Term
Durkheim conceptualized social facts as:
a. one’s personal drives and motivations.
b. social patterns that are external to individuals.
c. the embodiment of sui generic.
d. the direct outgrowth of our biological drives. |
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Definition
| b.social patterns that are external to individuals. |
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Term
A criticism of _____ is that it understates the cohesion and stability found in society.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. exchange theory |
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Definition
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Term
A sociologist wants to find out what the attitudes toward drinking are among the students at the university where she works. What would be considered the population for this study?
a. a subset of the student population who will answer a questionnaire
b. the entire student body at that university
c. all of the university students in the U.S.
d. everyone on that university campus, including students and non-students |
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Definition
| b.the entire student body at that university |
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Term
Which of the following statements about Marx is true?
a. Marx focused more on individuals than social structure in his analysis of society.
b. Marx considered all of society to be shaped by economic forces.
c. A limitation of Marx’s work was his failure to recognize the effects of class on social behavior.
d. Marx’s evolutionary concept of societal development and change is almost identical to that of Durkheim’s. |
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Definition
| b.Marx considered all of society to be shaped by economic forces. |
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Term
A researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of:
a. participant observation
b. content analysis
c. unobtrusive observation
d. survey research |
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Definition
| a. participant observation |
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Term
The benefit of participant observation is that it
a. adds personal experience to objective knowledge from other sources.
b. takes much less time than other research methods.
c. is easier than other methods to generalize to a broader population.
d. clearly establishes cause and effect. |
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Definition
| a. adds personal experience to objective knowledge from other sources. |
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Term
If a sociologist wants to know how students feel about the cost of living in residence halls, the most appropriate research method to use would be _____.
a. an experiment
b. a survey
c. observation
d. searching university records |
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Definition
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Term
In what way does symbolic interaction theory differ from conflict theory and functionalism?
a. Conflict theory and functionalism are theoretical frameworks and symbolic interactionism is not.
b. Conflict theory and functionalism focus on immediate social interaction and symbolic interactionism does not.
c. Symbolic interactionism does not examine society in terms of its abstract institutions, and conflict and functionalist theory do.
d. Symbolic interactionism is a macro-level approach; conflict theory and functionalism are not. |
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Definition
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Term
A student’s grades are not an accurate reflection of the student’s intelligence. Therefore a student’s grades lack _____ in a study of intelligence.
Choose one answer.
a. validity
b. reliability
c. objectivity
d. abstraction |
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Definition
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Term
A student is given the same survey three times, each time sitting alone in a room. The student’s results on the survey are different each time. This is an indication that the survey
Choose one answer.
a. is not reliable.
b. is not valid.
c. doesn’t cover the material it was supposed to.
d. is biased. |
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Definition
|
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Term
The organic metaphor refers to
Choose one answer.
a. seeing a particular society as untarnished by the influence of others.
b. sociologists working in the community, not being strictly academic.
c. seeing society as a system of interrelated functions and parts.
d. understanding behavior from the perspective of those engaged in it. |
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Definition
Not A
I think:
C. Seeing society as a system of interrelated functions and parts. |
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Term
Applying the _____means that one has the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life.
Choose one answer.
a. sociological perspective
b. sociological ideal
c. sociological philosophy
d. sociological context |
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Definition
| a. sociological perspective |
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Term
The fundamental principle or lesson of sociology is that
Choose one answer.
a. it is not possible to truly understand human behavior.
b. the social context shapes what people do and think.
c. it is easiest to study the most extreme and unusual behavior.
d. sociology just restates the obvious in empirical ways. |
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Definition
| a. it is not possible to truly understand human behavior. |
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Term
What is the disadvantage of doing an experiment?
Choose one answer.
a. experiments may be artificial, eliminating any real life effects
b. experiments are not able to establish causation
c. experiments rely on too many independent variables
d. experiments are too expensive for most sociologists to conduct |
|
Definition
| a. experiments may be artificial, eliminating any real life effects |
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Term
To study human behavior, sociologists use _____.
Choose one answer.
a. debunked myths
b. empirical analysis
c. media
d. common sense |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which of the following is an example of primary data?
Choose one answer.
a. the research used in another sociologist’s study
b. police reports of crime
c. the results of a one’s own sociological survey
d. birth data from the Bureau of Vital Statistics
Correct |
|
Definition
| c. the results of a one’s own sociological survey |
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Term
Compared to survey research, participant observation creates a greater risk that
Choose one answer.
a. the research is not measuring what it is designed to.
b. the researcher may be subjective in their interpretations.
c. the results are will not be easily understood by other researchers.
d. the research process is too analytical. |
|
Definition
| b. the researcher may be subjective in their interpretations. |
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Term
Which of the following is not one of the arguments of conflict theory?
