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| a prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age |
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| a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others |
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| a form of intelligence that involves such mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, and information processing, as well as verbal and logical skills |
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| a term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reducedd sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass. (also called male menopause) |
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| an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often overexercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal. |
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| A proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis; the the second stage of the process of dialetical thinking. |
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| petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing |
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| the five basic culsters of personality traits that reamain quite stable throughout adulthood. Openness, conscientioiusness, extroversion, agreeableness, and nueroticism |
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| a person's idea of how his or her body looks |
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| an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging. Usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives |
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| disease that involves the heart and the circulatory system |
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| a person who has lived 100 years or more |
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| any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved |
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| feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that lasts 2 weeks or more |
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| a group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders |
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| several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time |
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| an arrangement in which a couple live together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married |
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| a form of intelligence that involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative |
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| cross-sequential research |
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| a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach) and then follow those groups over the years ( a longitudinal approach) (also called cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research) |
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| A larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends |
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| The most common cause of demintia, characterized by gradual deteriorationof memory and personality marked by the formation of plaques of beta-anyloid protien and tangles of tau in the brain. |
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| Apprenticeship in thinking |
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| Vygotsky's term for how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by older and more skilled members of society |
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| A living arrangement for elderly people by older and more skilled members of society |
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| Those types of intelectual ability that reflet accumulated learning. Vocabulary and general information are examples. |
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| Irreversable loss os intelectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or desease. Dementia becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the old. |
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| Destructive peer support in which one person shows anothers how to rebel against authority or social norms |
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| The most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the abilityto consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaniously and thus to arrive at a synthesis |
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| difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, mental, or emotional condition |
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| The particular lifestyle and social context that adults settle into because it is compatibla with their individual personality needs and interests |
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| A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repitition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech |
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| The time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives |
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| Extrinsic rewards of work |
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| The tangible benefits, usually in the form of compensation that one recieves for doing a job (salary, health insurance, pension ect) |
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| The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity |
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| those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as short term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking are all usually considered part of this. |
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| Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis |
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| formal operational thought |
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| In piagets's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systemic logical thinking and by the ability to understandand systematically manipulate abstract concepts |
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| Differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by the culture |
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| A person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female |
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| The idea of (g) assumes that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities. According to this concept, people have varying levels of this general ability |
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| The medical specialty devoted to aging |
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| The multidisiplinary study of old age |
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| Defined by developmentalists as marriage between individuals who tend to be dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and logical origin |
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| The adjustment of all the body's system to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium. As the body ages, it takes longer for these homeostatic adjustments to occur, so it becomes harder for older bodies to adapt to stress |
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| Defines by developmentalists as marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, SES, religon, ethnic background, and local origin |
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| An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed vis the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function |
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| Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans |
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| Identity versus role confusion |
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| Erikson;s term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out " who am i? but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt |
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| The other people who, in an adolescents egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her apperance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenages very self- conscious |
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| Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations |
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| Intimacy versus isolation |
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| The sixth of erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commentment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation |
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| Intrinsic rewards of work |
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| The intangible gratification that come from within oneself as a result of doing a job. ( job satisfication, self-esteem, pride, ect) |
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| An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannotbe overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving |
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| A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members |
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| A girls first menstral period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche |
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| The time in middle age, usually around 50, when a women's menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. Stricktly speaking, menopause is dated one year after a womens last menstrualperiod, although many months before and after that date are menopausal |
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| A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actuallyhad more to do with developmental history than with chronological age. |
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| An adoloscent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example |
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| DISEASE. As a measure of health, morbidity usually refers to the rate of diseases in a given population- physical and emotional, acute (sudden) and chronic (ongoing). |
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| DEATH. As a measure of health, mortality usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population |
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| Thinking that is not influenced by the thinker's personal qualities but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid |
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| The capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability |
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| Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where and with whom. |
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| Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority |
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| A proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following piaget's four stages that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexable and more dialectical |
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| The itellectual skills used in everyday problem solving |
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| Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand usually with words. Most explicit memory involves consciously learned words,data and concepts |
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| The universal and irreversable physical changes that occur ro all living creaters as they grow older |
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| Primary sex characteristics |
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| The parts that change the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis |
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| The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity |
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| The generation of middle aged people who are supposedly "squeezed" by the needs of the younger and older members of their families. Inreality some adults do feel pressuredby these obligations, but most are not burdened by them, either because they choose to take on only some of them or none of them. |
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| A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner- in a natural setting, in a labortory, or in searches of archival data |
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| The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person |
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| Secondary sex characteristics |
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| Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a women's breast |
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| Someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful |
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| The process of aging, whereby the body becoms less strong and effcient |
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| A particular body weight that an individual's homeostatic proccesses strive to maintain |
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| A term that refers to wheather a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes |
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| Sexually transmitted infection (STI) |
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| A disease spread by sexual contact, including syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV |
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| The similarity of a couple's leisure interests and role preferences |
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| Socioeconomic status (SES) |
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| A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence |
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| A boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep or via direct stimulation |
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| The possibility that one's apperance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes |
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| A new idea that intergrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth; The third stage of the process of dialectical thinking |
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| Thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions, and goals for the future |
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| Agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death |
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| Thinking about suicide, usually with some emotional and intelectual or cognitive overtones |
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| A measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic- physically, intellectually, and socially- an individual actuall feels |
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| Eriksons psychosocial crisis. Infants learn basic trust is their basic needs are met ( food, comfort, attention, and so on). |
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| A proposition or statement of belief; the first stage of the process of dialectical thinking |
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| A consistent definition of ones self as a uniques individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations |
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| Identity versus diffusion |
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| Erikson's term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tried to figure out "who am i?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt |
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| A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is |
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| An on going, active process where by adolescents select friends on the basis of shared interests and values |
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| The standard of behavior within a given society or culture, based more on how people should behave than on how they actually should behave than on how they actually behave |
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| The view that social behavior is a process of exchange aimed at maximizing the benifits one recieves and minimizing the costs one pays |
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| Refers to the idea that the stages of life& the behaviors "appropriate" to them, are set by social standards rather than by biological maturation |
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| A tendency for men and women to become more similar as they move through middle age |
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| A situation in which a person's performance of ones task is impeded by interference from the simultaneous performance of another task |
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