the primary economic system in the world today, has three essential features 

1. private ownership of the means of production

2. market competition

3. the pursuit of profit

the worlds secondary economic system, also the three essential features

1. the public ownership of the means of production

2. central planning of production

3. the distribution of goods witout a profit motive

1. Fierce global competition --> plant closure and movement to other nations 

2. downsizing the temporary workers

3. Stagnant paychecks

4. increasing social inequality

5. the influence of multinational corporations

6. economic and political consolidation

1. Traditional authority --based upon custom

2. rational-legal authority -- based upon written rules and vested in positions

3. charismatic authority -- results when an individual with exceptional qualities develops a personal following

1. monarchy - a government headed by a king or queen

2. democracy - a government that derives its autority from its citizens

2a. Direct democracy

2b. representative democracy

3. dicatorsip/oligarchy - a government in which power is seized and held by an individual or group that dictates its will onto the people and that often practices totalitarianism

Max Weber pointed out that government, or the state, claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of force in society, and sociologist Peter Berger stated, “Violence is the ultimate foundation of any political order.”

1.      War and terrorism are two violent means of pursuing political objectives. 

2.      Terrorism, the use of violence to create fear, is most often employed by weaker and less organized groups that would have little chance of defeating their enemies on the battlefield.

1. Fundamental similarities

2. Basic differences in social and economic policies

third parties

1. those who are more likely to vote are: older, female, white or african american, more educated, married, employed, and wealthier

2. people are more likely to vote when they are socially integrated and less likely to do so when they feel alienated

3. as a result of vote apathy, nearly one-half of eligible american voters do not vote from president; even fewer vote for other offices

4. voting patterns reflect economic circumstances and other life experiences 

1. Lobbyists

2. political action committees PAC's

3. Do these groups buy votes?

1.  Functionalism -- pluralism and the checks and balance of the american political system prevent any one group from ruling and make politicians reponsive to their constituents 

2.  Conflic theory -- the nations major decision are made by the power elite, a select group of the most powerful military, political, and especially corperate leaders

1. mate selection

2. system of decent

3. right of inheritance

4. patriarchal authority

Sociological theries of family

Functionalist perspective

social theories of family

Conflict perspective

sociological theories of family

symbolic interactionist perspective

1. Time with children

2. Child care arragements 

1. The empty nest and boomerang children

2. the sandwich generation

3. widowhood 

1. cohabitation is twelve times more common than it was 40 years ago, and 60% of couples who marry have lived together first

2. commitment is the essential difference between cohabitation and marriege, with marriege assuming permanence 

1. about one-fifth of US familes are childless -- many by choice

2. Blended families often experience complicated relationships 

3. single-parent families tend to be poor, and children raised by one parent are more likely to drop out of school, to get arrested, to have emotional problems, to become teenage parents, and to get divorced as adults

4. almost all industrialed nations have experienced sharp increases in birth to unwed mothers, with the US rate of 37% falling slightly above the middle of the range

1. after rising for a century, the US divorce rate has leveled off since 1980 and has begun to decline

2. chances of getting divorced are lower for those who are Asian American, who have greater amount of education and income, who marry at a later age and wait longer to have children, who are religious and who come from intact families 

3. more man than woman remarry

1. children of divorce are more like to experience emotional problems, to become juvenile delinquents, to drop out of school, and get divorced; however, 75-80% of children of divorce function well as adults

2. a third of children of divorce have less than monthly contact with their father and another third have no contact at all

3. a pattern of serial fatherhood has begun to emerge

a. spousal battering, child abuse, incest represent the dark side of family life

b. despite the difficulties experienced by families, about 60% of americans indicate that they are very happy in their marriages, with the happiest couple reporting that they think of their spouse as their best friend, like their spouse as a person, view marriage as a sacred and long-term commitment, share goals and hobbies, and get along with each others' families 

1. answering question of ultimate meaning

2. uniting believers into a community of shared values

3. providing guidelines for life

4. providing emotional comfort

5. promoting positive social change

Functionalists point out that religion can also serve dysfunctional puposes, as ecemplified by persecuting, war and terrorism in the name of religion

1. symbols

2. rituals

3. beliefs

4. religious experiences 

There are four types of religious groups, which vary in terms of there acceptance by and integration into society

1. Cult

There are four types of religious groups, which vary in terms of there acceptance by and integration into society

2. sects

A larger than cult, but they still feel substantial tension from and toward mainstream society

There are four types of religious groups, which vary in terms of there acceptance by and integration into society

Churches

There are four types of religious groups, which vary in terms of there acceptance by and integration into society

state religion

1. remarkable diversity

2. stratification and segragation by social class and race/ethnicity 

3. competion for followers

4. the electronic church 

1. teaching the knowledge and skills needed by future workers

2. cultural transmission of values

3. child care and moral education

4. political and social integration, including mainstreaming 

5. gatekeeping

1. the hidden curriculum - the attitudes and unwritten rules that schools teach that stress obedience to authority and conformity

2. culturally biased standardized tests

3. unequal school funding

1.  sociologist ray Rist determined that children are labeled by teachers as fast or slow learners by the eight day or kindergarten

2. sociologist George Farkas found that asian americans and female receive better grades that other groups because they show eagerness to learn and to cooperate, which teachers notice and reward

Stage 1 - faily stable population with both high birth and death rate

stage 2 - population explosion with high birth rates and low death rates

stage 3 - population stability with low birth and death rates

stage 4 - population shrinkage with high death rates and low birth rates

5. they point out that birth rate decrease with industrialization, as economic opportunities increase and childrearing becomes more expensive 

1. status as parents 

2. communitty values

3. economic benefits throughout life

1.The population of many poor nations are predicted to double in 40 years

2. If nations with quickly growing populations dont increase their numbers of jobs, hospitals, schools, transportation systems, grocery stores, and the like almost everyones standards of living will decline

3. Conflich theorists point out that a declining standard of living may result in political instability, followed by repression by the government 

The population growth rate is based upon three variables (fertility, mortality, and migration) and is represented by the equation: Birth - death + net migration

1. economic changes goverment policies, famines, and plagues all affect these rates, making it difficult to predict popuation growth

2. People tend to migrate from least industrialized to the Most industrialized Nations, with the US admitting more immigrates each year than all the other nations of the world combined

1. the industrail revolution provided an infrastructure for urbanization and drew large crowds of people to cities to work

2. peopl are currently attracted to cities because they offer more jobs variety, and enonymity

There are a number of trends and changing population petterns currently developing in the US

1. Urbanization

2. migration

3. suburbanization

4. gentrification

5. rural reound