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an offer from Germany to Mexico inviting
our southern neighbor to invade the US and be rewarded with Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas
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***Major combatants: France/Britain/Russia/Italy and eventually the US VERSUS Germany/Austria-Hungary/Turkey.
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Russia-becomes new country Soviet Union. Monarchy replaced by communist dictatorship.
US, while suffering casualties, comes out of war with no significant losses. Gives US opportunity to have important voice in world affairs.
Germany’s monarch, William II is removed.
Austria-Hungary monarchy falls as well.
Germany blamed Jews for losing WWI
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pro-business, laissez faire, anti-progressive
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| Herbert Hoover (republican) proponent of big business. From iowa and was a quaker. Campaign slogan “I promise you a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage” his opponent Alfred e. smith (democrat) |
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| -Culture of Consumerism: work less, earn more, invest in stock, buy everything – credit! |
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***Three factors resulted in steady economic growth: Machines, Factories, process of standardized production
-These factors created a self-perpetuating cycle: standardized mass production led to better machinery in factories, which led to more production and better wages, which resulted in more demand for consumer goods, which in turn encouraged mass production – 1920’s are time when people start to buy luxury items.
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| Bevlen/Veblen - theory of the leisure class |
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| ***Ideas of consumption: conspicuous consumption, radio, motion pictures, electric appliances – Thorsten Bevlen-economist, wrote a book. Reached wide audience because he introduced a new phrase into American culture “conspicuous consumption” – represented cultural mindset of Americans in 20’s |
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| Economic and Social Effects of Automobiles |
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Definition
Economic effects of automobile: promoted growth in other industries, highways, new service institutions – promoted growth of other industries ie. Petroleum, rubber, steel. Helped fuel creation of national system of highways. After WWI federal funds became available to build roadways. Creates new service institutions (gas stations, mechanics, roadside restaurants, motels)
-Social effects of automobile: society more mobile, family life hurt, morality changed – created more mobile society. Connected rural and urban America. *family life was hurt…easier for individual family members to go their own way. Breaks down traditional morality…allowed children to escape parental supervision. Saw car as “bedroom on wheels”
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| Robert and Helen Lynd - Middletown |
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Definition
-Robert and Helen Lynd published a book called Middletown - ***did field research in Muncie Indiana. 1924-25 how have industrialization transformed traditional values in middle America? ***found that people living in Muncie of all income levels, considered the automobile not a luxury, but a NECESSITY! Also noted people were willing to sacrifice food, clothing and savings to buy a car.
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Bruce Barton – prominent figure in American advertising. Wrote a book called “the man nobody knows” presented Jesus as “founder of modern business. Apostles as greatest sales force in history.”
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-***People wanted to return to the old days: free of racial issues, less foreigners, fear of new and radical ideas (especially Communism), return to small town life, fundamentalist Christianity, less government
specific conception of good old days: see above ^*** |
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President Warren Harding and Normalcy, which meant defining Americanism, an increase in racial antagonism, and that old time religion famous for making up a word-normalcy. What he meant was defining, or RE-defining Americanism.
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-Fear of Communism coming to America
-Americans feared the Communist or Bolshevik Menace and believed Communism was causing strikes and labor unrest
-Fear of Communist Conspiracy |
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| bombs sent to famous Americans. Presidents, executives etc. A. Mitchell Palmer (A.G.) one of the targets of attempted bombing. Made him furious and made him resent communists. He organizes a new group of crime fighters. Recruited evil man…J. Edgar Hoover head of FBI from 34-71 |
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Sacco and Vanzetti, 1921-1927 – public distrust of foreigners and radicals who were suspected of holding anarchist beliefs.
-Two anarchists accused of robbery and murder – 1920 robbery and murder. Immigrants from Italy. Trial began 7/1921. Trial was nothing more than “travesty of justice” (whitfield notes) Widely believed that they were convicted because they were foreign and admittedly somewhat radical. Some Americans believed any for of anarchy was unacceptable. Trial goes on for SIX years. Finally in 1927 governor of Mass. Appointed advisory committee to review case. Committee said presiding judge was biased, but also said the defendants were guilty as charged. In final statement Vanzetti said trial was about his ethnic heritage. They were executed for their “crimes.”
