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Ratio: number of responses occurring interval: the first response after a certain amount of time has passed |
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Fixed ratio scheldule (FR): |
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Definition
fixed, predictable, number of responses * high rate of response * short pause following each reinforcer |
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| post-reinforcement pauses |
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| ex: you will probably take a longer break after completing a long assgn. than after completing a shorter one |
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varying, unpredictable, number of responses * high and steady rate of response * little or no post-reinforcer pausing (no break) ex: golfing, fishing, hunting * behaviors on this type of schedule tend to be very persistent |
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| fixed interval schedule (FI) |
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Definition
first response after a fixed, predictable period of time ex: every 30 min exactly |
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| variable interval schedule (VI) |
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Definition
varying, unpredictable period of time * a moderate steady rate of response with little to no post-reinforcement pause |
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| noncontingent reinforcement |
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Definition
the reinforcer is delivered independently of any response * response not required for the reinforcer to be obtained ex: gifts for no reason |
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| ex: rituals of gamblers, baseball players |
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states a high probablity behavior can be used to reinforce a low probability behavior ex: hungry rat more likely to get on wheel to get food |
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| response deprivation hypothesis |
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Definition
| when you restrict or reduce something wanted person willing to work to gain access |
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| the response deprivation hypothesis makes an assumption that there is an optimal or best level of behavior that person or animal tries to maintain |
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nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response, the result of which is a decrease in the strength of that response * you can use extinction as alternative to punishment * difference b/w positive pun and extintion pinch arm vs ignoring |
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| a temporary increase in the frequency and intensity of responding when extinction is first implemented |
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| the reappearance during extinction of other behaviors that had once been effective in obtaining reinforcement |
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the extent to which responding persists after an extinction procedure has been implemented *affected by : schedule of reinforcement |
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| How to make extinction more effective |
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Definition
| ignore unwanted behavior and add desired behavior |
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| Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior ( DRO) |
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Definition
| reinforcement of any behavior other than the target behavior that is being extinguished |
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| Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) |
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| reinforceing a behavior that is specifically incompatible with the target behavior |
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| Two types of negative punishment |
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Definition
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| side effects of punishment |
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Definition
*does not teach the correct behavior, merely suppresses the incorrect behaviors * person doing the punishing may become a discriminitive stimulus for punishment * elicits a strong emotional response *promotes aggression |
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| * can lead to unexpected improvement in mood |
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| best if used with negative punishment and positive reinforcement |
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learned helplessness * Masserman's Experimental Neurosis: an experimentally produced disorder in which animals exposed to unpredictable events develop neurotic like symptoms |
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