Choose one answer.
a. inequality exists because those with wealth work to defend their advantages
b. society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources
c. social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence
d. the dominant groups shape the beliefs of others through control of public information |
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Definition
| c. social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence |
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Term
Critics of functionalism argue that it:
Choose one answer.
a. fails to emphasize the fact that society’s component parts work together as a whole system
b. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in society
c. is too microsociological in its approach
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
| b. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in society |
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Term
Functionalist theorists and conflict theorists both share the belief that
Choose one answer.
a. all parts of society work together.
b. social behavior originates in the structure of society.
c. theory should focus on interpersonal, face-to-face interaction.
d. power and exploitation are the basis for order in society. |
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Definition
| b. social behavior originates in the structure of society. |
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Term
Functionalism emphasizes all of the following except
Choose one answer.
a. the consensus that exists in society.
b. the order that exists in society.
c. shared public values.
d. the role of coercion and power. |
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Definition
| d. the role of coercion and power. |
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Term
To study the difference in academic achievement between male and female athletes, one might look at rates of graduation among university students involved in sports. This is an example of _____ research.
a. quantitative
b. qualitative
c. inductive
d. nonscientific |
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Definition
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Term
Based on what you read you think that people whose parents are divorced are more likely to become divorced themselves. As you begin your research you state your belief that if a person’s parents are divorced that person is more likely to become divorced themselves. This is an example of a _____.
Choose one answer.
a. research design
b. statement of causality
c. hypothesis
d. generalized conclusion |
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Definition
| d. generalized conclusion |
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Term
What is the purpose of sociological theory?
Choose one answer.
a. To make sociology seem more academic.
b. To organize and interpret observations.
c. To provide a way to do sociology without having to conduct research.
d. To describe what sociology is. |
|
Definition
| b. To organize and interpret observations. |
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Term
When used as data for sociological analysis, national opinion polls, and census data are all considered _____.
Choose one answer.
a. invalid
b. unreliable
c. secondary sources
d. primary sources |
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Definition
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Term
You eat everyday in the same cafeteria on campus and notice that everyone seems to sit with the same group of people whenever they come to eat. You notice that people seem to be sitting with others who share traits such as race or gender, and you decide to explore if this is the case. What kind of reasoning does this involve?
Choose one answer.
a. applied reasoning
b. inductive reasoning
c. deductive reasoning
d. conceptual reasoning |
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Definition
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Term
A study of how women are depicted in advertisements is an example what method?
Choose one answer.
a. literature review
b. content analysis
c. questionnaire
d. analysis of secondary data |
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Definition
|
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Term
Weber theorized that value-free sociology could not exist since values would always influence what sociologists considered worthy of study. Because they could not be completely value-free, Weber believed that sociologists should
Choose one answer.
a. not worry about whether or not their research is biased.
b. use their research to promote particular political perspectives.
c. acknowledge the influence of values and try to be as objective as possible.
d. avoid research and stick to theoretical writing. |
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Definition
| c. acknowledge the influence of values and try to be as objective as possible. |
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Term
Which of the following is not a step in the scientific research process?
Choose one answer.
a. hypothesis testing
b. finding funding for the research
c. observation
d. data analysis |
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Definition
| b. finding funding for the research |
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Term
A fundamental concept for using one’s sociological imagination is the distinction that Mills made between
Choose one answer.
a. mechanical and organic solidarity.
b. troubles and issues.
c. the gemeinschaft and the gesellschaft.
d. social status and social dynamics. |
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Definition
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Term
If a sociologist considered tattoos a form of deviance, they would categorize it as a type of ______ deviance.
Choose one answer.
a. formal
b. situational
c. anomic
d. informal |
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Definition
|
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Term
Individuals often join _____ organizations for monetary reasons.
Choose one answer.
a. coercive
b. volunteer
c. normative
d. utilitarian |
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Definition
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Term
Molly wants to be a nurse. During college she volunteers at the local hospital. This is an example of:
Choose one answer.
a. resocialization.
b. anticipatory socialization.
c. adolescent socialization.
d. medical socialization. |
|
Definition
| b. anticipatory socialization. |
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Term
A person reads in the newspaper that a Black youth has been shot by a White police officer. If no other information is available, attribution theory suggests that
Choose one answer.
a. a White person will view the shooting as an unnecessary act of violence.
b. both Black and White people will assume that youth gang activity was a problem.
c. a Black person will likely believe the shooting was unnecessary, while a White person will assume the officer acted appropriately.
d. neither a Black nor a White person will make any assumptions about the situation until they have learned more information. |
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Definition
| c. a Black person will likely believe the shooting was unnecessary, while a White person will assume the officer acted appropriately. |
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Term
Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the ______ debate.
Choose one answer.
a. inherent – innate
b. internal-external
c. nature – nurture
d. sociology – biology |
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Definition
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Term
Through the process of socialization we do all of the following, except
Choose one answer.
a. learn the customs, habits, and practices of one’s society.
b. develop our identity.
c. form our individual personality.
d. experience diversity. |
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Definition
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Term
Which type of theorist is most likely to emphasize that culture serves the interest of powerful group in society?
Choose one answer.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction
d. new cultural studies |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which of the following is an example of a dyad?
Choose one answer.
a. your parents and you
b. a married couple
c. your sociology class
d. all 18-year-olds |
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Definition
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Term
From the perspective of conflict theorists, social institutions
Choose one answer.
a. exist to protect the rights of those with less power in society.
b. provide for some members of society more than for others.
c. create meaning for the people who participate in them.
d. hold society together. |
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Definition
| b. provide for some members of society more than for others. |
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Term
Which of the following is not an example of a coercive organization?