-The two were railroaded because of a climate of fear in the US and because of their ethnic background
-Executed in 1927 |
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Revived in 1915
-Very Powerful
-Active in state and national governments
-Millions of members in 1925 (5 million)
-New KKK had a broader focus than the first KKK
-The New KKK promoted 100% Americanism, Protestantism, charity, motherhood, morality, temperance, education
-The New KKK disliked: Roman Catholics (because they thought the pope was a political autocrat who wanted to take over the world. Felt catholics weren’t loyal to America or the president, only to the pope. They thought it was impossible for any catholic to be a good American citizen), Jews (denounced Jews as internationalists. Jews were only attracted to international money. Could never be attached to America because America was a protestant nation), Blacks, and Immigrants
-The New KKK was not limited to the south, rather it was very popular in Indiana and Ohio |
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Scopes Monkey Trial
-Modern versus Fundamentalist
-Question of teaching Evolution
-John Scopes, a teacher, violated state law in Tennessee by teaching evolution and was arrested (1925)
-Clarence Darrow versus William Jennings Bryan
-“The Fundamentals” – pamphlet. Outlined four things: 1. Virgin birth of Jesus. 2. Jesus’ physical resurrection. 3. Second coming of Jesus was imminent. 4. Every word of the bible was literally true.
-Bryan humiliated by Darrow –
-Scopes found guilty and given a fine $100
- Tenn. Supreme court eventually overturned decision. |
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| prohibition. made making and sale of alcohol illegal |
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| Volstead Act (1919): clearly defined an alcoholic beverage as one with an alcohol content of greater than 0.5% |
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| 21st Amendment (1921): repealed the 18th Amendment |
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Decline of Anglo-Saxons
1. Anglo Saxons were Americans that descended from early American settlers (English, but also could include early Irish and German)
2. People who held positions of respectability in their communities
3. People who lived in small towns
4. Well educated people
5. Protestants
6. Republicans
7. As a group, they wanted less government involvement in economy
-Attempted to control American society in the following ways:
1. Immigration Restriction – national origin act…to limit immigration
2. Anti-Semitism – henry ford stated “I know who make wars…the international jewish bankers arrange them so that they came make money from them”
3. Joining the KKK – joined because they felt threatened by catholics and jews
4. Maintaining economic control –
Felt that the melting pot was not working. America was not assimilating immigrants. |
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| Immigration restriction act 1924 |
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| Immigration Restriction – national origin act…to limit immigration |
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| problems with melting pot |
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Definition
-population explosion because of immigration
1. Birth rates of immigrants exceeded those of “old stock” Americans
2. By 1911, 2 out of every 3 American school children had immigrant parents
3. Most Americans settled in states with the most electoral votes and thus had an important force in American politics
4. The Republican party was not responsive to the needs of this growing group – neglected immigrants. Did not campaign to them. |
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1928 Election – important because it made clear the political consequences of thr nation’s demographic transformation from classic anglo-saxons to immigrants. Battle between rural an urban. Herbert Hoover (republican) proponent of big business. From iowa and was a quaker. Campaign slogan “I promise you a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage” his opponent Alfred e. smith (democrat)
-Political consequence of nation’s demographic shift
-cities increasingly powerful
-Democratic party attempted a breakthrough
-transformation in American politics
-Herbert Hoover (Republican candidate): represented old Anglo-Saxon class, supported business and prohibition
-Alfred E. Smith (Democratic candidate): lower class, Catholic, from Hell’s Kitchen, big-city machine politician, supported repeal of prohibition – wanted prohibition repealed.
