About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life.  What four of the 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

1. oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium
2. carbon, sulfur, phosphorous, hydrogen
3. carbon, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen
4. carbon, oxygen, sulfur, calcium
5. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

1. 4
2. 2
3. 1
4. 8
5. 3

What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water?

1. all are produced by ionic bonding
2. all increase when temperature increases
3. all have properties related to hydrogen bonding
4. all have to do with non-polar covalent bonds
5. 3 and 4 only

Collecting data based on observation is an example of _____; analyzing this data to reach a conclusion is an example of _____ reasoning.

1. descriptive science; deductive
2. hypothesis-based science; inductive
3. hypothesis-based science; deductive
4. the process of science; deductive
5. discovery science; inductive

Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by which process?

1. the addition of water to each monomer (hydrolosis)
2. the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers
3. the removal of water (dehydration reactions)
4. ionic bonding of the monomers
5. connecting monosaccharides together (condensation reactions)

Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of 

1. carbon compounds
2. inorganic compounds
3. water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules
4. vital forces interacting with matter
5. functional groups

Which bonds must be broken for water to vaporize

1. covalent bonds
2. ionic bonds
3. polar covalent bonds
4. hydrogen bonds
5. non-polar covalent bonds

A polypeptide can best be described as a 

1. polymer containing 20 peptide bonds
2. polymer containing 19 peptide bonds
3. polymer containing monosaccharide molecules
4. monomer of a protein polymer
5. polymer of amino acids

The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different

1. amino groups attached to an alpha
2. carboxyl groups attached to an alpha
3. side chains (R groups)
4. asymmetric carbons
5. alpha (α) carbons

Which of the following are polysaccharides?

1. Chitin
2. Starch
3. Glycogen
4. 1 and 2
5. 1, 2, and 3

One difference between carbon-12 and carbon-14 is that carbon-14 has

1. two more electrons than carbon-12.
2. two more protons than carbon-12.
3. two more neutrons than carbon-12.
4. A and C only
5. B and C only