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| issues that people believe require governmental action |
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| distributed costs/distributed benefits |
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concentrated costs/concentrated costs |
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| concentrated benefits/distributed costs |
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| distributed benefits/concentrated costs |
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a legislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support of his or hers |
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| writing that falsely injures another person |
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| Untrue spoken statements that defame the character of a person |
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When society looks to President to help them during times of war or terrorism or crisis |
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They tried to limit the Presidents power to send troops abroad |
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- “equal protection clause”
a. Reasonableness standard – different treatment must be reasonable and not arbitrary
b. Strict scrutiny |
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| targeting a person based on their race (law enforcement and airport security |
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| programs designed to increase minority participation |
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| using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people |
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| giving people an equal chance to succeed |
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| Institutions with increasing effect on political agenda (3) |
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| the courts, Senate, and the bureaucracy |
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Forces that effect the legitimacy of political agenda (4) |
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(1.) Shared political beliefs
(2.) The weight and custom of tradition
(3.) The impact of events
(4.) Changes in the way elites think and talk about politics |
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| Reasons economic power dominates political power (3) |
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1. Wealth can buy influence
2. Politicians and business leaders have similar beliefs
3. Elected officials must defer to business leaders to keep the economy healthy |
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Reasons why liberties become a major issue (3) |
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I. There may be rights in conflict
II. Passions may be inflamed by policy entrepreneur
III. Political culture contains principles that conflict with one another |
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-- an act that conveys a political message
a. burning/ (Texas v. Johnson, 1989)/ Burning your draft card |
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| National Security Council |
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- created by statue
a. By law: President, Vice-President, Sec. of State, & Defense
b. By custom: Director of National Intelligence (Clapper), Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff (Martin Demcy), & Attorney General (Eric Holder) |
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Two Reasons for Expansion of U.S. Foreign Policy |
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a. President put foreign policy at the top of the political agenda
b. Policy shaped by different agencies |
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Importance of 9/11 for U.S. Foreign Policy (6 Questions) |
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1. How can America wage war in remote nations that harbor terrorists?
2. If terrorists are sheltered or supported by nations that are otherwise friendly to the U.S., what should we do about these countries?
3. Should the U.S. allow other nations to wage war against terrorists or should we try to mediate?
4. How can the military be designed to fight small, long lasting wars against terrorists?
5. Do we support any nation that goes along with us, or only the ones that relatively free and democratic?
6. Are we the world’s policeman? |
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*Change in warfare after fall of communism and 9/11 |
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· Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Sept. 11th attacks the U.S. is no longer fighting an ideology or nation, it is fighting small entities all over the world. [Bipolar (U.S. and China in power) and Unipolar (Only U.S. in power)] |
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when security was strengthened against society: bugged phones/cellphones/computer…etc. |
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| Wall of Separation Principle and Three Part Test (Lemon Test) |
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– court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion.
a. Engle v. Vitale (1962)
b. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) [Three part test]
i. It has a secular purpose
ii. Primary effect neither advances nor inhibits religion
iii. Does not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion |
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Free Exercise and Establishment clauses |
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· Free exercise clause – Law cannot prevent free exercise of religion
· Establishment clause – ban on laws “respecting an establishment of religion” |
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Two parts to the First Amendment |
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· Freedom of expression & freedom of religion
· Freedom from prior restraint (Censorship) |
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| Test of Restrictions on Expression (3) |
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1. Imminent Danger
2. Neutrality
3. Clarity |
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| Standards for equal protection (2) |
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1. Reasonableness standard – different treatment must be reasonable and not arbitrary
2. Strict scrutiny |
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- a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys, extending the identical requirement made on the federal government under the Sixth Amendment. |
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- a decision of the United States Supreme Court holding that the practice of requiring only men to register for the draft was constitutional. |
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| a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion. Decided simultaneously with a companion case, Doe v. Bolton, the Court ruled 7-2 that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests in regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting women's health. |
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Planned Parenthood v. Casey |
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| a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state regulations regarding abortion were challenged. The Court's plurality opinion upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion and altered the standards for analyzing restrictions of that right, invalidating one regulation but upholding the other four. |
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| University of Cal. Regents v. Bakke |
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- a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that ruled unconstitutional the admission process of the Medical School at the University of California at Davis, which set aside 16 of the 100 seats for "Blacks," "Chicanos," "Asians," and "American Indians" (and established a separate admissions process for those 16 spaces). |
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| Grutter v. Bollinger (Gratz) |
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a United States Supreme Court case regarding the University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action admissions policy.
"ensures that the diversity contributions of applicants cannot be individually assessed" and was therefore unconstitutional. |
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Brown v. Board of Education |
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a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. |
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| a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."[1] |
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg… |
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- an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools. |
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| a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which passed 5-4. The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them. |
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- a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. The case was decided a year after the court held in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) that indigent criminal defendants had a right to be provided counsel at trial. |
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| a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well, as had previously been the law, as in federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts. |
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| a landmark United States Supreme Court case that determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools. |
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- a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case established the "clear and present danger" test, which lasted until 1969 when protection for speech was raised in Brandenburg v. Ohio to "Imminent lawless action". |
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| a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states. |
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| part of the Bill of Rights which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrantto be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. |
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| is part of the Bill of Rights, protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure. |
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| the National Security Advisor in the Obama Administration |
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| is the 18th and currentChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. |
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| is the current Acting Director of theCentral Intelligence Agency |
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| is the 67thUnited States Secretary of State |
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| the 82nd and current Attorney General of theUnited States and the first African American to hold the position |
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| the 23rd and currentUnited States Secretary of Defense |
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| the third and incumbent United States Secretary of Homeland Security |
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| a "separate but equal" status forAfrican Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided forwhite Americans |
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| Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. |
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| He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one-man-one vote" rules of apportionment. |
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| It is the home of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, which is governed by the United States. |
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