-Hoover victorious because Smith’s Catholicism became an issue |
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| Womens Christian Temperance Union |
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Definition
| Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1870): fought against many social evils, example of progressive reform |
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| Anti-Saloon League: focused only on the legal prohibition of alcohol, represented the desires of the Anglo-Saxon establishment - by 1902 every state except az had laws requiring that temperance be taught to children. |
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Supporters of Prohibition: rural inhabitant, middle class, Anglo-Saxon, Evangelical Protestant,
-they were fearful of immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and blacks
-People that supported prohibition did so because they thought drinking to be immoral, attached alcohol to corrupt urban politics |
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Enforcement nearly impossible
-Smuggling Rings and Organized Crime
-In the end, the goals of Anglo-Saxons failed and their power was curbed even more after the repeal of prohibition in 1933 |
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| Buck V. Bell – 1927 Supreme Court Case that upheld the constitutionality of eugenic sterilization |
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Eugenics – the science of racial improvement by selective breeding
• Positive Eugenics – encouraging the “fit” to have large families
• Negative Eugenics – stopping the “unfit” from having children |
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Term
| hundred days/AAA/CCC/NIRA/TVA |
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Definition
FDR and the “Hundred Days” – legislative leader. Set up things to make people think that govt was doing something.
New government agencies
-AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act): designed to help farmers by stabilizing prices and limiting production – basically paid farmers to NOT plant crops. Supreme court eventually declared this unconstitutional.
-CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps): designed to get young men off the streets and have them plant trees, build wildlife shelters, clear beaches – public works project operated under control of army. Promoted conservation while keeping people off the street corners. Planted trees, built wildlife shelters etc. CCC housed these men in tents or army barracks. Gave them 3 meals a day and a small stipend.
-TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority): Ambitious and Controversial, the TVA proposed building dams and power plants along the Tennessee River to bring electricity to rural areas, this gave many Americans electricity for the first time and provided jobs, but upset private power companies
-NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act): The NIRA established the National Recovery Act (NRA) and was supposed to stimulate production and competition in American industries by regulating industrial output and trade practices – in return for business cooperation, feds agreed to suspend anti-trust legislation.
-Section 7 – recognizes the rights of labor to organize and to have collective bargaining with management. |
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The Broker State – how FDR described his presidency.
-New vision of executive branch – said that as a president was an honest broker, mediated conflicts between farmers and business, rural vs. urban.
-President as honest broker between several conflicting interests
-Problems: Presidents can become weaker in office and strong interest groups can pressure the most honest broker – alienated groups who didn’t get what they wanted. |
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Term
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| -First New Deal: 1933-1935: immediate relief for problems of unemployment - |
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-Second New Deal: 1935-1937: fundamental reform of the US
The Second New Deal focused on social reform issues |
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| Father Charles Coughlin (1891-1979)Right side: conservative Roman Catholic radio talk show host had an audience of millions, anti-Communist, anti-Jewish, and anti-capitalist, supported New Deal at first (called it “christ’s deal”), but became a critic – show called “the golden hour of the little flower” 40 million listeners. |
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Huey Long (1893-1935): governor and senator from Louisiana, used his power to build new hospitals, highways, and bridges in Louisiana, SLOGAN: “Every man a king, but no one wears a crown”
-Had a plan called SHARE OUR WEALTH -- Advocated confiscating incomes over 1 million dollars and inheritances over 5 million to provide all Americans with: 5,000 homestead credit allowance, 2,000 guaranteed income to all Americans, free college education, shorter working days, government storage of crops to help out farmers and the poor – neo-populism (look down)v
-Share Our Wealth clubs sprouted up in support of Long and by 1935 these clubs had 7 million members, many poor Americans supported Long’s ideas, and Long considered challenging FDR in the 1936 election, but he was murdered by the relative a ruined political opponent |
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| In 1937 FDR believed that the nation was on the right track and wanted to balance the budget so he cutback on New Deal programs, but these cuts resulted in a rise in unemployment with 4 million people out of work – economy did not recover from Roosevelt recession until we entered WWII |
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| National Bank Holiday – holiday was B.S. by the time he came to office 5000 banks had failed. 47 of 48 states had declared bank holidays which stopped most, or all bank holidays. Said will give inspectors to review if banks are solvent. Only banks that passed inspection would be allowed to re-open. Banks closed for about 10 days and then reopened. Most weren’t actually investigated. But when they were reopened people’s confidence was restored. People put money back into banks. |
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| WPA (Works Progress Administration) 1935: promoted economic relief and reform: paved streets, built highways and airports, airfields, helped to extend electricity to rural areas, also gave work to writers to promote American culture (John Steinbeck and Richard Wright) post offices, restored forests. Recorded the last interviews with American slaves. |
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| Wagner Act 1935: guaranteed workers the right to unionize and the right to collectively bargain with management, thus the federal government recognized and protected labor unions |
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| Social Security Act 1935: created a cooperative federal-state system to provide unemployment compensation and old age insurance, in short, workers who paid taxes out of their wages would receive benefits upon retirement at age 65 – drafted at the university of Wisconsin. |
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| Roosevelt coalition changed American politics: it included small farmers, blacks, urban political bosses, ethnic workers, Jewish Americans, and intellectuals - lasted through Nixon era |
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Keynesian Economics
-John Maynard Keynes was an economist who rejected classical economics and the notion of the free market and claimed there was a direct correlation between government spending and the welfare of the private sector
-Advocated vast government spending in times of recession including deficit spending, and once the economy had recovered then spending could be curtailed |
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| Lasting Impacts of the new deal |
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Definition
Lasting Impacts of the New Deal – transformed American society and altered relationship between government and big business. ***many Americans expected federal government to play vital role in nation’s social welfare.