Choose one answer.
a. prison
b. mental hospital
c. church
d. juvenile detention center |
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Definition
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Term
Sociologists would consider crime to be a form of _____ deviance.
Choose one answer.
a. informal
b. formal
c. situational
d. inherent |
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Definition
|
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Term
AARP and the NAACP are examples of _____ organizations.
Choose one answer.
a. affiliative
b. normative
c. coercive
d. utilitarian |
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Definition
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Term
The theory of organization that sees participation in an organization as a means of self-actualization is a type of _____.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist theory
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory |
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Definition
| c. symbolic interaction theory |
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Term
According to the text, the example of attitudes toward smoking in the U.S. demonstrates the concept that
Choose one answer.
a. perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change.
b. smoking should not have been considered acceptable.
c. laws are needed in order to best define deviant behavior.
d. evidence of risk is enough to change behavior. |
|
Definition
| a. perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change. |
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Term
Youths raised with parents who are deviant are more likely to be deviant themselves. This is an illustration of:
Choose one answer.
a. labeling theory
b. functionalism
c. differential association
d. social control theory |
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Definition
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Term
The type of social solidarity that exists in the United States and other industrialized societies is _____ solidarity.
Choose one answer.
a. communal
b. mechanical
c. organic
d. integrated |
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Definition
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Term
Functionalist theorists contend that social institutions
Choose one answer.
a. assure the stability and continuance of society.
b. provide for some segments of society at the expense of others.
c. distribute power to the various segments of society unequally.
d. shape individual identity and personality. |
|
Definition
| a. assure the stability and continuance of society. |
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Term
In Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam argues that there has been a decline in civic engagement resulting in
Choose one answer.
a. a decline in shared values and an increase in social disorder.
b. economic hardship for many voluntary organizations.
c. a lack of socialization opportunities for children.
d. more demands for social welfare programs from the government. |
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Definition
| a. a decline in shared values and an increase in social disorder. |
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Term
The Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazis are both examples of which type of structural strain?
Choose one answer.
a. retreatism
b. ritualism
c. innovation
d. rebellion |
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Definition
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Term
Applying Milgram’s research on conformity to the torture of prisoners by American soldiers that took place at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq demonstrates that
Choose one answer.
a. the torture of prisoners by American soldiers must have been the act of a few cruel and deranged people.
b. the reasons that prisoners were tortured by soldiers lay within the social structure and the group pressure of the situation.
c. the American soldiers are in no way responsible for their actions.
d. only new recruits with little experience would conform to authority if told to intentionally harm another person. |
|
Definition
| b. the reasons that prisoners were tortured by soldiers lay within the social structure and the group pressure of the situation. |
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Term
Tommy joined a cult where he was given a new name and moved away from his family in order to learn the “right way.” Tommy is going through _____.
Choose one answer.
a. anticipatory socialization
b. reverse socialization
c. resocialization
d. amalgamation |
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Definition
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Term
In the immediate aftermath of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, many Americans publicly demonstrated their patriotism. This is an illustration of Durkheim’s belief that
Choose one answer.
a. people only mobilize when they feel threatened.
b. the definition of deviance is relative to the situation.
c. deviance produces social solidarity.
d. some societies will not tolerate deviance. |
|
Definition
| c. deviance produces social solidarity. |
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Term
People stand during the National Anthem and are emotionally moved by a cross or Star of David because
Choose one answer.
a. these symbols have an innately significant.
b. of the significance people bestow on them as cultural symbols.
c. crosses and stars are instinctually moving to people.
d. people innately know how to behave when facing these symbols. |
|
Definition
| b. of the significance people bestow on them as cultural symbols. |
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Term
Freedom, justice, and education are examples of:
Choose one answer.
a. sanctions
b. functions
c. values
d. mores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cultural relativism is the idea that
Choose one answer.
a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears.
b. things should be viewed from one’s own point of view.
c. culture is diffused throughout the world.
d. cultures are created in reaction to social change. |
|
Definition
| a. a phenomena should be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears. |
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Term
According to the conflict perspective, when the elite in society violate norms or laws they are not considered deviant because
Choose one answer.
a. their deviant behavior is not as damaging to society as that of the lower classes.
b. they don’t violate norms that affect other people.
c. they have the resources to hide or mask their behavior.
d. they are punished for slight infractions. |
|
Definition
| c. they have the resources to hide or mask their behavior. |
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Term
Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression. This is an argument of _____.
Choose one answer.
a. conflict theory
b. functionalism
c. social learning theory
d. symbolic interaction theory |
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Definition
|
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Term
Anne is a college student and a full-time employee and a mother of two young children. Anne is likely experiencing
Choose one answer.
a. role conflict.
b. role strain.
c. status inconsistency.
d. status sets. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Regardless of the city one is in, a hamburger purchased at McDonalds is always very much the same. This is due to what Ritzer called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. efficiency
b. calculability
c. predictability
d. control |
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Definition
|
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Term
Which of the following is not characteristic of Weber’s “ideal type” bureaucracy?
Choose one answer.
a. cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks
b. impersonal relationships
c. formal rules and regulations
d. high levels of efficiency |
|
Definition
I think:
a. cooperative structures for accomplishing tasks |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of non-materialculture?
