Term
| Gastrulation: -Cell division creates first a ___ sheet of cells which then divides into 3 layers called the ___ layers -The outer skin layer, ___ system, ____ sense organs arise from ectoderm -The ___ system, circulatory, ___, and ___ arise from mesoderm -The ___ canal and ___ organs arise from endoderm -as layers come together they form a ___; starts to see a ___ and a ___. -Germ layers come together at the __ weeks point -At 2 weeks the embryo is a ___ inch long -seeing the first evidence of the ___ system |
|
Definition
| single; germ; nervous; peripheral; skeletal; kidneys; reproductive; digestive; respiratory; midline; front and back; 2; quarter; nervous |
|
|
Term
| During gastrulation, cell movements result in a massive ___ of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the ___, into a ___-___ organism. During gastrulation, many of the cells at or near the surface of the embryo move to a ___, more ___ location. |
|
Definition
| reorganization; blastula; multi-layered; new; interior |
|
|
Term
| By the end of the second week the ___ ___ ___, consisting of the hypoblast and epiblast, form. Throughout the 3rd week of development this bilaminar disk differentiates to establish __ primary germ layers in a process known as gastrulation. Around 15 days after fertilization a thickened structure forms along the midline in the epiblast near the caudal end of the bilaminar embryonic disk, this is called the ___ ___. At this stage the formation of the primitive streak defines the major body ___ of the embryo including the cranial end towards the ___ and caudal ends towards the ___. As well as the ___ and ___ sides of the embryo. At the cranial end of the embryonic disk, the primitive streak expands to create a ___ ___ which contains a circular depression known as a ___ ___. This depression continues along the midline of the epiblast towards the caudal end of the streak forming a ___ ___. Once formed, cells of the epiblast migrate ___ towards the streak, detach from the epiblast and slip ___ it into the ___ of the embryo. This process is known as ___. The first cells to invaginate through the primitive groove invade the hypoblast and ___ it's cells. The hypoblast cells are eventually completely replaced by a new proximal cell layer which is referred to as the ___ ___ layer. By day __ the majority of the hypoblast has been replaced. The remaining cells of the epiblast are referred to as the ___ and forms the most exterior, distal layer. Some of the invaginated epiblast cells remain in the space between the ectoderm and the definitive endoderm. These cells form a germ layer known as the ___. Once the formation of the definitive endoderm and mesoderm are complete epiblast cells no longer migrate towards the ___ ___. Throughout gastrulation the ___ continues to form from the cranial end to the caudal end of the embryo establishing 3 distinct germ layers throughout the whole embryonic disk. |
|
Definition
| bilaminar embryonic disc; 3; primitive streak; axes; head; tail; left; right; primitive node; primitive pit; primitive groove; inwards; beneath; interior; invagination; displace; definitive endoderm; 16; ectoderm; mesoderm; primitive streak; ectoderm |
|
|
Term
Development of central nervous system:
-when neural tube separates into subsections you can see evidence of ___ structures; ___ sensory structures to be in evidence
-___ ___ forms distinct substructures of neural system; divided into front, middle, and back
-These 3 substructures give rise to entire ___ ___
-Divide into ___, ___, and ___
-The telencephalon forms the ___ ___
-The diencephalon forms the ___
-The mesencephalon forms the ___
-the diencephalon becomes the ___ eventually
-The telencephalon becomes the ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| auditory; first; neural tube; nervous system; diencephalon, mesencephalon, and telencephalon; cerebral vesicles; forebrain; midbrain; thalamus; cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| See the ___ ___ first in the development of the ear; one of the ___ ___ of any kind |
|
Definition
| inner ear; first structures |
|
|
Term
| Defined as thickening of tissue; collumns of epidermal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defined as a structure that starts to sink into the head of the embryo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defined as a structure at the End of the 4th week when the pit disappears from external surface of embryo and creates a water bag-bubble of fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Start to see evidence of the inner ear between ___ and ___ days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are otic placodes visible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Week 3.5-Placodes invaginate, become ___ ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Week 4-Edges of placodes fuse to form ___, elongates to form ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| otocyst; endolymphatic sac |