-Federal government should play a role in the nation’s social welfare
-The corporate state: Big Labor and Big Government |
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| Idea of being uninvolved with other countries affairs. |
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| ***Japanese people rounded up and put into camps as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. |
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Nine Effects of the War on America ***
1. Liberals and Reformers gave priority to military spending over social and economic reforms – congress rolled back legislative reform during war. Factories increased working day to boost production. Govt didn’t go after corporations. Corps ignored laws regulating employment of women and children. Number of high school drop outs increased during war.
February 1942 US forced relocation of ALL west coast Japanese Americans and established “internment camps.” There were 10 camps, AZ, CA etc. closed camps in 1944. “a jap is a jap no matter if he is an American citizen or not” American General.
2. Allowed for the abolishment of some New Deal Programs – congress cut funding to some programs due to war, and backlash against FDR.
3. Rise in the Federal Deficit – war costs escalated, so did deficit. Social expenditures plummeted. US ignored social programs and moved towards greater military spending.
4. Poverty and Indifference to poverty increased – due to elimination of some new deal programs poverty increased.
5. Changes to Federal bureaucracy
6. Increase in the power of the federal government and presidency – at end of war president and advisors drove changes more than congress.
7. Military Industrial Complex – ***very important*** defines American society! It is relationship between big business and military expenditures on defense.
8. Corporate State – WWII solidified strength of organized labor. Corp state, big business, big labor, and big govt.
9. More Urban and Technological Society - govt expanded role in R&D. construction of atomic bomb. Spent ton of money to become technologically advanced military power. |
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| Dropped atomic bombs killing 40-50,000 i think. small in numbers compared to the number killed in the fire bombing campaigns that preceded the atomic attack. |
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Move to the Right – in 40’s there was already a spirit of conservatism.
-Tried to continue some of FDR’s policies, such as: ***
1. Raising the minimum wage from $0.40 to $0.65
2. Extending and expanding Social Security coverage
3. Clearing slums and offering a national housing plan
4. A national health insurance plan
-Failed to achieve any of these goals
-***Conservative Coalition in congress: Southern Democrats and Northern Republicans – came together against policies they felt were too far to the left. |
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Term
| 1946 congressional election |
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Definition
| HAD ENOUGH? Republicans won control of Senate and House for first time since 1928 |
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Term
| 1948 presidential election |
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Definition
| Truman vs. Dewey. Also new party called Dixiecrats and the Progressive Party. Truman won but chicago tribune printed papers declaring dewey the victor prematurely. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are southerners who are upset with democratic party because they thought the democrats supported civil rights and integration. Hubert Humphrey gave speech about civil rights as platform for democratic party. Dixiecrats said they would rather die than support that. |
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Definition
The Fair Deal included six reforms:***
1.New civil rights legislation
2. Federal housing programs
3. Unemployment insurance benefits
4. New tax cuts for the poor
5. Federal funding for education
6. A federal health care and health insurance program
ultimately the fair deal was a failure |
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Definition
| . What to do with returning soldiers: GI Bill – after WWI there was an economic crisis after the war because they didn’t know what to do with returning soldiers. Congress passed the service mans readjustment act or GI bill. Committed billions of economic support for education and housing benefits. |
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Definition
Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 – four main components.
