Term
|
Definition
| thoughts, emotions, and behaviors |
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Term
| 4 Approaches/Theories of Personality |
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Definition
1. psychodynamic
2. social cognitive
3. humanistic
4. trait |
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Term
|
Definition
| unconscious, stages, parents influence |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes conscious awareness, beliefs and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| personal growth, freedom to choose, focuses on positive |
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Term
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Definition
| enduring characteristics lead to characteristic responses |
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Term
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Definition
| basic drives, pleasure, completely unconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reality, mediates between id and superego |
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Term
|
Definition
| "accidental" statement that reveals a hidden feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| ego pushes id into the subconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| ego attributes a personal shortcomings to someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| the ego replaces a socially unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable one |
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Term
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Definition
| turning unacceptable impulses into their opposite |
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Term
| 5 Psychosexual Stages of Human and Fixation |
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Definition
| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Birth-18 months, the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| 18 months - 3 years, the anus |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-6 years, genitals, oedipus complex, castration anxiety, begins to identify w/ the same sex parent |
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Term
|
Definition
| 6-puberty, represses sexual interests, developing social and intellectual skills |
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Term
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Definition
| puberty-adulthood, sexual reawakening |
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Term
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Definition
| remaining locked at an early developmental stage, because needs were under or over gratified. can occur at any stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| desire for oppostie sex parent and desire to replace the same sex parent whom you have identified with |
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Term
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Definition
| social factors, confronted gender bias, emphasized need for security |
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Term
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Definition
| believed in collective unconscious shared by all humans |
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Term
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Definition
| emotionally laden images and ideas (hero, masculine, feminine) |
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Term
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Definition
| individual psychology, motivated by purpose and goals, strive for superiority, as kids we feel inferior to adults |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated effort to conceal weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
| exaggerated feelings of inadequacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Exaggerated self - importance to conceal inferiority |
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Term
| Bandura's Model of reciprocal determination |
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Definition
| personality and control interact |
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Term
|
Definition
| do we control our environment, or are we being controlled |
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Term
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Definition
| I control my own density. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside forces control my fate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| accepting someone for who they are regardless of a person's behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, our abilities, behaviors, and personality |
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Term
|
Definition
| motivation to develop our full potential as a human being |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| what you or your parents want you to be, the more discrepancy between real and ideal self you will have more problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| enduring personality characteristics that lead to certain behaviors |
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Term
| Allport's 3 Categories of Traits |
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Definition
| cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits |
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Term
|
Definition
| powerful and persuasive (1 to 2) |
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Term
|
Definition
| limited number of traits (more) |
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Term
|
Definition
| limited in frequency (attitudes and preferences) |
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Term
| Big 5 Personality Factors |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness (wish to do what is right)
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) |
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Term
|
Definition
| personality varies by context |
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Term
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Definition
| scores on personality tests are not good predictors of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| present ambiguous stimuli, patient projects thoughts, feelings, and attitudes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Harman Rorschach (1921), patient describes inkblot, problem (Subjective) |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| Murray and Morgan (1930s), ambiguous pictures, patient makes up story, still problem of subjectivity |
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Term
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Definition
| objective test or inventories, ask if terms describe respondent, Problems: based on face validity, affected by social desirability |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hogen Personality Inventory (HPI) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Minnesota Multiphaisc Personality, Inventories, answer 560 true/false, 10 clinical scales, 4 validity scales |
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Term
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Definition
| a property of a test intended to measure something |