|
|
Term
| Week 4.5-Portion of otocyst at endolymphatic sac visible as ___ ___; other elongated portion of otocyst is future ___; can differentiate ___ ganglion and ___ ganglion |
|
Definition
| vestibular labyrinth; cochlea; spiral ganglion; vestibular |
|
|
Term
| When does the cochlea begins to elongate and curl and form Organ of Corti (not complete until mid-fetal period) cochlear ganglion neurons grow into this structure and contact future IHC and OHC (continues into 7th week) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Also in week 5:
cochlear ganglion neurons grow into this structure and contact future ___ and ___ (continues into 7th week) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Week 6:
3 arch-like outpocketings visible – future ___ ___; ___ and ___ visible as defined separate areas |
|
Definition
| semicircular canals; utricle; sacule |
|
|
Term
Week 7:
___ end organs appear as localized thickenings of epithelium in utricle and sacule; these will differentiate into sensory cells and supporting cells through ~ week __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Also in week 7:
-evidence of ___ ___
-___ and ___ look recognizable
-___ cochlea and recognizable ___ ___
-Recognize individuals cells of the ___ ___ ___ and neuronal ___
-End of week 7 there is generally __ full coil of cochlea |
|
Definition
| outer ear; eyes; head; Coiling; semicircular canals; organ of corti; branching; 1 |
|
|
Term
| What begins to form in week 9? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are 2.5 turns complete in the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are the hair cells apparent at the basal turn of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hensen's cells are apparent at week ___ and pillar cells are apparent at week ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the otic capsule begins to ossify and form bony labyrinth? When is it complete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Week 18-Tunnel of Corti ___ upward from base; first possible “___”; continues to open upward from base through week ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the cochlea adult sized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weeks 19-23-organ of corti completes its opening so there is potential for fetus to hear ___ frequencies, not just ___ frequencies at the base; by end of week ___ cochlea is complete and adult sized; no other ___ organ is finished this early; at the same time that the membraneous cochlea forms the ___ around the cochlea also forms and deposit around membranous labyrinth-within a ___ or __ after cochlea forms |
|
Definition
| all; high; 23; sensory; bone; week or 2 |
|
|
Term
-___ ___ don't finish at the same time as the cochlea-vestibular organs started ___ than the cochlea and will finish ___ than the cochlea
-___ is more likely to be affected in utero than the vestibular system because vestibular organs start earlier |
|
Definition
| semicircular canals; earlier; later; Hearing |
|
|
Term
| When otic pit becomes otic ___ is when you can see evidence of ME. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A series of five paired swellings that surround the embryonic foregut from day 20 to day 35 of development. |
|
Definition
| Pharyngeal/branchial arches |
|
|
Term
| Pharyngeal/branchial arches look like ___ on a fish; ridges of tissue that wrap around ___/___ area that forms an arch shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-arches are covered by ___-lined in the inner surface by ___
-Underneath arches are little ___-in fish those open up and become gills but in humans they don't open up although 1 becomes perforated and becomes ___ |
|
Definition
| ectoderm; endoderm; pouches; EAM |
|
|
Term
-First pharyngeal pouch elongates during the late first month/ early second month and is known as the ___ ___-eventually forms the ET and the ME space-lined with endoderm-endodermal cells form ___ membrane later on
-by week __ that tympanic cavity is present and is mostly filled with ___-eventually will be absorbed into the structures of the ME |
|
Definition
