contributed money to the cause. John Brown and his followers seized control of the arsenal. The federal government dispatched the U.S. Marines, commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee of Virginia, to recapture it. This team defeated Brown and his men, killing ten of them, including two of Brown’s sons. Brown and six other survivors were tried under the laws of Virginia for murder, treason, an insurrection (revolt against civil authority). They were charged guilty and hanged, which sent shock wave throughout South. Southerners deeply feared slave revolts. Northern conservatives deplored the raid but radical abolitionists hailed Brown as a martyr who died for the cause of freedom. Northern support for slave rebellion even if only from extreme abolitionists added to the South’s trauma. Brown’s raid had pushed the nation one step closer to disunion. |
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| Lecompton Constitution- Lecompton Constitution- |
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Definition
| The Kansas state legislature held a convention in Lecompton to draft a state constitution. Dominated by proslavery delegates, the convention adopted a constitution that protected slavery in Kansas. The Lecompton Constitution was then submitted to a public referendum and approved by the majority of the popular vote. It won approval because antislavery forces refused to take part, thinking that it was rigged. Shortly thereafter, in a new election, the free-soil people won control of the legislature and submitted the constitution to a new referendum, of which it was rejected by a landslide. President Buchanan, yielding to pressure from southern Democrats, submitted the Lecompton Constitution to Congress and urging that it be approved. |
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Term
| Secession in South Carolina- |
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Definition
| A week after Lincoln’s win in the 1860 election, South Carolina legislature called for the election of delegates for a secession convention. Other states followed its lead. In each instance, the secessionists moved quickly, before passions cooled and Unionist sentiment could be organized. Within three months, seven states in the lower South had seceded from the Union, including South Carolina. |
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Term
| Republican platform in 1860- |
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Definition
| Republicans promised western farmers a homestead act that would make public land available for settlers at little cost. It also endorsed a transcontinental railroad. To improve their changes of carrying industrial states, the Republicans called for a tariff protection for American manufactured goods. Northern voter, still trying to recover from the depression in 1857, would find the economic planks in the Republican platform attractive. Thus, the Republicans entered the election campaign of 1860 with an attractive candidate and a party platform with broad public appeal. |
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Term
| Election of 1860 in the South- |
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Definition
| The prospect of a Republican victory in the 1860 election created more fear in the South. Convinced that Lincoln would try to abolish slavery, southern leaders warned that their states would secede and risk civil war if he were elected. It did not seem to matter that Lincoln had said repeatedly that as president he would have no power to abolish slavery where it already existed. The South was certain that if Lincoln were elected, his administration would be dominated by the most radical antislavery element in the Republican Party. |
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Definition
| Proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, which would have guaranteed the future status of slavery by a series of amendments to the United States Constitution. The new amendments would have: 1. restored the Missouri Compromise, extending its dividing line to California and creating slave territories to the South of it; 2. protected thee slave trade from federal interference; and 3. prevented the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. President-elect Lincoln opposed this Compromise and advised the Republican congressman to “entertain no proposition for a compromise in regard to the expansion of slavery.” Committed to stop the expansion of slavery, Republicans voted down the only plan that had a chance for success. |
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Definition
| At first, this Confederate president had great difficulty mobilizing his nation for war. He was hampered by the South’s attitude toward government- namely, its insistence on states’ rights. For example, the governor of Georgia insisted that only Georgia officers should command Georgia troops. President Davis also had difficultly persuading the states to tax themselves to pay for the war. For financing, the confederacy relied mainly on borrowing and on printing paper money. This created runaway inflation, as the price of men’s shoes soared to one hundred twenty-five dollars a pair. ALSO Was convinced that Kentucky remained in the Union against the will of most of its people. ALSO Persuaded southern famers to increase food suppli9es by producing more meat and grain and to cut back on the growing of cotton. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the spring of 1862, a Union fleet of gunboats under the command of this man fought its way from the Gulf of Mexico up the Mississippi and captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge, the second Confederate state capital to fall. By midsummer, complete Union control of the Mississippi was only prevented by the strong Confederate defenses at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana. |
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Term
| General Ulysses S. Grant- |
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Definition
| With the help of his army and Union gunboats, he captured two western forts held by the Confederates., Fort Henry and Donelson. These victories forced the Confederates to abandon all of western Tennessee. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the most popular officers in the army. He replaced McDowell by orders of Lincoln. McClellan spent the fall and winter expanding the Army of the Potomac to one hundred fifty thousand men and putting it in fighting trim. He was a genius at organizing men and building morale. However, he tended to misjudge the strength of oopposing forces, generally thinking that they were stronger andbetter prepared that he was. |