1. Prohibited secondary sympathy strikes. Means: if the police went on strike, firemen couldn’t go on strike to support them.
2. Prohibited political contributions by unions.
3. Gave president power to impose cooling period to avert strikes. |
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Term
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Definition
The Trial of Alger Hiss, 1948-1950*** HUAAC investigation
-Hiss had been a New Dealer and part of FDR’s administration and was serving at the time of his trial as the president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace – hiss was Harvard educated, nerdy, intellectual looking.
-Accused of being a traitor by Whittaker Chambers who claimed to know that Hiss had spied for the Soviet Union – accused of spying for S.U. during the 30’s while he worked for government. Hiss claimed that they had worked for the same spy agency and because Hiss had given him documents.
-***A young Californian politician (Richard Nixon) took up the case and took members of the press to a Pumpkin field where they found secret documents, which supposedly proved Hiss was a spy
-Hiss was eventually sentenced to jail (after second trial. Sentenced to 5 years in prison.), but always maintained he had been innocent
-In 1992, a Russian General stated that Hiss had never been a spy |
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Definition
House Un-American Activities Committee (founded 1938) to investigate Communists and Fascists – what the really ended up doing after WWII was communists. It also meant going after people they considered too far to the left. Labor leaders/unions. They investigated people they thought were communist sympathizers.
-After war it investigated left-wing Americans who might have been Communists
-Investigated Hollywood and Ronald Reagan – SAID LEFT-WING ACTORS AND DIRECTORS THAT WERE pro-communist.
-Did not uncover systematic Communist subversion – those questioned during hearing were in the mind of studio executives guilty and were blacklisted in Hollywood and were not allowed to perform in movies. |
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Definition
President Truman ordered the Justice Department to draw up a list of subversives in the government
-Truman’s loyalty program allowed him to fire anyone who he believed to be disloyal (translation: if a person was a Communist) – US was supposed to be about freedom of choice of speech, and political affiliation. This program basically undermined that. |
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Term
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Definition
Joseph McCarthy, Republican Senator from Wisconsin
-Whipped up anti-Communist sentiments
-In 1950, he gave a speech and claimed that he had a list of over 200 communists in State Department, no one actually ever saw the list, but they believed him anyway
-Gave more speeches in which the number of Communists seemed to change each time – called himself “tail gunner joe” elected 1946
-Called the Secretary of State Dean Acheson, “Red Dean”
-McCarthy even attacked General George Marshall and 1952 Democratic Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson
-Many Americans believed McCarthy for various reasons including the US inability to win the Korean War ¬– people believed we were losing the war because there were generals who were communist sympathizers. |
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Term
| Supporters of McCarthyism |
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Definition
Supporters of McCarthyism: Republicans, Some Catholics, Conservative Protestants, blue-collar workers – prominent supporter joseph kennedy.
-The Fall of McCarthy in 1954 because he accused the US Army of supporting Communism – TV broadcasts allowed people to see the senator as a blustering bully and his investigations as little more than a misguided scam. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adlai Stevenson, a governor of Illinois and an intellectual, lost to Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1947. Truman appeared before congress and set forth what would be known as Truman doctrine. Asked for $500,000,000 in aid to help put down communist uprisings. Justified involvement in other country’s affairs by saying it is our responsibility, and the right to intervene to prevent the spread of communism. |
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Term
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Definition
Climate of political and social conformity
-Indiana anti-Communists accused Robin Hood of being a Communist and had local libraries pull the books from shelves!
-Redlegs and Russian Sable and Miss Loyalty
-***Supporters of McCarthyism: Republicans, Some Catholics, Conservative Protestants, blue-collar workers – prominent supporter joseph kennedy.