| tubotympanic recess; mucus; 8; mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| The ectodermally lined depressions between the pharyngeal arches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A thin membrane, composed of ectoderm and endoderm, formed as the result of a contact between a pharyngeal groove and a corresponding pharyngeal pouch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The endodermally lined depressions between the pharyngeal arches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ectoderm lines the ___ surfaces of the pharyngeal arches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ lines the internal (foregut) surfaces of the pharyngeal arches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ME Development:
Week 30-elongation of ___ ___ is complete-___ ___ is also complete by now-absorption of mesenchyme tissue is complete by ___ or ___ weeks-this space is said to be ___ (filled with air) but this is false-it just means the space is empty of ___-truly becomes pneumatized at ___ when everything drains |
|
Definition
| tympanic recess; ET; 34 or 35; pneumatized; mesenchyme; birth |
|
|
Term
ME Development:
Week 4-Series of ___ ___ ___ apparent on lower head and neck surfaces; together with corresponding pharyngeal pouches beneath form the branchial arches; ___ of lateral-superior edge of first pharyngeal pouch becomes tubotympanic recess |
|
Definition
| five branchial grooves; elongation |
|
|
Term
ME Development:
Week 8-Tympanic cavity present in ___ half of future middle ear; upper half is filled with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the incus and malleus form? |
|
Definition
| Week 8.5 (formed from 1st and 2nd branchial arches-have complete adult-shaped cartilaginous form) |
|
|
Term
| When does the stapes form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does ossification of the incus and malleus begin and end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Other events in week 16 of ME development:
-surrounding ___ loosens and is absorbed into ME cavity membrane
-mucous membrane on walls forms ossicular ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the stapes ossify? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the tympanic cavity proper complete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Week __-Last air cells in temporal bone complete as outpouchings of ME cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the antrum pneumatized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| innervation crosses the nerve line; so the right side sends information to the left side sometimes and vice versa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is decussation important? |
|
Definition
| There are connections between the 2 sides of the brain at several levels of the classical ascending auditory pathways. These connections are important for directional hearing. |
|
|
Term
where does the first decussation of auditory information take
place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dorsal Acoustic Stria:
-crosses midline and synapses with nuclei of the ___; ___ crossover; from ___ CN
-From the CN, fibers cross over to the opposite side in 3 fiber tracts that connect to the central nucleus of the ___ ___ ___. |
|
Definition
| SOC; first; dorsal; contralateral inferior colliculus (ICC) |
|
|
Term
| IAS-Intermediate acoustic stria (stria of held)-Rises from ___ ___ CN-crosses midline to the SOC-primarily ___ pathways (Contralateral) but there are nerve tracts that run ipsilaterally |
|
Definition
| posterior ventral; decussating |
|
|
Term
| Ventral Acoustic Stria (VAS)-rises from ___ ___ CN and crosses midline of brainstem at a structure called the ___ ___-mostly ___; all of these tracts are ___ to each other |
|
Definition
| AV; trapezoid body (TB); contralateral; parallel |
|
|
Term
| Axons from the dorsal acoustic stria synapse at the SOC and become an ascending tract called the ___ ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The auditory cortex extends from the organ of Corti to the ___ ___ where each nerve fiber branches ___ to make contact with neurons in all 3 main divisions of the CN. From the CN, fibers ___ ___ to the opposite side in 3 fiber tracts that connect to the central nucleus of the ___ ___ ___. Fibers from the ICC project to the ___ ___ ___. The fibers from the MGB project to the ___ ___ ___, anterior auditory field (AAF), and posterior auditory field (PAF). |
|
Definition
| CN; twice; cross over; contralateral inferior colliculus (ICC); medial geniculate body (MGB); primary auditory cortex (AI) |
|
|
Term
Cochlear Nucleus:
-___ ___ terminates here
-Is the first ___ ___
-Located in the ___ ___ at the junction between the medulla and the pons
-3 divisions: ??
-Before the AN reaches the CN, each nerve fiber ___ and one of the 2 branches terminates in the ___ ___ CN and the other branch bifurcates again before ___ in the cells of the PVCN and the DCN.