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Term
| - McClellan’s personality flaw- |
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Definition
| He could just judge the strength of the enemy army well enough and second guessed himself often. After landing his army in Virginia in April, McClellan moved up the peninsula to Yorktown. The Union troops outnumbered the Confederates seventy thousand to seventeen thousand. McClellan misjudged the enemy’s strength and refused to attack. When McClellan asked Lincoln for still more troops, the president begged him to fight. In delaying, McClellan gave the Confederates more time to rally more troops. When he reached the defensive lines five miles from Richmond in May, McClellan stopped again; his army of one hundred thousand faced sixty thousand Confederates. Again, he demanded that Lincoln send more men. Stonewall Jackson kept the Union armies occupied by staging a series of daring attacks in northern Virginia as the Confederates took the offensive. In seven days of brutal fighting, now referred to as the Seven Days’ Battles, which lasted from June 25 to July 1, an army commanded by General Robert E. Lee pushed McClellan down the peninsula. The Confederates suffered heavy losses and the Union had had enough, so McClellan’s army was ordered to withdraw from Virginia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Official pardon for an offense. When soldiers came home from war, deserting their Confederate regiment, he ws arrested, convicted of desertion, and would have been executed had the Confederate government not declared a general amnesty for this offense because so many others had done the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compulsory enlistment of people into the army. In April 1863, the Confederate Congress passed a conscription law to draft white men between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five into the army. A year later, the Union government passed its own draft law. The major effect of both laws was to prod men into volunteering, with relatively few soldiers being drafted outright. Volunteering was the more patriotic thing to do, and volunteers were paid a bounty. In 1863, the Union army paid each volunteer three hundred dollars to enlist. |
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Term
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Definition
| The freeing of African Americans in the United States. On September 22, 1862, shortly after the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation about emancipation. He had been waiting for a Union victory to strike a major blow against slavery as that would strengthen the government’s position. He declared that on the first day of January 1863 he would emancipate all slaves in states that “shall then be in rebellion with the United States.” This was partly a tactic of war, an invitation to the confederacy to lay down its arms before that date if it wished to preserve slavery. In a second proclamation on January 1, Lincoln declared that slaves in all the areas still under Confederate control were freed. |
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Definition
| When Lee invaded Maryland, McClellan started out with a much larger army to stop him. McClellan was given the chance to destroy the Confederate aar4my one piece at a time when a Union soldier found a paper wrapped around three cigars that described Lee’s marching instructions, giving the exact local of each column of the troops. McClellan estimated Lee’s army was two and a half times larger than lager than it really was and he moved slowly, but by the time he caught up with Lee near Antietam Creek, the confederate forces were reunited and ready for battle. The two armies clashed near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, in what became the bloodiest single day of fighting during the Civil War. McClellan’s army advanced along a three-mile front, facing confederate solders who had take cover in groves of trees, behind stone walls, and in cornfields. Men died by the thousands. More American soldiers died in the Battle of Antietam than in any single day of warfare before or since. Union deaths totaled two thousand, one hundred; Confederate deaths, two thousand, seven hundred. The number of wounded on both sides amounted to eighteen thousand, five hundred, of whom three thousand later died. On that one day, more than twice as many Americans were skilled as in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Spanish-American War of 1898 combined. Four times as many died as would lose their lives in the June 6, 1944 invasion of Normandy during World War II. |
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Term
| 1st Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) |
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Definition
| - Raged for fourteen hours in one attack after another. Finally, the Confederate army launched a massive counterattack that sent eighteen thousand men surging forward. As they were driven backward, McDowell’s untrained troops panicked and fled all the way to Washington. A Congressman who observed the battle noted that they went anywhere and everywhere to escape. Fortunately for the fleeing Union troops, the Confederates were too disorganized to pursue them. Both armies still had a lot to learn. The Union defeat at Bull Run taught Lincoln and the North a lesson: the rebellion could not be put down by green troops marching off to capture Richmond. Defeating the Confederacy would take much longer than the first anticipated and would take all the patience, resources, and manpower than the Union government could muster. |
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Term
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Definition
| General Grant had failed to capture the city by direct assault, located as it was on a two hundred-foot bluff above the river and surrounded by swamps. He has worked all through the previous winter to surround the city and cut it off from its line of supply. During two weeks in April 1863, Grant won four hard-fought battles against Confederate defenders and got his army through the swamps. With Vicksburg surrounded, its food exhausted, and with no hope of relief, the Confederate garrison o thirty thousand surrendered on July 4, 18863. The fall of Vicksburg and the capture of Port Hudson four days later were serous blows to the Confederate cause. Now the Union navy had complete control of the Mississippi River, cutting off the Confederate states to the west. |
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Term
| Surrender at Fort Sumter- |
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Definition
