Term
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Definition
No nuclear envelope
circular chromosomes, have histones
no organells
unique lipids
introns and RNA polymerases
70S? RNA methionine |
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Term
| Types of lateral gene transfer |
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Definition
1.conjugation: sharing plasmids within a species
2.transformation: Organism dies, DNA released, DNA absorbed by another organism
3.transduction: viruses transfer DNA from one bacterium to another
EFFECT: unrelated organisms can have many genes in common |
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Term
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Definition
On coding strand there is the promoter
RNA POLYMERASE(3)
I rRNA
II mRNA
III rRNA, tRNA
Sigma factor that binds w/ RNA polymerase to make holoenzyme
RNA Polymerase does not proof read.
Has introns and Exons, Spliceing after transcribed with splicesomes and snrpts 5' cap and polly A tail are added, go out through nuclear pore complex. |
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Term
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Definition
-ATP source: light, reduced organic compounds, or reduced inorganic compounds
-Carbon source: make it (autotroph), eat it (heterotroph)
lots of things can be used as food(carbon) source...
leads to diverse habitats |
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Term
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Definition
= photosynthetic bacteria
-2.2 billion years old
-Before cyanobacteria, lots of N2 and CO2 in atmosphere
-they made lots of O2
-o2 is awesome electron acceptor - more ATP could be made
-characteristics of planet changed
- lots o' evolution |
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Term
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Definition
- 5% of all bacteria/archaea are pathogens
-very diverse group of organisms
- diverse group of diseases
-Attack at body entry points
WHY THEY SUCK
1. Take up space nutrients
2.Waste products of bacteria may be harmful to host
3. Absorb host tissues |
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Term
| Antibiotics / Antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
Resistance:
1. enzyme degrades antibiotic
2. Bacteria have enzyme that alters antibiotic
3. Efflux pumps remove antibiotic from cell
4. Antibiotic genes from plasmids transferred to another species
OTher things to know:
-penicillin: cell wall bursts
-streptomycin: stops translation
-rifampin: stops transcription
Antibiotics are overused / used improperly (too short)
Often on plasmids, there are resistance genes for enviro toxins,and/or antibiotics, etc |
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Term
| Characteristics of Protists / problems with classification |
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Definition
- eukaryotes, but not plants, animals, or fungi
- many groups (polyphyletic "many origins")
- kelp forests, plankton, tidal pools
- phytoplankton (bottom of food chain)
- grazing protists eat them
- can also cause diseases |
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Term
| Endosymbiotic Theory (evidence) |
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Definition
A) morphology (2 membranes)
- Mitochondria + chloroplasts have DNA (naked)
- Mito and chloro have prokaryote-like ribosomes
- mito + chloro divide in G1/G2 phases thru binary fission
B) molecular evidence
- A long time ago, some primitive eukaryotic cell 'ate' some sort of aerobic bacteria, eventually it became organelle mito
- same idea with chloroplasts |
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Term
| Development of multicellularity |
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Definition
unicellular --> colonial --> mulicellularity
differentiation: selective gene expression
- sexual reproduction = result of multicellularity
(differentiated cells changed cell division properties) |
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Term
| Characteristics of Viruses |
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Definition
Made of protein and genetic material
All viruses are parasites
All have CAPSID(protein shell)
Some have proteins in envelope also
Spike proteins signal where to attach to
Non enveloped- just Genome enters
Enveloped, whole thing enters
2 stages
Lysogenic- viruses DNA incorporates into hosts DNA, then allows for mutliple replication. Uses Integrase to enter host cell DNA After a while enters
Lytic Phase- cell replicates DNA and proteins until bursts or viruses bud off. |
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Term
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Definition
1. ds DNA(Herpes) needs to transcribe (-)DNA-->(+)RNA, then can be translated
2. ss(+) DNA first need to make (-) DNA using DNA Polymerase, then can be transcribed to (+)RNA. Then can translate
3. ss(+) expressed directly
4. ss(-) RNA use RNA replicase to make ss(+) RNA, comes with replicase
5. ds RNA Host RNA polymerase opens it,
6. ss(+) RNA w/ DNA intermediate. ss(+)--> (-) DNA using reverse transcriptase that is brought in with virus. DNA Polymerase makes ss(+) DNA, (-) DNA and (+)DNA make double stranded DNA then can go into lysogenic phase
(+) means same coding as mRNA or coding strand, (-) means same as template strand DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
ssu binds to 5' end of mRNA
tRNA to mRNA,
lsu binds to ssu
exit site, peptidyl site and acceptance site
Translocation- just moves down, When stop codon comes use A site release factor
SRP bids to signal sequence after the first 20 amino acids are put togather. This sends to ER. |
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Term
| ER and Golgi modifications |
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Definition
ER
-N liked glycosylation (add carbohydrates)
-cuts it up
Golgi
-comes in cis, exits trans
-O linked glycosylation
- Sorted, vescicles budd off |
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Term
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Definition
Microtubules
-A + B tubulines combine to make helix
- Dynamic instability
- Kinesine and Dynine (tail, stalk, head)
-Axoneme is what cilia and flagella are made of
Microfilaments
-Myosin is a molecular motor that walks along filaments
-Dynamic instability
-weak non covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
Glycolysis
-2 ATP, 2 NADH
- Phosphofructokinase regulates
-need some ATP to start
-get Pyruvate
- If no Oxygen present, fermentation occurs to replenish NAD+ so glycolysis can resume.
- Occurs in the cytosol |
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Term
| Bridging and Krebs Cycyle |
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Definition
Bridging reaction
-2 NADH
- Pyruvatedehydrogenase catalysizes the reaction
- goes from pyruvate to acetyl Coa
- CO2 is given off here
Krebs
-2 ATP
-6 NADH, 2 FADH2
- 4 CO2 given off |
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Term
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Definition
NADH--> Complex I--> Q--> complex III--> Cyt C--> Complex IV
FADH2--> Complex II--> Q--> see above
protons get pumped outside the mitocondrial matrix, when come back in make ATP. Chemiosmosis is proton motive force, use ATP synthase. Can go in reverse.
Porin and in outer membrane Pyruvate transporter in inner membrane |
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