-The fibers that leave the CN project mainly to the ___ ___ __ through the 3 stria
-Some fibers of the AVCN and PVCN don't cross the midline but ascend on the same side to reach the ___ ___. The ventral CN also sees fibers to the facial motor nucleus and the trigeminal motor nucleus as part of the acoustic middle ear ___ |
|
Definition
| auditory nerve; relay nucleus; lower brainstem; dorsal, posterior ventral, and anterior ventral; bifurcates; AVCN; terminating; contralateral inferior colliculus; ipsilateral ICC; reflex |
|
|
Term
| Some of the fibers in the 3 stria are interrupted in the nuclei of the ___. The 3 striae, after crossing to the opposite side and joining with fibers from the cells in the nuclei of the SOC, form the ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| SOC; lateral lemniscus (LL) |
|
|
Term
| a fiber tract that projects to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Superior Olivary Complex (SOC):
-consists of 3 main nuclei: ??
-Nuclei of the SOC, particularly the ___, receive input for the CN of both sides.
-first group of nuclei that integrates info from ___ ___.
-Involved in directional hearing, mainly by comparing ___ ___ of neural activity from the two ears and ___ ___.
-key ___ ___ in lower brainstem
-Involved in ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| Medial (MSO), lateral (LSO), and nucleus of the trapezoid body (NTB); MSO; both ears; arrival time; intensity differences; relay station; acoustic reflex |
|
|
Term
How the SOC is involved in acoustic reflex:
Certain neurons in the SOC are stimulated by ___ sound and then they stimulate neurons down the chain to the nucleus of the ___ nerve which causes the ___ to contract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tonotopicity of SOC:
lower frequencies are represented ___ and higher frequencies are represented ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neural activity in SOC is partially inhibitory and partially excitatory:
-Excitatory-when that structure is stimulated it ___ that stimulation. So B's stimulation of C would increase
-Inhibitory-B's stimulation of C would ___; when stimulated it ___ that stimulation
-There has to be a ___ of the information of both ear but they also have to ___ that information which is where the excitation and inhibition comes into play
-One side is excitatory and inhibited by the ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| increases; decrease; decreases; maintenance; separate; other side |
|
|
Term
Inferior Colliculus (IC):
-located in the ___
-midbrain ___ ___ through which all ascending auditory info is interrupted by synaptic contacts
-The IC is best known for ___. Ex: ___-___ ___-where activation of the vestibular system causes eye movement. This reflex functions to stabilize images on the retinas during head movement by producing eye movements in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field(s)
-___ integrated at this point; some of these neurons don't fire unless they are stimulated ___
-The nuclei are tonotopically organized; high frequencies are found ___ and low is found ___ |
|
Definition
| midbrain; relay nucleus; reflexes; Vestibulo-ocular reflex; binaurally; binaurally; ventrally; dorsally |
|
|
Term
Lateral Lemniscus and its nuclei:
-Most prominent ___ ___ of the classical ascending auditory pathway
-Formed by the ___ ___
-The axons of the LL cross the midline and reach the contralateral ___ ___ where they make connections with cells in the ICC |
|
Definition
| fiber tracts; 3 stria; IC |
|
|
Term
MGB:
-the ___ ___ relay nucleus where all fibers that originate in the ICC are interrupted
-3 divisions: ?? |
|
Definition
| thalamic auditory; ventral, dorsal, and medial |
|
|
Term
MGB:
-is part of the auditory ___ and represents the thalamic relay between the ___ ___ and the ___ ___.