| After its fall, four states in the upper South (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) seceded from the Union. The attack united northern sentiment in favor of going to war to save the Union. “We must settle this question now,” Lincoln said, “whether in a freee government, the minority have thee right to break up the government whenever they choose.” The vast majority of northern Democrats as well as Republicans rallied behind the president. |
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Term
| Southern military strategy for winning the Civil War- |
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Definition
| The South had the advantage of fighting a defensive war, so all it had to do to “win” was to keep from being defeated. A stalemate or a draw was enough to ensure Confederate independence. |
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Term
| Lincoln’s strategy to keeping Maryland from seceding- |
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Definition
| Lincoln discovered how crucial it was to hold Maryland in the federal Union when, on April 19, 1891, a pro-Confederate mob in Baltimore attacked several companies of Massachusetts militia on their way to Washington. If Maryland should secede, Washington, D.C. would be cut off from the North. To help ensure Maryland’s loyalty, Lincoln put the state under martial law, meaning temporary rule by military authorities, and sending troops. |
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Term
| Strengths and weaknesses of the North and South- |
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Definition
| Military advantages that the South had in the Civil War included a better army and more talented officers than did the Union army, most likely because the culture of the South had stressed the importance of leadership and of marital values. Confederate General Robert E. Lee was the most capable military strategist of the war. Southern farm boys who had learned to ride and to shoot early in life probably made better soldiers than their more urbanized northern opponents. Additionally, the Confederate troops fought on familiar ground. In battles fought in their home states, Confederate generals knew every back road and country land. They could move troops down roads that did not even appear on the Union army’s maps. The South also had the advantage of fighting a defensive war. All it had to do to “win” the war was to keep from being defeated. A stalemate or a draw was enough to ensure Confederate independence. The North, on the other hand, had to fight an offensive war. It had to occupy Confederate territory and destroy the South’s army, which was a far more difficult task. The major advantages held by the North in fighting the war were all industrial. It had six times the amount of factories and workshops as in the South and had more than seventy percent of the nation’s railroad tracks, most of its banks and financial resources, and more than double the South’s population. Northern factories had little difficulty filling the War Department’s orders for cannons, rifles, tents, uniforms, overcoats, blankets, canteens, wagons, horse harnesses, and the thousands of other items necessary to outfit an army. A campaigning army of one hundred thousand men consumed six hundred tons of food and supplies each day. The food came from the bountiful harvests of northern farms. The Union government spent more than one billion dollars on war contracts alone, which it paid for by taxing the people, borrowing money, and issuing new paper currency popularly called greenbacks. |
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Term
| Strengths and weaknesses of the North and South- |
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Definition
| Military advantages that the South had in the Civil War included a better army and more talented officers than did the Union army, most likely because the culture of the South had stressed the importance of leadership and of marital values. Confederate General Robert E. Lee was the most capable military strategist of the war. Southern farm boys who had learned to ride and to shoot early in life probably made better soldiers than their more urbanized northern opponents. Additionally, the Confederate troops fought on familiar ground. In battles fought in their home states, Confederate generals knew every back road and country land. They could move troops down roads that did not even appear on the Union army’s maps. The South also had the advantage of fighting a defensive war. All it had to do to “win” the war was to keep from being defeated. A stalemate or a draw was enough to ensure Confederate independence. The North, on the other hand, had to fight an offensive war. It had to occupy Confederate territory and destroy the South’s army, which was a far more difficult task. The major advantages held by the North in fighting the war were all industrial. It had six times the amount of factories and workshops as in the South and had more than seventy percent of the nation’s railroad tracks, most of its banks and financial resources, and more than double the South’s population. Northern factories had little difficulty filling the War Department’s orders for cannons, rifles, tents, uniforms, overcoats, blankets, canteens, wagons, horse harnesses, and the thousands of other items necessary to outfit an army. A campaigning army of one hundred thousand men consumed six hundred tons of food and supplies each day. The food came from the bountiful harvests of northern farms. The Union government spent more than one billion dollars on war contracts alone, which it paid for by taxing the people, borrowing money, and issuing new paper currency popularly called greenbacks. |
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Term
| Who was freed by the Emancipation Proclamation- |
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Definition
| African American slaves in the South |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed by the Republican Congress. The act provided cheap land in the West for settlers and granted one hundred sixty acres of public land to anyone who would settle on it for five years. Congress also pro9vdeded land grants to railroads for building a rail line to California, and it gave tracts of land to states to help them found state colleges. |
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Term
| Role of women in the Civil War- |
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Definition