Choose one answer.
a. a painting
b. a fashion magazine
c. a building
d. table manners |
|
Definition
|
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Term
______ are statuses that demonstrate that it is difficult to draw a firm line between ascribed and achieved statuses.
Choose one answer.
a. Occupation and education
b. Social class and gender
c. Age and occupation
d. Being a parent and being a student |
|
Definition
I think
b. Social class and gender
Definitely not A, or D. |
|
|
Term
Which theorist used the concept of the looking glass self to explain how the self emerges in interaction with others?
Choose one answer.
a. Charles Horton Cooley
b. George Herbert Mead
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Jean Piaget |
|
Definition
|
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Term
According to _____, society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium making socialization into the ways of one’s society very important.
Choose one answer.
a. psychoanalytic theory
b. functionalism
c. social learning theory
d. object relations theory |
|
Definition
|
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Term
Children learn race and gender within all of the following, except
Choose one answer.
a. the family.
b. school.
c. the media.
d. the economy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during the _____ stage of childhood socialization.
Choose one answer.
a. imitation
b. play
c. game
d. preoperational |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to symbolic interactionists, culture
Choose one answer.
a. serves the interests of powerful groups.
b. creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning.
c. provides coherence and stability to society.
d. is unpredictable and constantly changing. |
|
Definition
| b. creates group identity from diverse cultural meaning. |
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Term
Which of these would interest a sociologist who prefers macroanalysis of social interaction?
Choose one answer.
a. the pattern and content of cliques in a high school
b. how laws governing family leave have affected families in the U.S.
c. how members of a gang feel about the crimes they commit
d. the daily lives of people in a homeless shelter |
|
Definition
| b. how laws governing family leave have affected families in the U.S. |
|
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Term
Puerto Ricans in New York and the Amish are examples of __________.
Choose one answer.
a. subcultures
b. minority cultures
c. majority groups
d. counter cultures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of egotistic suicide?
Choose one answer.
a. teen suicide
b. suicide bombers
c. elder suicide
d. suicide for religious reasons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Students are expected to spend a lot of time on their studies, but students are also increasingly expected to perform some sort of volunteer work and to socialize in their residence halls. The result is
Choose one answer.
a. role strain.
b. anomie.
c. role conflict.
d. role breakdown. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these is an example of something a sociologist would consider from the microlevel analysis of social interaction?
Choose one answer.
a. day to day life in a sorority house
b. poverty in the U.S.
c. the causes of homelessness
d. rates of urban crime |
|
Definition
| a. day to day life in a sorority house |
|
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Term
Considering oneself as part of “people like us” is an example of being part of _____.
Choose one answer.
a. an out-group
b. an instrumental group
c. a reference group
d. an in-group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A medical doctor and a judge are examples of _____.
Choose one answer.
a. ascribed statuses
b. achieved statuses
c. assumed statuses
d. acquired statuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A soldier who kills in battle is not considered deviant, but a murderer is. This illustrates the point that
Choose one answer.
a. killing is not morally deviant.
b. whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the context.
c. soldiers are not judged as harshly as others in the general population when it comes to how they behave.
d. military law supersedes civil law. |
|
Definition
| b. whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the context. |
|
|
Term
Socialization agents teach us the social expectations of society. According to the text,
Choose one answer.
a. social institutions are never socialization agents.
b. individual people are not socialization agents.
c. everyone is potentially a socializing agent.
d. it is impossible to identify the true socialization agents in society |
|
Definition
| c. everyone is potentially a socializing agent. |
|
|
Term
According to the concept of the social construction of reality,
Choose one answer.
a. there is no reality beyond that which is produced by social interaction.
b. the truth of a situation may be difficult for us to recognize at first.
c. people supporting different teams will agree on the fairness of the referees, because whether something is a foul or not is a matter of fact.
d. many things have their own intrinsic or inherent meaning. |
|
Definition
| a. there is no reality beyond that which is produced by social interaction. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is false regarding ethnocentrism?
Choose one answer.
a. Ethnocentrism may be a strong force for group solidarity.
b. Only Americans are ethnocentric.
c. Ethnocentrism discourages intergroup understanding.
d. One’s own culture is taken for granted so it may be difficult to understand other people’s culture. |
|
Definition
| b. Only Americans are ethnocentric. |
|
|
Term
A high school student acts bored in class and the teacher decides she is a bad student. This teacher discusses the student with other teachers who then treat that student as if she were a bad student. This describes the process of _____.
Choose one answer.
a. differential association
b. cultural transmission
c. labeling
d. weakening social bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
People generally follow norms for behavior because
Choose one answer.
a. they fear serious punishment for violations.
b. they’ve thought about all their actions and act in the way they find best.
c. they are forced to do so.
d. they have learned and internalized the common expectations for behavior. |
|
Definition
| d. they have learned and internalized the common expectations for behavior. |
|
|
Term
Elements of the everyday world that are not considered sacred are called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. profane
b. sanctified
c. sacred
d. revered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the _____ perspective, excessive bureaucratization of the health care system and privatization has lead to excessive cost.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Angela woke up this morning with a temperature of 99.8. According to the functionalist perspective, her decision regarding whether she is sick or not often depends on _____.