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Term
|
Definition
| social pressure to answer a certain way |
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Term
|
Definition
| tests with unrelated questions, but that have been shown to have a connection with the attribute being studied |
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Term
| 3 Criteria of Abnormal Behavior |
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Definition
deviant, maladaptive, personally distressful
must meet at least one criteria
can be culturally dependent |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| defendant irrational when crime took place |
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Term
| Biological Factors of Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| psychological disorders have organic causes |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origins |
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Term
| Psychological Factors of Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| distorted thoughts, emotional turmoil, inappropriate learning, troubled relationships |
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Term
| Sociocultural Factors of Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
| poverty, neighborhood quality, gender, culture related disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors |
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Term
|
Definition
Test Revision (2000) DSM-IV-TR
17 categories of mental disorder, around 200 questions |
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Term
|
Definition
1. clinical conditions
2. personality and retardation
3. medical conditions
4. environmental factors
5. assessment of functioning |
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Term
| Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
| motor tension, hyperactivity, apprehensive expectations and thoughts, maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety, 18.1% prevalence rate |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| persistent anxiety for at least one month, muscle tension, agitations, and sleep problems, unable to identify reason for anxiety, 3.1% prevalence rate, etiology (runs in the family) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Recurring sudden onset of intesne apprehension or terror, panic attacks, agoraphobia - afraid of having a panic attack when you can't escape, 2.7% prevalence rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| irrational overwhelming, persistent fear of something specific, social phobia, 8.7% prevalence |
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Term
|
Definition
| persistent uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions), repetitive ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), 1% prevalence |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
|
Definition
exposure to a traumatic event
symptoms - flashbacks and excessive arousal
onset - immediate or delayed
3.5% prevalence |
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Term
|
Definition
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
3 types |
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Term
|
Definition
extreme memory loss
causes: psychological stress or head injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| includes amnesia, unexpectedly leaving home and assuming new identity |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
|
Definition
2 or more personalities
50% of cases involve 10 or less personalities
treatment = integration of personalities into a single identity
etiology - usually caused by sexual abuse |
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Term
|
Definition
disturbance of mood
9.5% prevalence
2 major categories - major depressive disorder (unipolar), bipolar disorder |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
|
Definition
depression without mania
9 symptoms
5 symptoms present at least two weeks
16.2% lifetime prevalence rate
6.2% 1 year prevalence rate |
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Term
|
Definition
more chronic and fewer symptoms
depressed mood for 2 years |
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Term
|
Definition
alternating between manic and depression
must be at least one week
usually 8-12 weeks
2.6% prevalence rate |
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Term
| Biological Perspective on Mood Disorders |
|
Definition
genetic influence
abnormalities in neurotransmitters
abnormalities in brain functioning |
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Term
| Psychological Perspective on Mood Disorders |
|
Definition
| behavioral - learned helplessness |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Perceptive of Mood Disorders |
|
Definition
| negative thoughts and cognitive distortions |
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Term
| Sociocultural Perceptive on Mood Disorders |
|
Definition
| poverty, gender, individualism |
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Term
| Relation between depression and suicide |
|
Definition
depressed individuals are at a greater risk
120,000 suicides a year worldwide
3 times as many men succeed
4 times as many women attempt |
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Term
|
Definition
disorganized thought Process
1.1% prevalence rate (50% of mental hospitals)
1/3 get better, 1/3 stay the same, 1/3 get worse |
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Term
| Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenic Disorders |
|
Definition
excess or distortion of normal functions
delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech |
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Term
| Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenic Disorders |
|
Definition
restriction or loss of normal functions
flat affect
inappropriate emotions |
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Term
| Motor Behaviors of Schizophrenic Disorders |
|
Definition
| pacing, statue-like postures, strange mannerisms |
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Term
| Types of Schizophrenic Disorders - Disorganized |
|
Definition
| hallucinations and delusions |
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Term
| Types of Schizophrenic Disorders - Catatonic |
|
Definition
bizarre motor activity
extreme: hyperactivity to catatonic |
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|
Term
| Types of Schizophrenic Disorders - Undifferentiated |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Brain Abnormalities involving Schizophrenic Disorders |
|
Definition
enlarged ventricles
small frontal cortex - lower activity |
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|
Term
| Neurological Factors of Schizophrenic Disorders |
|
Definition
Abnormal brain activity
malfunction dopamine system |
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Term
| Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
combination of biogenetic disposition and stress
trigger - stressful event |
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Term
|
Definition
chronic, maladaptive, cognitive behavior
impair social functioning
inflexible
3 clusters |
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|
Term
