Term
| A change over time is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the increase in complexity of chemicals leading to first cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first cells arose from and increased complexity of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ______ from gravitation and radioactivity formed the _____ in several layers and upwellings of volcanic lava. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the earth hold an atmosphere? |
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Definition
| because of its size and strength of gravitational field |
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Term
| How is earth's primitive atmosphere different from earth's current atmosphere? |
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Definition
| it had mostly water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide; little oxygen |
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Term
| How was earth's primitive atmosphere formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did water only exist as a gas on earth? |
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Definition
| Because the earth was so hot. |
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Term
| How did oceans form on earth? |
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Definition
| earth cooled down, and the water vapor came down and formed oceans |
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Term
| T/F. Once the earth cooled, it took 2-12 months for the oceans to appear. |
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Definition
| False, took billions of years. |
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Term
| T/F Earth's distance from the sun allows water to exist in all phases: solid, liquid, and gas. |
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Definition
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Term
Before the first cells could evolve, what evolved first? (Hint, before protocells) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 theories on how the first cells came about to earth. |
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Definition
1.Cells came from comets and meteorites that hit earth. 2.Gases in the early atmosphere can react to produce small organic molecules. |
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Term
| What allowed organic molecules to form a thick, warm organic soup? |
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Definition
| Lack of oxidation and decay |
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Term
| Before the first cells, there would need to be a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid protein bilayer/membrane. |
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Term
| Protocells were most likely formed by __________ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Coacervate droplets? |
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Definition
| spherical units that form when mixtures of macromolecules are held in the right temperature, ionic composition, and pH. |
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Term
What can Coacervate droplets do? Ultimately, Coacervate droplets lead to? |
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Definition
1.absorb and incorporate substances from surrounding solutions 2.First cells |
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Term
| A large scale patterns of change is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of macroevolution? |
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Definition
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Term
Put these 3 events in order from oldest to youngest. A.Prokaryotic cells appear B.Oldest Eukaryotic fossils C.Oxygen accumulates |
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Definition
A-Prokaryotic cells appear C-Oxygen accumulates B-Oldest Eukaryotic fossils |
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Term
Put the following in order from oldest to youngest. A.Invertebrates B.Reptiles C.Mammals D.Amphibians/insects E.Fish F.Birds |
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Definition
A.Invertebrates E.Fish D.Amphibians/insects B.Reptiles C.Mammals F.Birds |
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Term
| What group of organisms were the 1st on land? |
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Definition
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Term
The ___________ period lasts __ of the geological timeline. (Hint, it was the longest period of time.) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 factors that have influenced evolution. |
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Definition
1.Continental drift 2.Plate tectonics 3.Mass extinctions(climate) |
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Term
| What is the study of fossils that results in knowledge about the history of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of fossil dating called? |
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Definition
| Relative dating + Absolute(radioactive) dating |
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Term
| Which type of dating(out of the 2) is more accurate? |
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Definition
| Absolute(radioactive) dating |
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Term
| Relative dating relies on the ______ of the fossils in relation to other _______ and _____. |
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Definition
| position, fossils, layers |
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Term
| T/F. Relative dating estimates relative age. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. In absolute dating, all atoms are stable. |
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Definition
| False, most atoms are stable |
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Term
| In absolute dating, the atom's _______ can be radioactive. |
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Definition
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Term
| C12 is an example of a _____ isotope and C14 is an example of a ___________ isotope. |
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Definition
1.normal/stable 2.radioactive/unstable |
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Term
| Radioactive isotopes _____ at a steady rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate at which radioactive isotopes decay is measured in __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| By definition, a 1/2 life is? |
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Definition
| the # of years it takes to decay 1/2 of the original atom into a new element. |
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Term
Carbon14 Decays into? Half life of? Measures organisms _______ years old or younger. |
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Definition
1.Nitrogen 14 2.5,730 years 3.50,000 |
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Term
| To measure artifacts older than 50,000 years, ________ types of radioactive isotopes must be used. |
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Definition
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Term
If a radioactive isotope had a 1/2 life of 1 billion years, how much would be left after each of the following time intervals?(there is 5 grams in the living organism.) 1 billion years? 2 billion years? |
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Definition
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Term
| K-40 has a 1/2 life of 12,500 years. You measure the K-40 and the Ar-40 in a sample of material and find that 75% of the K-40 has decayed into Ar-40. How old is the sample? |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin was the ship _______ on the HMS _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin said that species ______ overtime in response to their ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Darwin went on the HMS Beagle to come up with the theory of evolution. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
| when organisms have traits that make them better suited to the environment, and they survive and the traits are passed on to offspring. (survival of the fittest) |
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Term
| Why do living things share characteristics? |
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Definition
| because of common descent(descent with modification) |
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Term
| Lamark believed that descent with modification occurs due to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lamark says that organisms became adapted to their environment through ________ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an acquired trait? |
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Definition