-The Fall of McCarthy in 1954 because he accused the US Army of supporting Communism – TV broadcasts allowed people to see the senator as a blustering bully and his investigations as little more than a misguided scam. |
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Definition
| Theory that if one asian country became communist that surrounding countries would as well. |
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Definition
1947 Mr. X (George Kennan): The Soviet Union’s history has been one of hostile neighbors and the need for a buffer zone; the US has a duty to confront the USSR; the United States must pursue a policy of containment – published article making 3 important point that would dictate us foreign policy for 40 years. He argues first: the history of Russia has been one of hostile neighbors and constant fear of attack inevitable that Russia…need for a buffer zone. Soviet union would be willing to instigate to provide buffer. 2: US had duty to confront soviet unions aggression with counter-force. 3: US must maintain policy of containment. Contain communism to where it was at that point.
-Problems of Containment: When is it required? What is Communist Interference as opposed to a popular revolution? Gave the President more power. Because of urgency of containing communism it gave the president power to act immediately. Pres. No longer had to get congressional approval to declare war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marshall Plan***, 1947, a massive economic commitment to rebuild war-torn nations of Western Europe – marshall made speech at Harvard saying US should make huge economic contribution to fix other countries to restore confidence of European people. Wanted to promote open market. Marshall predicted that this would put us in a place of success and power. |
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Term
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Definition
| Berlin Airlift:*** Berlin divided into 4 areas of control after WWII by Americans, Soviets, British, and French; the Soviets cutoff their sector of Berlin and Truman ordered a massive year long airlift of medical supplies, food and clothing to West Berlin |
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Term
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Definition
| NATO –north atlantic treaty organization – system to coordinate defense. Declared an attack on one was the same as an attack on all participating nations. |
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Term
| Chiang Kai Sheik/Chairman Mao |
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Definition
Chiang Kai Sheik (Nationalists) versus Mao Tse-Tung (Communists)
-Victory of Mao in 1949 and mainland China became known as the People’s Republic of China and the nationalists established the Republic of China on the island of Formosa (now known as Taiwan) |
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Term
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Definition
NSC-68: a policy statement drawn up in 1950, saw conflict between the east and west as inevitable and believed that such a conflict threatened all of civilization. NSC-68 advocated an increase in defense spending from 5% of federal budget to 20% - as well as an increase of foreign aid to other countries.
-Remained secret until the 1970s |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea of buying things. big house, white picket fence, 2.5 children dog etc. Material possessions. |
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Term
| Military industrial complex |
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Definition
- Increased military spending in the aftermath of the Korean war and the Chinese civil war.
- Pres. Eisenhower (1953-61): response to economic recession was to allocating more money to defense while FDR had supported public works projects.
- Eisenhower warning of the military industrial complex
- Americans ignored eisenhowers warning
- Great economic expansion of 1950s |
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Term
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Definition
| Kitchen debate – debate between nikita khruschev and vice president Richard Nixon. In 1959 m oscow hosted intl exhibition. US attended exhibition led by Nixon. US delegation wanted to display modernized American kitchen. Nixon and K came face to face and had an argumentover which economy (communism vs. capitalism) was better and would last longer. |
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Term
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Definition
Eisenhower
-Known as Ike
-Served as commander of D-Day
-At the end of WWII, Americans tired of war, Depression, and politics, Ike seemed popular and untainted
-In 1948, both the Democrats and Republicans wanted him to run for their parties, but Ike refused saying Generals must remain above politics, but in 1952 he accepted the Republican nomination for President |
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Term
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Definition
Nixon v. Kennedy
-Nixon was seen as experienced, but also hatchet man in the Hiss case, need for a New Nixon – republicans wanted to create new Nixon. Wanted to soften his image. New Nixon was slightly less menacing than old version.
-Kennedy, young, conservative, took credit for Profiles in Courage, groomed for presidency, fear of his Catholicism – though Kennedy was similar to Nixon. Kennedy took credit for writing a book that his assistants had written.
-JFK defeated Nixon barely, irregularities in voting in Chicago and other places – people thought Kennedy’s father used influence to have ballots stuffed in Chicago in favor of Kennedy. |
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Term
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Definition
Kennedy as President – “baton has been passed to a new generation of American citizens.”
