NaOH

(base)

NH₃

(base)

1. Large distance between particles
2. Particles move in straight lines
3. Kinetic energy is conserved
4. Particles are tiny compared with distance btwn them

Hydrogen

Dipole-dipole

Dispersion

nonpolar but temporary delocalization of electrons; 

although weak, many of them, keep liquid/solid together

atom(s) that carry a charge

ANIONS: negative

CATIONS:positive

all elements are made of small indivisable particles:atoms

all atoms have almost identical (chemical) properties

atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds

atoms can't be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

Oxidation: electons/energy is lost

Reduction: electrons/energy is gained

 electrons LOST;

hydrogen atoms lost;

gain of oxygen atoms

grams; kg=1000g; 

mg=1/1000 g

µg=1/10⁶ g

ng= 1/10⁹ g

pg= 1/10¹² g

the addition of hydrogen to a substance;

the gain of electrons

Pd (palladium)

Ni (nickel)

Pt (platinum)

a relatively small fraction of the maximum number of possible hydronium ions.

period = Row, across, in the periodic table.

group = verticle grouping, columns

Leading zeroes are NOT sig.

Trailing zeroes after the decimal point ARE.

Internal zeroes ARE.

Whole numbers ending in zeroes are ambiguous;

solved by placing a . or converting to scientific notation

Alpha = 2+ positive; 4g

Beta= 1- negative; 1/2000 g

Gamma= neutral; no mass

atoms with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

(same place on periodic table)

ground state: when the electrons stay close to nucleus

relaxation: after excitation, the electrons come close

again; energy is given back during this state

2n²

n being the orbit level

Most Metallic element is first (CO₂)

Oxygen is always last.

Use prefixes!

ends in -ide.

NONpolar: difference is < 0.5

polar: 0.5 < difference <2

ionic: if difference is > 2

the higher the EN#, the more love for electrons; the higher EN is the neg. end and the lower is the + end.

hydrogen has 1 bond

oxygen has 2 bonds

nitrogen has 3

carbon has 4

if there are several atoms the least electronegative will be in the cener (except H)

distribute to peripheral e's first, then central

each pair of e's = an electron set

*a double bond counts as 1 set

E.G refers to central atom, bonding& nonbinding

M.S. refers to bonded atoms & 3Dshape

molar mass is in g/mol

formula (molecular) mass is in amu

In balenced chemical equations: A,B, and C are equivalent

A+B =C

A/B is an ex: the stoichiometric factor

measure of kinetic energy of atoms and molecules INSIDE an object

kelvin is the SI unit. 

K° = C° + 273°

A. what keeps atoms together in molecules;

covalent and ionic bonds

B. what keeps molecules together

solutions of ionic substances that conduc electricity

if dissociation is complete: they're strong electrolytes

if dissociation is partial: they're weak electrolytes

if no dissociation, they're NONelectrolytes

not all ionic substances are soluble & not all soluble substances are electrolytes

react with water to form acids/bases

metal oxides are basic anhydrides

nonmetal oxides are acidic anhydrides