Choose one answer.
a. her social considerations of the day
b. whether there are other symptoms of illness present
c. if a doctor diagnoses her as sick
d. her need for sympathy |
|
Definition
| a. her social considerations of the day |
|
|
Term
The _____ perspective focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students and teachers interact.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. postmodern |
|
Definition
| c. symbolic interactionist |
|
|
Term
Betty lives with her husband, their daughter, and her grandchildren. Betty lives in a/n _____ family.
Choose one answer.
a. matrilineal
b. extended
c. nuclear
d. patrilocal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The relationship between health care providers and patients, for example the patronizing use of “we” by some nurses, and calling patients by their first names, is most likely to be studied by the _____ perspective.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionist
d. social control |
|
Definition
| c. symbolic interactionist |
|
|
Term
The boomerang generation refers to people between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four who
Choose one answer.
a. return home to live with their parents.
b. enter college for a few years, then drop out, and re-enter.
c. hook up and break up with the same person multiple times.
d. marry and divorce before the age of 25. |
|
Definition
| a. return home to live with their parents. |
|
|
Term
Sociologists have found that most of the problems faced by households headed by women are primarily the result of
Choose one answer.
a. the absence of male authority figures.
b. the threat of poverty that is connected with being a single mother.
c. the psychological pressure of heading a household.
d. excess media attention that creates the perception of a problem. |
|
Definition
| a. the absence of male authority figures. |
|
|
Term
A teacher believes that Latinos are poor at math. Interaction between a Latino student and the teacher has the affect of encouraging the Latino student to fail. This phenomenon is called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. sorting
b. a latent function
c. the expectancy effect
d. tracking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The process of labeling a student a “good student,” the attention the teacher pays to that student, and the adjustment of a student’s behavior to meet expectations is explained by _____ theory.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist |
|
Definition
| c. symbolic interactionist |
|
|
Term
Which of these statements does not describe one of the functions of religion?
Choose one answer.
a. Religion establishes norms for behavior.
b. Religion establishes moral proscriptions for behavior.
c. Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism.
d. Religion provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning. |
|
Definition
| c. Religion serves to preserve diversity and cultural relativism. |
|
|
Term
According to the _____ perspective, the positive functions of the health care system are the prevention and treatment of disease.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. feminist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
From a(n) _____ perspective unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interactionist
d. interpretivist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to functionalists, education accomplishes all of the following, except:
Choose one answer.
a. socialization.
b. occupational training.
c. social control.
d. teacher expectancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the text, which of these is not a major contributor to skyrocketing health-care costs in the U.S.?
Choose one answer.
a. increasing costs of hospital care
b. the costs of malpractice insurance
c. third party payment system
d. high rates of uninsured |
|
Definition
| d. high rates of uninsured |
|
|
Term
Durkheim’s emphasis on rituals and shared meanings fits with which types of sociological theory?
Choose one answer.
a. conflict theory and functionalism
b. functionalism and symbolic interactionism
c. symbolic interactionism and conflict theory
d. exchange theory and functionalism |
|
Definition
| b. functionalism and symbolic interactionism |
|
|
Term
The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except:
Choose one answer.
a. require all people to purchase a health insurance plan.
b. prohibit insurers from rejecting customers based on preexisting conditions.
c. provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18.
d. require employers to provide health insurance for employees. |
|
Definition
| c. provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18. |
|
|
Term
Religion is an institutionalized system of _____ by which a group of people interprets and responds to what they feel is sacred and that provides answers to questions of ultimate meaning.
Choose one answer.
a. symbols
b. beliefs
c. values
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Even if the poor had better access to health care services, they would still have lower health status for all of the following reasons, except:
Choose one answer.
a. low-income neighborhoods are more likely to have elevated rates of pollution.
b. the psychological stress of financial burdens is related to ill health.
c. there are some detrimental personal habits, such as smoking, that are correlated with lower social class.
d. health care is more expensive for lower class individuals. |
|
Definition
| d. health care is more expensive for lower class individuals. |
|
|
Term
According to _____ the family as an institution reinforces and supports power relations in society.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. exchange theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ focus on the processes through which people learn social identities through their interactions with others in a family.
Choose one answer.
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interaction theory
d. Feminist theory |
|
Definition
| c. Symbolic interaction theory |
|
|
Term
Many of the physical signs of aging such as balding, wrinkles, and a sagging chin or buttocks are now treated by physicians. This process of turning something into a medical matter is termed _______.
Choose one answer.
a. monopolization of medicine
b. professionalism of medicine
c. mediphobia
d. medicalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The study of all the factors associated with disease in society is called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. epidemiology
b. etiology
c. entomology
d. social gerontology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
“Religion is the basis for intergroup conflict.” This statement most closely reflects _____.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. feminist theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It is the belief of _____ that religion was developed by the oppressed to relieve their distress.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction theory
d. social exchange theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Weber’s analysis of the Protestant ethic demonstrates
Choose one answer.
a. that religious beliefs are able to shape even secular dimensions of national culture.
b. the matriarchal nature of Protestantism.
c. the weaknesses of Emile Durkheim’s views on the functions of religion.
d. that religion does serve as a type of drug for people who are disadvantaged in life. |
|
Definition
| a. that religious beliefs are able to shape even secular dimensions of national culture. |
|
|
Term
_____ theorists argue that families serve to socialize children into being obedient workers and good consumers to fit the needs of capitalism.
