Term
| Life depends upon the information flow within a cell and the ability to change genetic information into functional proteins. This is referred to as the central dogma (principle) of biochemistry and consists of two inter-related processes: transcription and translation |
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Definition
| The central principle of biochemistry, and the two processes involved. |
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Term
1. The DNA copies its information in a process that involves many enzymes: replication.
2. The DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription in three processes termed initiation, elongation and termination. [In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed and migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.]
3. mRNA carries coded information to ribosomes (rRNA) that "read" this information and facilitate delivery of amino acids (by tRNA) for protein synthesis, a process called translation. |
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Definition
| The steps of the central principle of biochemistry (three) |
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Term
| Proteins do not code for the production of protein, RNA or DNA, but do help in these processes. Proteins are involved in almost all biological activities, structural or enzymatic |
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Definition
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Term
| Extended to include synthesis of RNA and DNA from RNA Information flow only shown in one direction for proteins, but reversed for DNA, and RNA can be replicated |
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Definition
| How the central principle was updated |
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Term
| - proposed a different atmosphere made of methane, ammonia gases and water vapour (reducing environment) lightning, heat from volcanoes or thermal vents caused reactions that would form organic compounds primordial soup |
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Definition
| Aleksandar Oparin's theory of the origin of life |
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Term
primordial soup - organic compounds concentrated in the seas some would have a greater tendency to associate into larger complexes, and certain materials (i.e. clay) would facilitate
polymerization (joining together of small subunits) spontaneous formation of membranes and catalysts |
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Definition
| Primordial soup and how certain materials (what?) help with catalyzation? |
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Term
1953 - Stanley Miller and Harold Urey - tested Oparin's theory
Mixed NH3, CH4, H2O and H2, then exposed to electrical sparks to
emulate lightning Analyzed gas phase: (starting gases, CO, CO2) and water phase (amino acids, hydroxy acids, aldehydes and HCN) |
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Definition
| Stanley Miller's experiment and how it tested Oparins theory |
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Term
Extension of Miller’s Work
With CO2, CO, N2 and H2 in the atmosphere, scientists have shown the production of hundreds of organic molecules (Table 3-6, 3rd Ed.) including carboxylic acids, nucleic acids, amino acids and sugars polymerization reactions are enhanced by inorganic ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+) and other molecules sources of energy: heat, Visible and UV light, X-rays, gamma radiation, ultrasound/shock waves, and bombardment with alpha and beta particles RNA could have been the preliminary catalyst (enzyme) and information storage molecule, where protein and DNA originated later |
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Definition
| An extention of millers work |
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