-“The New Frontier,” – sophisticated economics, social welfare, Cold War policies, and Space program
Eight Goals of the New Frontier
1. Increased Federal aid for education
2. Medical care for the Elderly
3. Increase in minimum wage
4. Urban Reforms – built urban housing…ended up being ghettos.
5. Civil Rights???? – knew he needed southern vote for reelection. Was somewhat reserved with civil rights.
6. End Poverty
7. Major tax cuts
8. Cold War goals: increased expenditures and the Cuban Missile Crisis: October 1962 |
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Term
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Definition
| Eisenhower's campaign was summed up as K1C2, which meant Korea first, Communism and Corruption second |
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Term
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Definition
Richard Nixon, who was accused of having a campaign slush fund because a wealthy supporter had supposedly diverted funds into Nixon’s account
-Nixon and the Checker’s Speech in 1952 and the “Republican cloth coat” – salvaged his candidacy. Denied accepting money under the table. Said the only other gift he got was a puppy for his daughter. |
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Term
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Definition
Dynamic Conservatism: Budget Cutting. Government support for big business, return federal functions to state level
-Eisenhower considered himself conservative with money and “liberal when it comes to human beings” |
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Term
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Definition
| kennedy's running mate. assumed presidency when kennedy was assassinated. re-elected in 64 election. |
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Term
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Definition
| LBJ - economic opportunity act of 1964 |
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Term
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Definition
| JFK initially introduced civil rights bil in 1963, bill passed by LBJ in 64 |
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Term
| voting rights act of 1965 |
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Definition
| 15,000 eligible black voters in Selma, Al. only 335 had been allowed to register. Congress passed voting rights act after state police responded to a march on state capital, civil rights worker was killed. act eliminated barriers to blacks voting including literacy test |
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Term
| Non-Violent Protest-Martin Luther King |
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Definition
| nonviolence is an alternative to passive acceptance of oppression and armed struggle against it. . Among the most notable civil disobedience events in the U.S. occurred when Rosa Parks refused to move on the bus when a white man tried to take her seat. This led to theMontgomery Bus Boycott. |
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in 1964 more and more African Americans began disagreeing with nonviolence and integration--stopped “turning the other cheek”
-Malcolm X split in the Civil Rights Movement: between nonviolence advocates and those who supported self-defense—the black panther party |
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1968: found that the country was divided racially and economically, non-whites were disproportionately poor and the commission concluded that poverty caused crime and civil unrest—chronic poverty caused chronic chaos
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Term
| 1964 presidential election |
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Definition
| President Lyndon B. Johnson had come to office less than a year earlier following the assassination of his predecessor, John F. Kennedy, and Johnson had successfully associated himself with Kennedy's popularity. Johnson also successfully painted his opponent, Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, as a right-wing legislator who wanted to abolish the social welfare programs created in the 1930s (such as Social Security). |
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| known as "Mr. Conservative". Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history |
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1930s: NAACP
-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1909
-Civil Rights Strategy: appealed to northern whites and the interests of northern white politicians
-by 1940’s AA were transformed into group who could assert itself without immense consequences
Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination"
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A Philip Randolph
-African American Sleeping Car Porters
-President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
-1941 Proposed March on Washington to end discrimination in employment and the armed forces
upset FDR ---Randolph demanded an end to segregation in the armed forces, government help to end discrimination and segregation in all American jobs
-FDR refused BUT he did issue Executive Order 8802, which created the Fair Employment Practices Committee. FDR’s order stated that the government would not discriminate based on race, color or national origin
-The FEPC accomplished little
-FDR “I don’t think quite frankly that we can bring about the millennium just yet”
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Definition
| Executive Order 8802, which created the Fair Employment Practices Committee. |
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Term
| -Brown v. Board of Education 1954 |
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Definition
--parents of little girl sued school board in Topeka Kansas—wanted to have girl admitted into white school—unanimous decision “separate but equal does not fly in education”
-Eisenhower was against this decision, but enforced the law—incident in Little Rock Arkansas—law was enforced
-“I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with a law”
