THE TENDCENY TO READ A WORD, INSTEAD OF SAYING THE COLOR OF INK AS INSTRUCTED.

EX:

YOU SEE A WORD SAYING "RED", BUT ITS IN BLUE, YOU READ READ INSTEAD OF JUST SAYING BLUE. 

THE FREQUENT FAILUE TO DETECT CHANGES IN PARTS OF A SCENE.

EX:

WHEN YOU LOOK AT TWO DIFFERENT PICTURES THAT ARE DIFFERENT, BUT YOU DONT NECESSARILY PICK UP THE SMALL CHANGES.  

IMPOSSIBLE QUIX LIZARD. 

DURING A BREIF TIME AFTER PERCEIVING ONE STIMULAS, IT IS DIFFICULT TO ATTEND SOMETHING ELSE.

EX:

 CANNOT SEE THE SECOND STIMULAS 100MS TO 700MS.

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER

(ADD)

HYPERACTIVITY

(ADHD) 

EASY DISTRACTION, CUMPUSLIVENESS,MOODINESS, AND FAILURE TO FOLLOW THROUGH WITH PLANS.

SAME, EXCEPT WITH EXCESSIVE ACTIVITY AND FIGITY.

3-10% OF CHILDREN HAVE IT

- nOT EXACTLY DEFICIT, BUT HAVE A HARD TIME SHIFTING ATTENTION, HENCE THE ATTENTIONAL BLINK.

-70% BOYS TO 30% GIRLS 

-COMMON TREATMENT IS METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN).

-SOME CAN GET RID OF IT, SOME STAY. 

ADD/ADHD TASKS:

CHOICE-DELAY TASKS

STOP SIGNAL TASK 

CHOICE: Prefer a smaller prize now, or a bigger prize later?

-If you say now when you are 4, may have ADD.

Stop-signal:

-Trouble when hitting button if the "beep" goes off as well.  Bad delay reaction. 

Familiar or typical examples are prototypes. 

Ex:

Vehicle: we say car, bus, train, etc.

dont say

escalator or water skis, because they relate in some ways, but not other. 

Assume that an item that resembles memebers of a category probably belongs to that category.

Astray when something resembles members of a rare category.

Ex:

Something looks like a UFO, so you decide that it is. 

Assume that the more easliy that we can think of members of a category, the more common the category is.

Astray when category gets more publicity than another is more memorable.

Ex:

You remember more reports of airplane crashes than car, so you think air travel is more dangerous. 

accepting a hypothesis than looking for evidence to support it, insteaqd of considering other possibilities.

ex:

like when i am studying terms, and i guess the definition, and look before considering anything else.

Also, guessing what a picture is.  The corn shit.

Special case:  functional fixedness : the tendency to adhere to one single approachor a single way of using the item.

ex: 1, 2, 3,  instead of 2, 4 , 6

just three positive increaisng numbers.

could be 2, 4, 200 

Inorganic (Si, GaAs)
Taught
Fixed hardware
Can’t repair itself
Tool

Non-adaptive software

Organic (C, O, N)

Can teach itself

Grows own circuits

Repairs itself (somewhat)

Agent

Adaptive software

Digital ComputerBrain

Heart disease

685,000

Cancer557,000

Stroke158,000

Pulmonary disease126,000Hospital Infections 80,000Accidents106,000Traffic fatalities44,000Suicide31,000Falls17,000 AIDS14,000

Mad Cow Disease~1

Anthrax 0 (2 in 2001)

compares individuals of different ages at the same time

Example – compare the drawing abilities of 6, 8 and 10 year olds.

follows a single group of individuals as they develop

Example – study memory abilities at age 2 and then same kids at age 4

                                                              i.      Schemas

1.       an organized way of interacting w objects in the world

2.       Example – Infants have a grasping and a sucking schema

                                                            ii.      Assimilation

1.       applying an old schema to new objects or problems

2.       Example – a child who sees a dog move on its own may think the sun/moon is an animal bc it moves on its own as well.

                                                          iii.      Accommodation

1.      modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem

2.       Example – child learns that only living things move on their own

                                                           iv.      Object permanence

1.      the idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them. Infants ignore things they don’t notice and don’t even realize they’re there.

