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| 1820s to 1860 Dems wanted state infrastructure building; Whigs wanted national govt infrastructure building Both: huge grassroot support >national nominating conventions >spoils system |
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| alliance of current office holders cooperating to shape public policy |
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| Need organization to pass program (stable legislature alliance) 3 incentives to form parties >get people to agree >get people to show up >Want a party label as a heuristic Why does this happen? Because Constitution requires a majority, collective action is needed. One of the three forms of party: PO, PIG, PIE. |
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| Civil War and Reconstruction Third Party System |
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| 1860-1890 >Strong Repubs in north saved union and ended slavery >strong dems in the south >intense competition, no clear majority >strong organizations >still spoils system |
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| Fourth Party Progressive System |
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| Progressive 1890-1930 focused on >corruption in govt >women suffrage >labor unions >primary elections (Pendleton Act) >Secret Ballot |
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| 1930-1966 >New Deal Reforms (Roosevelt) >Racial divisions led to realignment in south |
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| 1966-now >close division >alteration of powers >regional differences >white evangelicals v minorities |
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The campaigning and race for presidency that begins way before the first primary takes place.Candidates seek resources from parties:endorsements, fundraising, party brand.
Invisible primaries are a strategy used by parties to exert control after the 1972 reforms creating open primary elections. |
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This extends the permanent campaign even more. Also creates huge public opinion polling and responsiveness.
The invisible primary front-loads the presidential race, leading to 3 potential consequences:
1. front-loads the presidential race
2. creates media as king makers
3. emphasizes the role of money in politics
Critics of the Invisible primary also argue that it causes the campaign season to last too long, costing too much money, while unfairly favoring Iowa and New Hampshire voters. |
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| Conditional Party Government Def |
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| When parties are united ideologically, members are more willing to delegate authority to party leaders. When parties are divided within, they will give less political power to leaders and will favor a decentralized comittee system. |
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| Conditional Party Government Sig |
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| When people in one party are think similarly, there is less division and therefore less conformity/transaction costs of agreeing upon legislation. Leads to stronger leadership within Congress and centralization of power eg: Speaker of the House. Worrying b/c towing party line can come at expense of constituents. |
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| Astroturf Interest Group Def |
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| Interest groups whose seemingly grassroots movements are engineered; they are typically big sponsors with bias. An example is Zinc companies arguing a grassroot movement in the Save a Penny Movement. |
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| Astroturf Interest Group Sig |
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Definition
These interest groups misrepresent public interest, present a problem to truman's disturbance theory. It makes it hard to discern public opinion from grassroots movements that are generally seen as legitimate public opinion indicators.
Astroturf interest groups show outsider lobbying has been intruded by insiders with money. |
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| Stable alliance between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees. |
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Iron triangle compromises the independence of bereaucracies and makes them beholden to congress. When the tiangle exist, it can come at expense of the public. PROBLEM: Agencies should be regulating, not being regulated. They are created to regulate agancies, but the agencies end up regulating them. Substitutes expertise with politics.
However, it doesn't appear as big of a deal as the 60s, we now have issue networks with loads of competing interest groups. |
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| a veto exercised by a legislature nullifying or reversing an action, decision of bureaucracy |
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| legislative veto Significane |
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| As an oversight tool of congress, Congress can check the power of the president as the head of the bureaucracy. The legislative veto has been found unconstitutional, however, congress still does this and bureaucracies still listen. This shows that congress has control over the bureacracy. |
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Office of Management and Budget
Agency responsible for developing the president's budget, setting personal policy in the executive branch, and reviewing all proposed legislation sent by the executive branch to Congress to ensure that it's consistent with the President's agenda. |
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>President uses to filter policy
>OMB gives advise
>shows expanding presidency, gives presidency relief as head of bureaucracy
>OMB rules agency, has to approve agency drafts |
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| Independent Regulatory Agency Sig |
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Definition
| Independence from president/congress insulates these agencies, so they may perform regulatory duties free from political scrutiny.An example is the fed, which deals with intricate and complicated details like interest rates, things that neither congress nor the president want the hook for. |
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| House Rules Committee Def |
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| Sets terms and condiitons for debating the bill (establishes rule). Is appointed by the speaker of the house. |
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| House Rules Committee Sig |
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Definition
It's a way to solve for an organizational problem in the House. You don't have a Rules Committee in the Senate, so you get the filibuster.