| Personality Disorders - Odd / Eccentric Cluster |
|
Definition
paranoid - lack of trust, suspicious
schizoid - inadequate social relations, sky/withdrawn, and cold
schizotypal - odd thinking patterns, eccentric beliefs, hostility |
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Term
| Personality Disorders - Dramatic / Emotionally Problematic Cluster |
|
Definition
Borderline personality disorder
instability in relationships, mood and self image
narcissistic personality
grandiose self importance
manipulative, can't take criticism
histrionic personality
seek attention and overreact
dramatic |
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|
Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
belongs in the dramatic / emotionally problematic cluster
law breaking and irresponsible
lack of conscience for wrong doing
more common in men
2.6% prevalence |
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|
Term
| Personality Disorders - Fearfulness / Avoidant Cluster |
|
Definition
Avoidant - sky and inhibited, but desires relationships
Dependent personality - lack of self confidence, fear of abandonment
passive agressive - stubborn, intentionally inefficient
obsessive compulsive disorder - obsessed with rules, productive, emotionally insensitive |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bind to receptor sites of neurotransmitters, have side effects, can be addictive, effective |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
anti-depressant drug
MAO inhibitors - used less due to toxicity
SSRI's - block the reuptake of serotonin, fewer side effects
may increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
60-70% effectiveness |
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Term
|
Definition
used to treat bi-polar
effective dose is close to toxic
daily long term use
decreases risk of suicide |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduce responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| effects schizophrenia, block dopamine system, causes Tardive Dyskenesia |
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Term
|
Definition
| repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movement |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
|
Definition
small electrical current that causes a seizure in the brain
short term treatment to major depression
may cause memory loss and disorientation
last resort |
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Term
| Psychosurgery (prefrontal lobotomies) |
|
Definition
removal or destruction of brain surgery
prefrontal lobotomies discovered by a Portuguese physician
ice pick put through eye socket |
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Term
|
Definition
| transfer of treatment from inpatient mental hospitals to outpatient care |
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Term
|
Definition
process used by mental health professionals
helps individuals recognize, define, and overcome psychological difficulties |
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Term
|
Definition
| unconscious mind, relies on interpretation through the therapist, focuses on experiences in early childhood, techniques designed to trick ego into revealing subconscious thoughts, Sigmund Freud |
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Term
|
Definition
| say aloud whatever comes to mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| release of emotional tension |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of emotions from other relationships to the analyst |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
blocking anxiety laden material
ego blocks information |
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Term
|
Definition
| analysts' suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts |
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Term
|
Definition
| analyzing of a dream to find underlying desires |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
brief
12-16 sessions
current relationships and improving relationship skills |
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Term
|
Definition
encouraged to understand themselves
focuses on conscious
focuses on positive |
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Term
|
Definition
humanistic
provides warm supportive atmosphere
therapist should show unconditional positive regard
active listening (using reflective speech)
reflective speech - mirroring the clients feelings back to them
genuine |
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Term
| Gestalt Therapy (Fritz - Peris) |
|
Definition
challenging client to become aware of feelings and face problems
confrontational
humanistic |
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Term
|
Definition
| seeks to bring feelings to the surface |
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Term
|
Definition
uses principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
2 types |
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Term
|
Definition
behavioral therapy
condition with rewards/punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
does not focus on subconscious
Behavioral
stimuli |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
|
Definition
| associated deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| repeating pairings of undesirable behavior with an unpleasant state |
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Term
|
Definition
| replaces unacceptable, maladaptive responses with acceptable, adaptive ones |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| individual's cognition or thoughts are main source of abnormal behavior |
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Term
| Ellis's Rational - Emotive Therapy |
|
Definition
| goal = eliminate irrational beliefs by rationally examining them |
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Term
| ABCDE's of the Ellis's Rational - Emotive Therapy |
|
Definition
Activating Systems
Belief System
Consequences
Disputation
Effects |
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Term
| Effects (Step of Ellis's Rational...) |
|
Definition
recognize relation between thoughts and feelings
learn about distorted thoughts (all or nothing thinking, snowball thinking)
identify distorted thoughts
dispute distorted thoughts and substitute appropriate thoughts |
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Term
|
Definition
cost effective and shorter process
provides social context |
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Term
|
Definition
| group therapy with family memebers |
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Term
| Effectiveness of Psychotherapy |
|
Definition
| 80% of percent of people who do not receive treatment have worse outcomes those those treated through psychotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| thoughts about why people behave the way they do |
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Term
|
Definition
| we are motivated to understand the underlying causes of behavior |
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Term
| 3 Dimensions of Causality |
|
Definition
Internal/External Causes
Stable/Unstable
Controllable/Uncontrollable |
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Term
|
Definition
persons character caused the event
vs.