| a trait not acquired by genes, but instead by an organism changing during their life time. |
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Term
| Give an example of an organism and their trait that Lamark thought was acquired. |
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Definition
1.Giraffe-tall neck 2.Waterbird/duck-webbed feet |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the range and distribution of life forms on earth. |
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Term
| T/F. Darwin noticed that as he sailed southward, similar species replaced eachother. |
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Definition
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Term
| Long neck tortoises inhabited ____ dry areas where food was scarce because? |
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Definition
only because the longer necks could reach the cacti |
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Term
| On the Galapagos Islands, where could short necked tortoises live? |
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Definition
| in moist regions with abundant foliage |
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Term
| Darwin figured out that each type of tortoise has the same _________ tortoises, but each had adapted to different ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes in species occured to what? |
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Definition
| populations evolving because of their different environments or being isolated from each other. |
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Term
| Structural comparison between organisms is known as __________ evidence. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Early embryo structures are very different between organisms. |
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Definition
| False, they are very similar |
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Term
A homologous structure is? Example? |
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Definition
same body parts, different funtion ex: bird wing, whale fin, human arm |
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Term
An analogous structure is? Example? |
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Definition
different structure, same function bat wing, insect wing |
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Term
A vestigual structure is? Example? |
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Definition
structures that are under developed and seemingly useless in one organisms, but may be functional in other organisms. ex:appendix, tail bones, whale pelvis |
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Term
| In ___________ evidence, almost all living organisms use the same basic ___________ molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms utilize the same ___ triplet code and the same 20 _____ _____ in their proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
The greater the AA similarities between organisms means? Life's vast diversity has come about by? |
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Definition
1.the more similar they are 2.only slight differences in the same genes. |
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Term
| List the 4 main types (categories) of evidence for evolution. |
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Definition
1.Fossil 2.Biogeographical 3.Anatomical 4.Biochemical |
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Term
| How do we know Lamark's theory is not true? |
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Definition
| Traits are passed down/inherited through genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of species occupying a certain area |
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Term
| The _______ of a population ____ from one another. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the raw material for evolutionary change? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is microevolution?(not just small change!) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is population genetics? |
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Definition
| studies the genetic variation in a population |
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Term
What is the Hardy Weinberg Theory called? What does the theory mean? |
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Definition
1.Hardy Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium 2.That the alleles in a population will not change unless acted upon by an outside influences. |
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Term
| Name the 5 things that must not happed for the alleles in a species to stay the same. |
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Definition
1.no mutations 2.no gene flow 3.no genetic drift 4.individuals must mate randomly 5.no natural selection |
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Term
| What is gene flow? genetic drift? |
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Definition
Gene flow- species migrate in/out of the population Genetic drift- population is large enough so a chance event won't affect them |
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Term
| T/F. Allele frequencies in a population don't change since the 5 things never happen. |
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Definition
| False, all 5 things happen since they are uncontrolable, so evolution does occur |
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Term
| Stabilizing _________, Direction _________, and Disruptive _________. (same word) |
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Definition
selection *only 3 types natural selections |
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Term
| What is stabilizing selection? directional? disruptive? |
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Definition
1.best for average, bad for both extremes 2.best for 1 extreme, bad for the other, average is ok 3.bad for average, good for both extremes |
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Term
| The bell curve is the _______ condition. |
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Definition
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Term
| What can genetic drift cause? |
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Definition
gene pools of isolated populations to become dissimilar *genetic alleles can become lost or enhanced |
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Term
When a few individulas become the founders of a new population is called? Example of this? |
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Definition
Founder's effect Amish community |
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Term
| In founder's effect, ____ _______ and combinations may be enhanced. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Bottleneck Effect? |
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Definition
| A small founder population becomes the sole source of alleles |
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Term
| What is an example of the Bottleneck effect? Why is it dangerous? |
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Definition
Cheetahs were killed off(most) 10,000 years ago, then they breed and build back up, and now they are almost extinct again dangerous since they are all susceptible to a # of diseases |
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Term
| Study of gradual change in the genetic material of a population that can lead to evolutionary changes is known as? |
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Definition
| Population genetics(there are 2 definitions) |
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Term
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Definition
Natural selection- environment/genetics-genotype Genetics- random fertilization,recombination-crossing over, mutations |
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Term
| T/F. How new species evolve from old ones is known as speciation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 steps on how new species are created? |
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Definition
1. Isolation occurs 2.natural selection occurs 3.gene pools become difference 4.if isolation is permanent, then a new species forms |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of isolation? |
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Definition
| geographical/reproductive |
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Term
| If the amino acid sequences in the proteins of two organisms are similar, why will their DNA be similar? |
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Definition
| since the proteins are meade with the help of mRNA which is made off of DNA making the DNA similar. |
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