| Women made many direct contributions to the war effort. At least four hundred women served and fought in the armies, disguised as men. Scores of others worked as spies and scouts. Harriet Tubman guided Union troops in raids on southern plantations, freeing hundreds of slaves. In the North, thousands of women served as volunteers to collect food and medical supplies for the army. Others worked for the United States Sanitary Commission, a private agency created to improve medical care for Union soldiers. Women in the South contributed to the war effort in much he same way, sending food and clothing to the soldiers and caring of the wounded in battlefield hospitals. Women were thrust into a variety of new roles, such as “government girls,” who replaced men in state and Confederate offices; schoolteachers, which was a man’s occupation until then; more women were factory workers than ever; and women took on much of the hard work of farming, selling cotton, managing slaves, and more. |
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Term
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Definition
| For three days, the fighting raged on the hills and ridges of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In one desperate gamble on the third day, Lee massed thirteen thousand troops under General George Pickett for a frontal attack at Cemetery Ridge. Although one of his officers cautioned that “no fifteen thousand ever arrayed for battle can take that position,” Lee ordered the assault. More than half of Pickett’s troops died. |
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Term
| Sherman’s march to the sea- |
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Definition
| Sherman asked to march through Georgia to the sea and the request was approved by Grant. Sherman’s army moved through Georgia cut a path of destruction fifty miles across. One soldier said that the army destroyed everything that they could not eat and “raised Hell generally.” The army reached Savannah and the sea on December 21, leaving in its wake enormous damage. Sherman estimated the cost at one hundred million dollars, at least one-fifth of which contributed to their advantage, the rest, waste. During the course of their journey, the soldiers freed some twenty-five thousand slaves, also. |
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Term
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Definition
| When Sherman paused to rest his troops in North Carolina, Grant and his troops took Sherman’s place. Grant’s army attacked Lee and his army near Richmond, leaving the city open to attack, leaving Lee’s troops to abandon it on April 3, 1865. In the meantime, Lee attempted to escape westward, but Grant followed, and with forty-five thousand more troops than Lee possessed. Around the village of Appomattox Courthouse at the house of Wilmer McLean, Lee surrendered on April 9. The meeting took place in the house of Wilmer McLean, who had moved to Appomattox to escape the devastation of war. His former house near Manassas had been taken over as a Confederate headquarters during the First Battle of Bull Run, so the fighting in Virginia had literally begun and ended in McLean’s front room. The Confederate leader spared his soldiers a last suicidal attack by arranging a meeting with Grant, of which Grant offered Lee generous surrender terms. Lee’s mounted troops could keep their horses and mules “to put in a crop,” and the Confederate soldiers could be paroled and sent home. |
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Term
| 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment (general)- |
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Definition
| 13th: prohibited slavery in the United States; 14th: gave basic civil rights to all citizens, banned increased representation biased against of any certain group of people, and gave Confederates presidential disadvantages and declared their war debt invalid; 15th: gave the right to vote to all male citizens of any race or color |
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Term
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Definition
| Born in North Carolina to a poor white family. After moving to Tennessee as an adult, he entered politics as a Jacksonian Democrat, championing the common man. His political opponents came from the wealthy planter class. Johnson was also a staunch Unionist. He opposed secession and was determined to crush the planters who had led the South into rebellion. However, as Jonson shared the racial prejudice of many whites of his time, he had even less sympathy for the African Americans. He hoped to use Reconstruction to shift power in the South to those poor white people and independent farmers who had not taken an active part in the rebellion. With Congress in recess during the fall o f1865, Johnson implemented his version of Reconstruction. He granted a general pardon to all who took an oath of loyalty. Wealthy planters and prominent leaders of the Confederacy were excluded from this privilege but could apply individually for special presidential pardons. The president also required each state to revoke its secession ordinance and to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Each state had to agree to not make payments on the Confederate war debt. Under Johnson’s guidance, new state governments were organized throughout the South but not readmitted yet to the Union. Congress opposed Andrew Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction because, despite Johnson’s long-standing dislike of the planter class, Johnson granted many presidential pardons to former Confederate leaders. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ardent abolitionist who favored civil rights for African Americans, including the right to vote, but as leader of the women’s rights movement, she wanted women to be given the right to vote as well. By the autumn of 1865, Stanton realized that most Republican leaders, including abolitionists, had turned their backs on women’s suffrage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Republican nominee for the election of 1876. The Ohio governor won the election with the Compromise of 1877. deal of three southern states would be turned over to Democratic control in return for the electoral votes necessary to make Hayes president. After this election, President Hayes completed the deal, known as the Compromise of 1877, by withdrawing the remaining federal troops from the South. |
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Term
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Definition
| A deal that three southern states would be turned over to Democratic control in return for the electoral votes necessary to make Hayes president. After this election, President Hayes completed the deal, by withdrawing the remaining federal troops from the South. |
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