-found on the back (dorsal) side of the ___ (___ on the back of the thalamus)
-maintenance of ___ and ___-ability to detect and maintain attention-may have a hard time listening in ___ ___ environments when the medial geniculate body is inhibited |
|
Definition
| thalamus; inferior colliculus (IC); auditory cortex (AC); thalamus; bump; consciousness; alertness; harder listening |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary brainstem structure responsible for interaural intensity difference? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Detection of intramural intensity differences contributes to our ability to ___ a sound source in the horizontal plane. It is a function of ___ and the difference in the intensity of the sounds that reach the 2 ears also depends on the ___ of the sound
-Neurons that receive ___ input form one ear and ___ input from the other ear are likely to be involved in detecting intramural intensity differences. Such neurons have been found in the SOC, mainly in the ___SO, ___ ___LL, and ___ |
|
Definition
| localize; azimuth; frequency; excitatory; inhibitory; L; DN; ICC |
|
|
Term
Ex-Speaker directly at the left ear:
-Reaching left ear first so it is ___ in the left ear than the right ear
-The strong stimulus and the intensity of the domain is reaching the left ear-excites ___ ___ nucleus of SOC-sound that is ipsilateral is ___-that sound also crosses midline to the excited ___ nucleus of the trapezoid body on the other side and reaches interneurons which are get ___ by the medial nucleus (so inhibits the same structure on the right side that is excited on the right side)
-excites same side but ___ the opposite side
-Net excitation is the same as the inhibition on the other side so they cancel out-the net is the same (when at the ___)
-In this case there will be more excitation on the ___ side than inhibition-___ excitation is different on the left side than the net excitation on the right side
-___ ___ is able to interpret the difference in those neurons as the difference of location
-Both sides receive excitation and inhibition, just at different ___ depending on where the sound is coming from
-When the relative loudness is at 0, then the inhibition and excitation will be the ___ on both sides
-___ SOC is the main structure in this and the ___ nucleus helps |
|
Definition
| louder; left lateral; excitatory; medial; inhibited; inhibits; midline; left; net; Auditory cortex; levels; same; Lateral; medial |
|
|
Term
-Interaural intensity difference is most efficient for ___-frequency sounds
-low-frequency sounds are attenuated ___ by the head
-It's easy for a low frequency sound to be ___
-Works to some degree for all sounds but better for ___ frequencies
-Higher frequencies are better ___ by the head
-High frequencies are considered ___ Hz and above |
|
Definition
| high; less; obstructed; higher; attenuated; 3000 |
|
|
Term
Interaural time differences:
-Low-frequency sounds are localized mainly on the basis of the difference in ___ arrive at the ears, while high frequency sounds are localized mainly by the difference ___ of the sound that reaches the 2 ears
-If the sound reaches the left ear first then the sound will travel down the pathway a little ___ than the right side and the brain registers that difference
-The sound reaches the cochlea first and then travels to the ___SO and travels through the different ___ in the MSO until the 2 meet |
|
Definition
| time; intensity; faster; MSO; neurons |
|
|
Term
| The inferior colliculus (IC) is located in the___ just ___ of the superior colliculus (SC). The IC is the ___ ___ through which all ascending auditory information is interrupted by synaptic contacts. The IC consists of the ___ nucleus (ICC), the ___ nucleus (ICX) and the ___ ___ of the IC (DC) |
|
Definition
| midbrain; caudal; midbrain nucleus; central; external; dorsal cortex |
|
|
Term
-The inferior colliculus receives input from several ___ ___ nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex
-___ ___ data becomes fully integrated by the inferior colliculus. |
|
Definition
| peripheral brainstem; sound location |
|
|
Term
-The input connections to the inferior colliculus are composed of many ___ ___. All nuclei except the contralateral ___ nucleus of the lateral lemniscus send projections to the central nucleus (CNIC) bilaterally.