Choose one answer.
a. Functionalist
b. Conflict
c. Symbolic interaction
d. Social exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Talcott Parsons was the first sociologist to analyze the ____ as it pertains to health and medicine.
Choose one answer.
a. sick role
b. influence of religion
c. affect of mental attitude
d. affects of living in the inner city |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During and after World War II, Todd worked in an asbestos factory. His occupation is an example of and occupation that is ______.
Choose one answer.
a. in a sanitized enironment subject to safety standards
b. considered a low-risk occupation
c. done with out occupational safety standards
d. done in a disabling environment |
|
Definition
| d. done in a disabling environment |
|
|
Term
What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status?
Choose one answer.
a. There is none; many people are “self-taught” and work their way up the corporate ladder.
b. The higher one’s occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal of formal education.
c. Many years of formal education virtually guarantees one will have a high prestige job.
d. Many high prestige jobs require little formal education. |
|
Definition
| b. The higher one’s occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal of formal education. |
|
|
Term
Separating students according to some measure of cognitive ability (ability grouping) is most commonly called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. cognitive differentiation
b. tracking
c. classroom stratification
d. student leveling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following countries spends the highest proportion of their gross national product on health care?
Choose one answer.
a. Canada
b. Greece
c. Italy
d. United States |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What impact did industrialism have on the family in the U.S.?
Choose one answer.
a. it brought more production work into the household
b. it created an economy based on cash instead of domestic production
c. small family businesses took the place of production for household use only
d. women were able to earn as much or more than men for the first time |
|
Definition
| b. it created an economy based on cash instead of domestic production |
|
|
Term
_____ are particularly interested in the way in which families create stability by teaching people the norms and values of society.
Choose one answer.
a. Functionalists
b. Conflict theorists
c. Symbolic interactionists
d. Exchange theorists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The types of religious organization that tend to be seen by society as primary and most legitimate are _____.
Choose one answer.
a. sects
b. churches
c. cults
d. factions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cults form around leaders with great _____, a quality attributed to individuals believed by their followers to have special powers.
Choose one answer.
a. humility
b. intelligence
c. charisma
d. compassion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the relationship between Christianity and governance within the U.S.?
Choose one answer.
a. The U.S. effectively separates all religion from government.
b. In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion.
c. The U.S. incorporates holidays and rituals of all faiths equally into its public observances.
d. The government of the U.S. prohibits religions other than Christianity. |
|
Definition
| b. In the U.S. Christianity is often treated as if it is the national religion. |
|
|
Term
Research on tracking has found all of the following, except:
Choose one answer.
a. students in the lower tracks learn less because they are taught less.
b. even students with the same test scores are put into different tracks according to their race and social class.
c. less is expected of lower track students and so their academic performance is lower.
d. detracking penalizes high achieving students. |
|
Definition
| d. detracking penalizes high achieving students. |
|
|
Term
From a(n) _____ perspective, married couples create for themselves an identity that is influenced by the definitions others in society have of marriage, in addition to their own definitions.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionist
d. exchange theory |
|
Definition
| c. symbolic interactionist |
|
|
Term
The sociological view of marriage is that it
Choose one answer.
a. is a romantic and loving union of two individuals.
b. involves a complex set of social dynamics.
c. is a private matter separate from other institutions.
d. cannot be studied using sociological methods. |
|
Definition
I think it is:
b. involves a complex set of social dynamics.
But also may be C. |
|
|
Term
Comparative research finds that women are more nearly equal to men in societies where
Choose one answer.
a. women perform a lot of the domestic labor.
b. women have responsibility for child care.
c. women have access to education.
d. work is highly segregated by sex. |
|
Definition
| c. women have access to education. |
|
|
Term
The perspective that argues that minority groups’ life chances result from the opportunities formed by the interactions of class, race, and gender is called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalism
b. the intersection perspective
c. social interactionism
d. social exchange theory |
|
Definition
| b. the intersection perspective |
|
|
Term
The culture of poverty explanation of poverty contends that poverty is the result of
Choose one answer.
a. economic restructuring in the U.S.
b. the status of women in the labor market today.
c. a lack of individual motivation and ability on the part of the poor.
d. the welfare system as it presently exists. |
|
Definition
| c. a lack of individual motivation and ability on the part of the poor. |
|
|
Term
Government support for particular birth control technologies
Choose one answer.
a. is a form of regulating sexual and reproductive behavior.
b. does not occur within the U.S.
c. has no affect on the decisions that individuals make about reproductive behavior.
d. discriminates against women. |
|
Definition
| a. is a form of regulating sexual and reproductive behavior. |
|
|
Term
The examples of India and China as newly industrializing countries are notable because they demonstrate
Choose one answer.
a. that communist countries can develop economically.
b. that countries with large populations may experience successful economic development.
c. that economic development may take place without industrialization.
d. how economies can improve without government investment. |
|
Definition
| b. that countries with large populations may experience successful economic development. |
|
|
Term
In school, children learn knowledge and skills, as well as gender roles. Schools are:
Choose one answer.
a. gendered institutions.
b. gendered apartheid.
c. discriminatory institution.
d. patriarchal system. |
|
Definition
| a. gendered institutions. |
|
|
Term
A problem with the terms “Latino” and “Latina” is that they
Choose one answer.
a. only refer to Mexican Americans and are not inclusive.
b. refer only to Latin Americans in the U.S. for several generations.
c. do not reflect the diversity of groups who are included in the category.
d. are not used by sociologists. |
|
Definition
| c. do not reflect the diversity of groups who are included in the category. |
|
|
Term
According to _____ theory, sexual violence such as rape or sexual harassment is the result of power imbalances between men and women.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interaction
d. social exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of feminism is most concerned with the interrelationship of race, class and gender?