2.       Example (how it’s measured) – child knows a toy is in a location but won’t get it b/c its covered.

                                                             v.      Conservation

1.       failure to understand objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area and mass after changes in their shape or arrangement of the objects

1) sensorimotor: birth to 1.5 yrs. Reaction to stimuli through reflexes and other responses. Little use of language, no perception of object permanence

      2) preoperational: 1.5 to 7 yrs. Develops language. Lacks concept of conservation, has trouble dist. Appearance from reality

      3) concrete operations: 7 to 11 yrs. Understands conservation. Trouble w/ abstract and hypothetical situations

                 i.      general principle – He divided life into 8 periods, each one has a task an individuals look to accomplish. Each one presents social and emotional conflicts

               ii.      Key issues in adolescence

            identity

iii.      Key issues in midlife

                                                          will I succeed as life? As a parent and a worker 

iv.      Key issues in old age

Authoritative- parents who set high standards and impose controls ut also are warm and responsive to child's communication

Authoritarian- parents who set firm controls but they tend to be emotionally more distant from the child. They set rules without explaining the reasons behind them.  

Permissive - warm and loving but under-demanding

Indifferent or uninvolved - spend little time with their children and do little more than provide them with food and shelter  

a study of about 18000 people regarding their sexual activities and behavior p 414

Limitations- his testing sample wasn't random or representative. percentages he recorded do not generalize to other populations. 

People with a body that appears intermediate b/t male and female

Possible results of "fixing"- not easy to tell if the child will grow to be like boy/girl 

Someone's tendency to respond sexually to male or female partners or both/neither

Possible determinants of orientation - family relatoins, early childhood experiences .. now considered to have to do with esrtogen and testosterone amounts  

Your interpretation of a stimulus evokes autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions. Your perception of those changes is the feeling aspect of the emotion

Ex. you dont run away b/c your afraid, you're afraid b/c you perceive yourself running 

The intesity of the physiological state, that is, the degree of sympathetic nervous system arousal- determines the intesity of the emotion, but a cognitive assessment of the situation identifies the emotion

ex. p441 

Proximity: closeness. we are more likely to become friends with people we are close to in proximity ex. neighbors

Mere Exposure effect: the more often we come in contact with someone or something, the more we tend to like that person or object.

Similarity: people who are similar have more to share and relate to. As a relation between people matures, they become even more alike  ex. married couple share things such as political views

Equity theory: Social relationships are transactions in which partners exchange goods and services. people have things to offer and expect things in return. ex. in relation seeking adds people list what they have to offer and what they want 

a situation where people choose between a cooperative act and a competitive act that benefits themselves but hurts others.

EX. you and your best friend get arrested and taken into different rooms. If neither confesses equals 1 year each. If one confesses its 20 yrs for the other and none for you 

we tend to feel less responsibility to act when other people are equally able to act

ex. someone below your apartment is dying and you see but don't act. 

The tendency to not work as hard when in a group

Ex. canoeing: work harder if solo 

General principle- from infancy through adulthood, people gradually develop their tendencies toward alturistic and cooperative behavior. He says moral reasoning should be evaluatied on the basis of the reasons someone gives for a decision rather than the decision itself

EX: pg 484 

The first information we learn about something influences more than later information

Ex. group of people; remember those who first introduced themselves 

Measures your reactions to combinations of two categories, such as flower and pleasant

Results - not entirely reliable but measures preferences people don't necessarily admit to 

Explanations based on someone's individual characteristivcs, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities

EX. brother walked to work because he wanted the exercise 

explanations based on the situation, including events that presumably would influence almost anyone

ex. brother walked to work because his car broke 

to make internal attributions for people's behavior even when we see evidence for an external influence on behavior

ex. pg 494 

Cultural difference - people in some countries rely on internal (personality) attributes while people in other countries rely on external (situational) attributes  

attributions that we adopt to maximize our credit for our success and minimize blame for our failures

EX. credit good grades to your intelligence, hard work. Blame bad grades on diff. test 

Where people personally put themselves at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for possible failure

ex. go to a party night before a test you know you;re going to fail as an excuse.