-The ___ ___ carries auditory afferent fibers from the inferior colliculus of the mesencephalon to the medial geniculate nucleus |
|
Definition
| brainstem nuclei; ventral; inferior brachium |
|
|
Term
-The inferior colliculus receives input from both the ipsilateral and contralateral ___ ___ and respectively the corresponding ears. There is some ___, the dorsal projections (containing vertical data) only project to the contralateral inferior colliculus. This inferior colliculus ___ to the ear it is receiving the most information from, then projects to its ipsilateral ____ ___ ___
-The ___ ___ ___ is the output connection from inferior colliculus and the last subcortical way station. The MGB is composed of ___, ___, and ___ divisions, which are relatively similar in humans and other mammals. The ___ division receives auditory signals from the central nucleus of the IC |
|
Definition
| cochlear nucleus; lateralization; contralateral; medial geniculate nucleus; medial geniculate body (MGB); ventral, dorsal, and medial; ventral |
|
|
Term
-The majority of the ascending fibers from the lateral lemniscus project to ___ ___, which means major ascending auditory pathways converge here. IC appears as an ___ station and ___ as well. It is involved in the integration and routing of multi-modal ___ perception, mainly the ___ response and ___-___ reflex. It is also responsive to specific amplitude modulation ___ and this might be responsible for detection of ___. In addition, spatial ___ by binaural hearing is a related function of IC as well
-Best known for reflexes |
|
Definition
| IC; integrative; switchboard; sensory; startle; vestibulo-ocular; frequencies; pitch; localization |
|
|
Term
| What does ARAS stand for? |
|
Definition
| Ascending Reticular Activating System |
|
|
Term
-The ARAS is a ___ tract containing dozens of different nerve tracts
-Reticular means ___-___
-___ is partially within the reticular formation along with some other structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Most ___ and ___ systems connect to the reticular formation
-Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)-ability to ___ information from multiple sources-sensory as well as sends information to other structures-Tells you whether you need to be at a higher or lower state of ___-keeps you ___ |
|
Definition
| sensory; motor; integrate; arousal; awake |
|
|
Term
-The RAS is composed of several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to the ___. These pathways originate in the upper ___ reticular core and project through synaptic relays in the rostral intralaminar and thalamic nuclei to the ___ ___.
-individuals with bilateral lesions of thalamic intralaminar nuclei are ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
| cortex; brainstem; cerebral cortex; lethargic; somnolent |
|
|
Term
| The ARAS is considered the brain’s ___ center. It is the key for switching on your brain and also considered as the main center of ___. The Reticular activating system is connected to the ___ ___ at its base from where it accepts information which comes from the ascending sensory tracts directly. It travels up to the ___ ___ and while going up forms a complex neuron collection that act as ___ ___ for signals from the interior environment as well as the external surroundings. So, reticular activating system is a place where your ___, ___ ___ and the ___ influences converge. |
|
Definition
| attention; motivation; spinal cord; mid brain; convergence point; thoughts; internal feelings; outside |
|
|
Term
| The ascending RAS is connected to ___ ___, ___, and also the ___ |
|
Definition
| cerebral cortex; hypothalamus; thalamus |
|
|
Term
| The most important function of Reticular activating system is to regulate the shift between ___ and ___. It also plays a vital role during our sleep and when we see ___. It is also responsible for supplying integrated response to the ___ ___. The skill to sluice out information brought out by the external sources and to pin point a ___ ___ with detailed thought is the controlled effect of the reticular activating system. |
|
Definition
| sleep; wakefulness; dreams; outside stimuli; particular fact |
|
|
Term
| Reticular activating system damage can make the patient go to ___. Since it is placed at the ___ of brain, it is more vulnerable to injury or damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Auditory cortex (A1)-can't see the auditory cortex without moving the ___ lobe inferiorly; lies on a structure called the ___ ___; receives point to point input from the ___ |
|
Definition
| temporal; heschl's gyrus; MGB |
|
|
Term
A1:
-Low frequencies are ___ and high frequencies are ___
-Found in the ___ lobe
-___ or superficial structure?