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Southern Resistance--felt like their way of life was under attack
-Southern Manifesto of 1956—southern congressman signed southern manifesto-- “resist northern incursions into their way of life”
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Term
| Central High School, Arkansas, 1957 |
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Definition
supposed to admit 9 AA students—southern governor organized national guard and said that he wouldn’t allow desegregation
-Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce desegregation
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Term
| Silent Majority/Social Issue |
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Definition
-Nixon stood for law and order—nixon came up with term—he spoke for ”silent majority”
-Silent Majority and the Social Issue(nixons plan):
1. Fear of Crime
2. Fear of social violence
3. Fear of drug abuse
4. Sexual permissiveness
5. Concern about disdain for patriotism
6. Racial Tensions—nixon exploited this topic
7. Law and Order
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Definition
The Nixon Years
Introduction:
-Loss in 1962 Election in California for gov—seemed to give up
-1968 Nixon wins Presidency
1968 Election—LBJ looked sick and tired on TV during campaign—doesn’t want to run again
-robert kennedy looked to win democratic candidacy—wins part of process in Cali
-robert kennedy shot in Cali
-hubert Humphrey takes democratic slot
-Vietnam, racial problems, social unrest
Nixon looked led better campaign |
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Term
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Definition
George Wallace and the American Independence Party
-Governor of Alabama
-Segregation and racism—“segregation in the past, now and forever!!”---attacked hippies and progressives
-ran in 68 election with Curtis lemay—the way to end the war was to “bomb N Vietnam back to stone age”
-Democratic Candidates: Hubert Humphrey and RFK
-Very Close election—nixon won, left was not energized by humphry—dems were fragmented
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Definition
| Ran in 1968 election as VP to George Wallace -independant party against nixon and humphry --way to end the war was to “bomb N Vietnam back to stone age” |
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Term
| Emerging Republican Party, 1972 Election |
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Definition
The Emerging Republican Party
-Nixon Coalition: urban ethnic voters, blue collar workers, southern and suburban whites
-In order to build this coalition, Nixon appealed to the fears of blue collar workers, exploit social issues of importance to Catholic voters (sexual permissiveness), oppose forced integration
Nixon:
-Somewhat liberal on economy
-Patriotic moderate: aid to parochial schools, anti-abortion, opposition to pornography
-Nixon on race: opposed forced integration, “open society”-but not integration, called for a stop to busing, right wing court appointments
-Democrats in Decline
-1972 Election
-George McGovern (dem candidate)—outspoken peace activist and how the Republican party painted him as a crazy left winger. “mcgovern stands for 3 a’s amnesty abortion and acid”
-Nixon now has powerful mandate
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Term
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Getting out of Vietnam
-The secret plan—withdraw forces slowly, train South
-Bombing Cambodia—escalating war, draft
-Kent State, 1970—protest-troops shot students killed 4, some weren’t involved
Nixon and Foreign Policy
-Vietnam--withdrew
-Détente—police that meant to ease tensions between US and Soviets
-Five Policeman Concept: USSR, USA, Western Europe, China, Japan (maintain global balance)
-Opening up to China—opens relations with china- build our relationship
-Nixon and the USSR—agreed to some missile limitation
Watergate—hotel in DC democratic HQ
-Break in
-Enemies List
-Pentagon Papers—classified study of Vietnam war—released copies to press, Nixon tried to stop.
-The End of Nixon—resigned before impeachments
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Term
| Declining Democratic Party |
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Definition
-Democrats in Decline
-1972 Election
-George McGovern (dem candidate)—outspoken peace activist ---the Republican party painted him as a crazy left winger. “mcgovern stands for 3 a’s amnesty abortion and acid”
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Term
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Definition
| five men being caught breaking into Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an FBI informant known as "Deep Throat" to link the men to the Nixon White House |
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| n May 4, 1970 when an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during an anti-war protest on campus, killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called into Kent after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including the rioting of downtown Kent and the burning of the ROTC building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War |
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Definition
-Vietnam--withdrew
-Détente—police that meant to ease tensions between US and Soviets
-Five Policeman Concept: USSR, USA, Western Europe, China, Japan (maintain global balance)
-Opening up to China—opens relations with china- build our relationship
-Nixon and the USSR—agreed to some missile limitation
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| USSR, USA, Western Europe, China, Japan (maintain global balance) |
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| nixons chief of staff – major hatchet man--did nixons dirty work |
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| - special assistant to nixon and deeply involved in watergate |
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– classified documents that were leaked to the press.
classified studies of Vietnam war |
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