Choose one answer.
a. socialist feminism
b. multiracial feminism
c. gendered institutions
d. “doing gender” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the sociological term for the socially learned expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female?
Choose one answer.
a. sexuality
b. role playing
c. gender
d. sex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is homophobia related to gender socialization?
Choose one answer.
a. Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.
b. Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism.
c. Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated.
d. Research on homophobia indicates that the “social construction of gender” is a myth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The _____ theory argues that gender differences in earnings exist because men and women tend to work in different segments of the paid work force.
Choose one answer.
a. human capital
b. dual labor market
c. differential association
d. power elite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is environmental degradation related to global stratification?
Choose one answer.
a. The type of environmental degradation and its impact depends on the location of the country in the global stratification system.
b. The wealthiest nations are unaffected by environmental degradation.
c. The poorest nations are not developed enough to experience problems with environmental degradation.
d. Environmental degradation is not related to the global stratification. |
|
Definition
| a. The type of environmental degradation and its impact depends on the location of the country in the global stratification system. |
|
|
Term
How is social class related to the context of terrorism?
Choose one answer.
a. Suicide bombers are often recruited from among the poorly educated and impoverished groups in a society.
b. The leaders of terrorist movements come from the poorest classes and bear a great of resentment toward those in wealthier countries.
c. Rates of terrorism increase significantly when a country begins to develop economically.
d. The negative consequences of terrorism are experienced more dramatically by the upper class. |
|
Definition
| a. Suicide bombers are often recruited from among the poorly educated and impoverished groups in a society. |
|
|
Term
Social mobility occurring within a generation is called _____ mobility.
Choose one answer.
a. intergenerational
b. intragenerational
c. extragenerational
d. co-generational |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Using power as a dimension, the countries of the world can be divided economically into three levels. Those with the most power are the _____.
Choose one answer.
a. core countries
b. peripheral countries
c. semiperipheral countries
d. cornerstone nations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society?
Choose one answer.
a. The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society.
b. The amount of difference in ancestry or “blood” that different groups have.
c. The degree to which members of different groups differ from each other biologically.
d. The language that each group speaks. |
|
Definition
| a. The beliefs and interests of the most powerful group(s) in society. |
|
|
Term
According to _____, poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs.
Choose one answer.
a. modernization theory
b. dependency theory
c. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of intergenerational mobility?
Choose one answer.
a. A daughter rises above the class of her parents.
b. A man’s class status changes due to a bad investment.
c. A woman’s class status changes as a result of business success.
d. After having children, a couple’s class status drops. |
|
Definition
| a. A daughter rises above the class of her parents. |
|
|
Term
The assimilation perspective argues that in order to be full members of society members of minority groups must adopt as many aspects of the dominant culture as possible. This perspective pertains to which type of sociological theory?
Choose one answer.
a. conflict theory
b. functionalist theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. authoritarian personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In regards to the intersection of race and class, Black Americans
Choose one answer.
a. in the middle class are not segregated from whites as are poorer Blacks.
b. are more likely to be working class than are whites.
c. are more likely to be middle class than working class.
d. look more like Asian Americans that Whites. |
|
Definition
| b. are more likely to be working class than are whites. |
|
|
Term
The _____ perspective explains sexual identity as self-definition that develops through interaction with others.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. social construction
d. social exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Jokes that use humor to stereotype a group as stupid or inept are often repeated substituting different ethnic groups. This is an example of the concept of ______.
Choose one answer.
a. cultural relativism
b. stereotype interchangeability
c. selective identity
d. universal applicability |
|
Definition
| b. stereotype interchangeability |
|
|
Term
When members of the subordinated classes internalize the views of the dominant class and justify inequality, Karl Marx termed this ______.
Choose one answer.
a. false consciousness
b. class consciousness
c. normative consciousness
d. stratified consciousness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Feminist theorists have focused on the ways in which gender is created and reinforced through social interaction. This is an ethnomethodological perspective termed ______.
Choose one answer.
a. gender orientation
b. feminist interpretivism
c. institutionalized gender
d. “doing gender” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the best example of institutional discrimination?
Choose one answer.
a. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others.
b. A waiter refusing to serve a Black man who sits in his section.
c. Dr. Jones, a professor, claiming she doesn’t even notice the color of her students’ skin.
d. A landlord who will never rent to anyone who has dark skin. |
|
Definition
| a. Airport security procedures that specify people who appear to be Middle Eastern should be scrutinized more closely than others. |
|
|
Term
How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women?
