Damaged Germany’s economy and pride greatly (so much so that the German people were desperate enough to turn to Hitler) – caused Holocaust/WWII. Mussolini believed strongly that Italy should have been granted more territory by the Treaty. 

giving into competitor's demands in order to keep the peace 

Practiced through Hitler 

Conducted during WWII, project to develop the first nuclear bombs. 

In 1942, the US government began the internment of Japanese Americans, because after the Pearl Harbor attack, the US government was suspicious, and thought they may be spies. Many Japanese Americans (about 110,000) were relocated and interned – total violation of rights. 

Set of trials what tried all those who committed crimes during the Holocaust. First time “I was just following orders” was not accepted as an excuse. 

November 1947, the UN voted in favor of a Jewish State. 

Meeting between Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill to work out the future of Germany and Poland. Agreed on the division of Germany into American, British, French, and Soviet occupation zones. 

Theory that when a country falls to communism, the countries around it will too. 

Plan that called for the nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery from the war. 

Statement of principles where Truman established another major policy that would guide American actions in the cold war. 

Collective Society 

Soviet Union response to NATO. Military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern Europe. 

Race between the US and the Soviet Union to make advancements in space. 

Practiced Brinkmanship (the practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome). 

US spy plane was caught spying on the Soviet Union

What: War between North and South Korea where North Korea attempted to unite Korea under communism by force (US got involved in order to defend democracy)

When: June 1950

Where: Korea

Why: When Korea was split, their nation was divided. North Korean troops streamed across the 38^th parallel

Effects: Nothing changed, loss of life

Outcome: Nothing. 38^th parallel remained in exactly the same spot. 

Widespread fear of communism that resulted in the unjust prosecution of many citizens. 

What: US trained Cuban exiles living in Florida to overthrow the dictator.

When: April 17^th, 1961

Where: Florida/Cuba

 Effects: They were slaughtered and the US did nothing to help them (as they promised they would).

Outcome: Total failure

Standoff between US and the Soviet Union that brought them to the brink of nuclear war.

When: 1962

Causes: US spy plane took pictures of Soviet Union, existing tension

Unit 8: Civil Rights Movement

De Jure segregation against African Americans in the south. Supposedly “separate but equal” – false. 

 Civil rights leader and activist, civil disobedience, peaceful protest. 

 Protested segregation on buses. Arrested for refusing to give up her seat. Began Montgomery Bus Boycott. 

Nine black students who became the first African American students to attend an all while school. Met by much opposition, but eventually succeeded in breaking down the color barrier in schools. 

When Civil Rights activists would stay in an establishment until they were served in order to protest segregation. 

Huge, peaceful demonstration to promote equal rights for African Americans. 

Belief in the separate identity and radical unity of the African American community. 

Black Power

Goal- to unite, to recognize heritage, to build a sense of community, to begin to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations and support those organizations. 

Sent soldiers to protect the little rock nine. Wanted to support the Supreme Court. 

Supported Freedom Riders. Voted for civil rights but never actively took part. Prohibited racial discrimination in housing built or purchased with federal aid. Increased enforcement of previous acts and the Brown v. Education Ruling. Gave civil rights broadcast speech and proposed a modest civil rights bill. 

Protected Selma marchers, passed Civil Rights Bill, very helpful. 

Oliver Brown sued Topeka Board of Education to allow his 8 year old daughter to attend a nearby white school for whites only: won! Ruling said separate but equal was unconstitutional in schools. 

Had impact on voting rights, same school, and jobs. Banned use of different voter registration standards, discrimination in public accommodations. 

Vietnam was under French rule, and China sympathized with

Vietnam and liberated them. Ho Chi Minh became the ruler. 

Johnston – US president, Diem – President of South Vietnam,

Ho-Chi Minh – North Vietnam leader

Gave the president complete authority over the military for

an unlimited time period during the war. 

Process of replacing US troops with Vietnamese ones. 

Major turning point in the war. The North surprise attack on the South on

Vietnam’s largest holiday, Tet.

Kent State – riot over invasion of Cambodia, Nation Guard called,

students threw rocks and the N.G. open fired killing 4 students and wounding 3.

Jackson State – Confrontation between police and students resulted in two student deaths

and 11 wounded students

Conditions: US withdraw all forces, all POW’s released, all parties end

military involvement in Loas/Cambodia, 17^th parallel continues to divide North and

South Korea. 

Fighting continued for two years, South Vietnamese troops

steadily loosing ground, and in 1975, North Vietnamese troops took Saigon, the Capital. 

Passed in 1973, overruled the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. President

can no longer involve the US in foreign conflicts by executive action (needs

congressional approval). 

When the capital of Vietnam feel to communist forces, an immediate

evacuation occurred. 

Women attempted to gain more rights and equal treatment to men.

They wanted to challenge traditional gender roles. Education and unemployment were

particularly important. 

Many other minorities fought for equal rights

(Latinos, Indians, Ect.). Much of these movements were modeled after the Civil Rights

Movement. 

52 Americans taken hostage in Iran (believed to be spies). They

US Political group made up of conservative fundamental Christians

attempting to force Christianity. 

Began in Nicaragua, the Regon Administration sought to undermine

the Marxist government and seized power in 1979. Ruling group called themselves

Sandinistas. US Trained and armed Nicaraguans – Contras, so they would overthrow the

government. Deal: Trade weapons for prisoners. Newspaper broke the story, citizens

outraged. 

9-11 attacks 

4 planes took off, 2 hit the trade center, 1 hit part of the pentagon, and

another crashed in a field (headed for the white house). Attacks planned by Al Queda,

headed by Osama Bin Laden. Over 3,000 people died. 

Iraq invasion of Kuwait in order to gain oil wealth and expand

caused US to begin the Persian Gulf War. Very quick, very little US casualties. 

Instead of “new deal” type plan, this plan gave

tax breaks to companies (wealthy) so they will hopefully make more and hire more

workers. 

Bush sent warning to hostile nations to stop developing nuclear weapons

of mass destruction. Iran, Iraq, and North Korea named “Axis of Evil”. US troops take

action. 

5 men broke into the Democratic National Committees Office

(employed by President Nixon’s Organization for Re-Election, trying to uncover dirt of

Nixon’s opponent). President bribed them to do it. Nixon released edited tapes,

and lost support, causing his resignation