situation caused the event |
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Term
|
Definition
cause is permanent
vs.
cause is temporary |
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Term
| Controllable/Uncontrollable |
|
Definition
| can control vs. cannot control |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
Definition
traits are more important than situations
only when explaining others behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
attributes success to internal factors, and failures to external factors
about ourselves |
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Term
|
Definition
| Overestimation of the degree to which everyone thinks or acts the way they do |
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Term
|
Definition
| early information is more important than later information |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative information is more positive than earlier information |
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Term
|
Definition
| belief that positive qualities cluster together |
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Term
|
Definition
evaluating ourselves in relation to other people
who do we compare ourselves to - downward social comparisons, those are are most similar and those "inferior" to us |
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Term
|
Definition
| presenting an image of oneself as a certain sort of person |
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Term
|
Definition
| paying attention to the impression you make on others and fine tuning your performance |
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Term
|
Definition
beliefs and opinions about people, objects, and ideas
long lasting |
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Term
| Three Dimensions of Attitudes |
|
Definition
Affective - positive or negative feelings
Cognitive - thoughts, beliefs, and images
Behavioral - How we act, consistent with our feelings and our thoughts |
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Term
|
Definition
| the asker's image changes the attitude |
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|
Term
| Attitude Change - Message |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technology used to receive information |
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Term
|
Definition
| People with very strong attitudes are unlikely to change |
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Term
|
Definition
| begin asking for a small favor and increase to something extravagant |
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Term
|
Definition
| ask for something big and decrease to something reasonable |
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Term
|
Definition
| a technique in which an item is offered at a lower price than is actually intended to be charged, after which the price is raised to increase profits |
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|
Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
|
Definition
The tendency to seek consistency in beliefs or opinions.
When there is an inconsistency between attiudes or behaviors, something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| we make inferences about our attitudes by looking at our behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
| unselfish interest in someone else |
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Term
|
Definition
| giving to another person to ensure reciprocity |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help if others are present |
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Term
|
Definition
| change in person's behavior to coincide with a group standard |
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|
Term
| Asch's Conformity Experiment (1955) |
|
Definition
people conformed 35% of the time
asked participants which bar matches another bar
75% of people went along with the wrong answer at least once |
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|
Term
| Normative Social Influence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Informational Social Influence |
|
Definition
| willingness to accept others opinions |
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Term
|
Definition
| behavior that complies with explicit demands of an authority figure |
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Term
|
Definition
65% of participants completed entire shock regimen
when the responsibility lied with someone else they were more likely to continue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| rules that apply to all members |
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Term
|
Definition
| We perform at our best when people are present. |
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Term
|
Definition
| We exert less effort in a group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Loss of personal identity and decrease in responsibility |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group decisions are riskier than individual decisions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group attitude is enhanced through group discussion. |
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Term
|
Definition
Impaired decision is enhanced through group discussion.
example - Challenger space shuttle |
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Term
|
Definition
| a general attribute to all members of a group |
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Term
|
Definition
unjustified and negative
stereotypes, emotions, discriminations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Negative treatment of a member of group based on prejudiced feelings. |
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|
Term
| Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1978) |
|
Definition
define ourselves in relation to group membership
in-group = us
out-group = them |
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Term
|
Definition
| Favoring one's own group over other's group |
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Term
|
Definition
| physical or verbal behavior that is meant to hurt another person |
|
|
Term
| Biological Approach - Aggression |
|
Definition
survival of fittest
genetic influences
selective breeding of animals to be more aggressive |
|
|
Term
| Brain Structures dealing with Aggression |
|
Definition
limbic system
neurotransmitters - lower serotonin |
|
|
Term
| Environmental and Psychological Factors of Aggression |
|
Definition
Culture
income disparities (the wider the gap, the more violence)
culture norms for honor
media violence |
|
|
Term
| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| frustration creates anger which can generate aggression |
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|
Term
| Observational Learning and Reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We prefer those who are similar to us. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Our own attitudes are supported when others share them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| strong components of sexuality and infatuation |
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Term
|
Definition
| deep caring affection for the person |
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|