-Brodmann's area ___ corresponds with A1
-found in both, left, or right hemispheres? |
|
Definition
| rostral; caudal; temporal; Deep; 41; both |
|
|
Term
-the primary auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes ___ information in humans and other vertebrates. It is a part of the auditory system, performing ___ and ___ functions in hearing
-Unilateral destruction results in ___ hearing loss, whereas bilateral destruction results in ___ ___. |
|
Definition
| auditory; basic; higher; slight; cortical deafness |
|
|
Term
| The primary auditory cortex receives direct input from the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and thus is thought to identify the fundamental elements of music, such as ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some auditory association structures? |
|
Definition
| Supramarginal gyrus, Left temporal planum/right temporal planum, Angular gyrus, Arcuate fasiculus, wernicke's area, and Broca's area |
|
|
Term
| Supramarginal gyrus-located above ___ ___ in the parietal lobe of the brain-brodmann's area __-involved in language ___ and ___-also involved in ___ |
|
Definition
| lateral fissure; 40; processing; perception; empathy |
|
|
Term
| Left temporal planum/right temporal planum-region passed ___ ___ and before the end of ___ ___-responsible for ___ ___; close to major language processing center-can be (10 times) larger in the ___ hemisphere than the left; good for ___ perception; asymmetry is larger for ___-smaller right side structure. |
|
Definition
| heschyl's gyrus; sylvan fissure; receptive language; right; music; musicians |
|
|
Term
-Angular gyrus-___ to supramarginal gyrus-located in the ___ lobe and ___ lobe-brodmann's area ___-integration of information received by ___-patients who have an impairment will demonstrate ___ problems, ability to maintain ___, the ability to retrieve ___ from memory, the ability to ___ (math abilities), ___ and being able to recognize/organize objects in space. Involved in spatial cognition
-The angular gyrus is the part of the brain associated with ___ ___ functions |
|
Definition
| posterior; temporal; parietal; 39; touch; language; attention; information; calculate; memory; complex language |
|
|
Term
| Fasiculus=___; arcuate=___ shaped; Arcuate fasiculus-bundle of nerves that travel in an arc shape from the ___ area to the ___ area; passes through the ___ and ___ gyri. If either 2 of these gyri are impaired then the arcuate fasiculus might not ___ between the wernicke's and broca's area properly. Starts in the ___ lobe, goes through the ___ lobe, and back to the ___ lobe; involved in ___ ___ of reading and writing; there are different patterns of activity in people who do a lot of reading and writing-enormous amount of neural activity in these areas |
|
Definition
| bundle; arc; broca's; wernicke's; supramarginal; angular; communicate; temporal; parietal; frontal; visual processing |
|
|
Term
| What are the Brodmann's number(s) for Wernicke's area? For Broca's area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connects two halves of the brain together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Corpus Callosum:
-present in only ___
-forms roof of ___ ___
-slightly larger in people who are ___ handed
-brain is most robust in our ___ years. |
|
Definition
| mammals; lateral ventricle; left; teenage |
|
|
Term
Major Divisions of Corpus Callosum:
-___-Executive function-memory-manipulation of information in consciousness
-___-knee of the corpus collosum-carries fibers that connect the insular cortex-smell and taste information
-___-connects structures from the frontal and temporal lobes
-___-Carries auditory information
-___-Rolled bandage; carries visual information from one hemisphere to the other |
|
Definition
| Rostrum; Gene; Truncus; Sulcus; Selenium |
|
|
Term
-The corpus callosum is the largest collection of ___ ___ within the brain, and it has a high myelin content.