Choose one answer.
a. Women experience overt discrimination.
b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages.
c. Women’s work is devalued in comparison with men’s.
d. Women have less power than do men. |
|
Definition
| b. Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages. |
|
|
Term
According to _____, social change leads to an international division of labor that benefits the few who receive profits, while exploiting those in the poorest and least powerful nations.
Choose one answer.
a. modernization theory
b. dependency theory
c. world systems theory
d. social exchange theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gender conformity is an issue for:
Choose one answer.
a. Only females.
b. Only males.
c. Both males and females.
d. Neither males nor females. |
|
Definition
| c. Both males and females. |
|
|
Term
In a caste system, one’s place in the stratification system is an _____ status; in a class system, one’s place in the stratification system is an _____ status.
Choose one answer.
a. achieved; ascribed
b. master; achieved
c. ascribed; master
d. ascribed, achieved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The majority of the wealthy countries, as measured by the GNI were in:
Choose one answer.
a. North America.
b. Asia.
c. western Europe.
d. the Middle East. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contact theory argues that interaction between Whites and minorities will reduce prejudice on the part of both groups if all of the following conditions are met, except:
Choose one answer.
a. the parties interact on equal ground.
b. the contact is sustained.
c. social norms favoring equality are agreed upon by the participants.
d. all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice. |
|
Definition
| d. all parties agree to work to reduce the prejudice. |
|
|
Term
______ theory explains global inequality using the characteristics of individual nations; ______ theory argues no country or set of countries may be understood in isolation from the others.
Choose one answer.
a. Dependency / modernization
b. World systems / modernization
c. Modernization / world systems
d. Modernization / dependency |
|
Definition
| c. Modernization / world systems |
|
|
Term
_____ is the psychological theory that argues that members of the dominant group vent their frustrations and aggressions toward minority groups instead of the real source of their frustration.
Choose one answer.
a. Contact theory
b. Scapegoat theory
c. Pluralist frustration theory
d. Functionalist theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Even when husbands and wives are both employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is ______.
Choose one answer.
a. the dual labor market
b. gender segregation
c. the second shift
d. familial inequity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a racial or ethnic minority group?
Choose one answer.
a. They possess characteristics considered different from those of the dominant group.
b. They suffer prejudice and discrimination within the society by the dominant group.
c. Group members share a sense of solidarity and identity.
d. Group members share common beliefs. |
|
Definition
| d. Group members share common beliefs. |
|
|
Term
According to dependency theorists, multinational corporations
Choose one answer.
a. play an active role in keeping dependent nations poor.
b. are good for the domestic economies of less developed countries.
c. provide a valuable market for raw materials for poor nations.
d. alleviate some global inequality. |
|
Definition
| d. alleviate some global inequality. |
|
|
Term
According to _____ theory, norms that restrict sex to marriage encourage the formation of families.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist
b. conflict
c. symbolic interaction
d. social exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The system of apartheid in South Africa was an example of a(n) _____ system of stratification.
Choose one answer.
a. estate
b. caste
c. class
d. socialist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the relationship between the concepts of sexual orientation and sexual identity?
Choose one answer.
a. Sexual orientation is something deeply rooted in an individual; sexual identity develops within a social context.
b. Sexual identity is biological; sexual orientation is socially constructed.
c. They mean essentially the same thing.
d. One’s sexual orientation determines one’s sexual identity. |
|
Definition
| d. One’s sexual orientation determines one’s sexual identity. |
|
|
Term
The practice of traveling to particular parts of the world in order to engage in commercial sexual activity is termed _____.
Choose one answer.
a. sex trafficking
b. sex tourism
c. sex capitalism
d. international sexism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A new addition to World Systems Theory is a focus on _____ which explains how differential profits are attached to the production of goods and services in the world market.
Choose one answer.
a. the neo-Marxists
b. the new international division of labor
c. differential association
d. public policy |
|
Definition
| b. the new international division of labor |
|
|
Term
The sociological perspective that defines classes in terms of their structural relationship to other classes and their relationship to the economic system is the _____.
Choose one answer.
a. functionalist perspective
b. conflict perspective
c. symbolic interactionist perspective
d. exchange perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth is called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. social differentiation
b. social stratification
c. social inequality
d. social status |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Max Weber called the opportunities that people have in common by virtue of belonging to a particular class _____.
Choose one answer.
a. strata indicators
b. social attributes
c. life chances
d. social anomalies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anita believes that the oppression of women is based on the capitalist economy. Anita is a:
Choose one answer.
a. liberal feminist
b. functionalist
c. conflict theorist
d. socialist feminist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called _____.
Choose one answer.
a. sexual differentiation
b. gender socialization
c. gender polarization
d. sexual norm internalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Educational tracking and racial profiling are both examples of ______.
Choose one answer.
a. color-blind racism
b. institutional racism
c. aversive racism
d. Jim Crow racism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blaming Blacks for economic inequality and resistance to policies that might alleviate racial oppression is considered ______.
Choose one answer.
a. traditional racism
b. aversive racism
c. color-blind racism
d. symbolic or laissez-faire racism |
|
Definition
| d. symbolic or laissez-faire racism |
|
|