The house rules committee anticpates the limits of what the floor will accept for a particular bill, is used as a tool by the majority party to set limits to make it harder/easier for a bill to pass. |
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| Supreme Court case in 1803 in which Marbury sued Madison for failing to deliver his appointment as justice of the peace. Marbury used the judiciary act of 1789 to take it directly to the supreme court.Justice Marshall said very few cases have original jurisdiction, so Marbury did not have authority to bring this up under the constitution. |
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Established that the court has the power to declare laws made by congress or the president null (increasing court power; also set judicial review.
Established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review for the first time. Giving them authority to determine the COnstitutionality of congressional acts. |
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| Two Presidencies Theory def |
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| Theory that explains why the president exercises greater power over foreign affairs than over domestic policy. The president is Commander in Chief. |
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| Two Presidencies Theory Sig |
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Allows energetic executive.
Good for national security.
Easier to get things done in foreign policy, free from much scrutiny.
Part of the executive power is to keep national security things secret. So, there is an information gap. This gap is not only in congress, but in the public where there is a lack of knowledge of foreign affairs. |
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| A presidential order that has the force of law even though not passed by congress. |
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Has become increasingly more common as a method of passing a law without dealing with congress. These laws can be overturned by congress and are not allowed if they run counter to congressional legislation.
Legislative veto unconstitutional, and supermajority required, maked it hard to overturn.
Quick way to get something done, something which could have failed to have a decision made on otherwise. |
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| Court held that corporations and labor unions can use unlimited amounts of money from their own treasuries to campaign directly for or against a candidate. Interest groups can now form SuperPacs. |
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| The electoral advantage a candidate enjoys by virtue of being an incumbent, above his or her other characteristics. |
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| Gives advantage over challengers who can't claim credit, as incumbents can draw upon the best outcomes of their tenure to influence voters. Credit claiming aids in the incumbency advantage. Appears largely in the HOUSE. Aggravates trustee delegate paradox. |
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| Very influential in the house (90%) and in senate (79%. Advertising, credit-claiming, and position-taking are essential to the incumbency advantage. Potentially problematic when voters are just voting for a familiar name, ignorance. |
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| Alliance of current office holders cooperating to shape public policy. |
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| Motion to end debate in the senate, requires 60 votes to pass. The only way to silence a filibuster. |
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| The advent of the cloture illustrates the Senate's tyranny of the minority, or super-majoritarian nature. The cloture is also a useful strategy to use to end gridlock in the senate caused by polarization; however, usually don't have 60 votes to stop cloture. |
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| A theory which argues that the median voter will decide the outcome of an election, so candidates need to appeal to the median voter. The effect is that both the left and right try to squish nearer to the center in ideology, and adopt broad platforms. |
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Definition
| This creates a pull towards the middle which asks as a moderator for parties. There are different median voters for different constituencies. The president has a far different median voter than house members, appealing to the median voter creates a more moderate politician. |
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| Interest Group Disturbance Theory Def |
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Definition
| According to David Truman, interest groups form when shared interest groups are threatened by a distubance. Organized groups do not abuse 'latent' (unoraganized) groups for fear that they'll organize. Pro-pluralism perspective. |
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| Interest Group Disturbance Theory Sig |
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Definition
| Truman argues that the true public interest emerges from intense interest group competition (simnilar to fed 10). The model takes into account intense preferences, which may be more important than everybody having a say about something they don't care about. However, Astroturf groups and Shatts critique present difficulties in the idea that interest groups can accurately indicate public interest. |
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| Government in which one holds the Presidency but does not control both houses of Congress. |
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| Some think that divided government is good because parties jointly in power are seen to perform a service by checking each other and compromising with each other. Some think it is detrimental because it will create deadlock/gridlock/stalemate, where competing party ideologies make it difficult to get any legislation passed, when polarization is high. |
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| In court rulings, reliance on consistency with precedents. ◦Latin for “let the decision stand” |
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| If the courts’ decisions are consistent it increases legitimacy and stability. Upholding legitimacy is an important task of the court because they must prove they are not a threat to democracy even though they are unelected, with life-long tenures. |
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A theory of constitutional interpretation that places the meaning of the constitution in the context of the total history of the United States.
The idea that the Constitution has many interpretations and meanings depending on the angle one looks at it; the dynamic changes over time, depending on the events and era. |
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| Enforces the belief that justices should consider the underlying meaning and fundamental goals of the constitution, as the founders could not have known the present state of America. However, when judges apply the living constitution, it may weaken the legitimacy of the courts by appearing to justify political actions by judges. Upholding legitimacy is an important task of the court because they must prove they are not a threat to democracy even though they are unelected, with life-long tenures. |
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