-White matter, like the corpus callosum, allows different parts of the brain to ___ with each other. |
|
Definition
| white matter; communicate |
|
|
Term
Two fibers found in the corpus callosum:
-___ fibers-connects same point on each side of the brain
-___ fibers-connects different structures on either side of the brain |
|
Definition
| Homolateral; Heterolateral |
|
|
Term
What we learned from the Mustached bat:
-Tuned to specific frequencies-certain ___ that are responsive to certain ___ of sounds
-We have areas of the auditory cortex that correspond to ___ ___ like specific speech sounds
-If you play the sound in reversed order your brain responds to it ___
-responsive to ___
-we can be trained to be ___ to certain sounds |
|
Definition
| neurons; combinations; specific frequencies; differently; training; responsive |
|
|
Term
What we learned from the owl monkey:
-The auditory cortex was __ times larger in the trained monkeys
-Suggests that there is possibilities of cortical development/plasticity with ___
-Staying mentally, physically, socially, and emotionally active helps the decline in your brain to go ___; ___ ___ also help with this
-Older adults who receive hearing aids usually have better ____ |
|
Definition
| 8; training; slower; hearing aids; cognition |
|
|
Term
Owl Monkeys Ablated Tissue:
-If you took out one A1 then you would still be able to hear but wouldn't be able to ___ the sound
-If you took out both A1, researchers got ___ results-some were deaf some weren't
-Considerable ___ within a single species
-Centers of auditory processing is more ___
-___ element for processing familiar sounds
-auditory association areas are important for processing ___ sounds |
|
Definition
| process; mixed; variability; diffuse; Bilateral; familiar |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies the auditory cortex? |
|
Definition
| Middle Cerebellar Artery (MCA) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 excitatory and 3 inhibitory neurotransmitters in the auditory nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Glutamate, Aspartate, and Acetylcholine (Ach); Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA), Glycine, and Enkephalin |
|
|
Term
-different neurotransmitters are found in different spots; 8th nerve and CN nucleus-___
-SOC-___ and ___; ___ you go the more neurotransmitter action
-___ ___-The minute space between the cell membrane of an axon terminal and of the target cell with which it synapses. Also called synaptic cleft |
|
Definition
| glutamate; GABA and Glycine; higher; synaptic gap |
|
|
Term
-The two macular organs are the ___ and the ___ and give proprioception for linear movement.
-Macula: means ___. The utricle and saccule appear as dark ___ on the wall of the vestibule. |
|
Definition
| utricle; saccule; blemish; spots |
|
|
Term
| Both the utricle and saccule contain an array of vestibular ___ ___ overlaid with a ___ structure and embedded in that gel are tiny ___ ___ crystals. These are called ___ (ear rock) or otoconia (ear dust). These vestibular hair cells in the gel are similar to the ___HC in the tectorial membrane, which only have the tallest cilia in the tectorial membrane, but ___ the vestibular hair cells(type 1, 2, and kinocilia)are in the gel. As we learned, the crawfish crawls along and picks up sand on its mucus covered cilia on its statocysts to sense its proprioception. Gravity will pull the sand down giving the crawfish the needed sense. We are similar except ours is ___ calcium crystals. We don’t have to replace them like the crawfish does. These create ___ on which gravity can act. Like jello with rocks in it when shifted is what happens with our macular organs. The otoliths are more ___ than the jello, which causes the hair cells to ___ in the same direction as the jello is shifting, giving us the needed information for linear ___. These hair cells release neurotransmitter via a ___ ___ similar to the cochlea. So, when the head shifts forward the cilia ___. When head moves back, the cilia bend back and the neurotransmitter is ___ based on the movement of the cilia in the endolymphatic potential. |
|
Definition
| hair cells; gel; calcium carbonate; otoliths; O; all; intrinsic; mass; massive; shift; balance; receptor potential; bend; released |
|
|
Term
| Saccule is an oval spot on the ___ side of the vestibule. Oriented vertically, so it is an ___ and ___ spot on the vestibular wall. It’s hair cells are oriented ___ on the horizontal plane. Saccule’s hair cells flex for ___ and ___ or ___ to ___ movement, not ___ to ___. |
|
Definition
| cochlear; up and down; perpendicular; up and down; front to back; side to side |
|
|
Term
| Utricle is closer to the ___ ___ ___ and it is horizontally oriented. Hair cells are perpendicular on the ___ plane. Utricle’s hair cells flex for ___ ___ and ___ and ___, not ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
| SSC; vertical; side to side; forward backward; up and down |
|
|
Term
| Each macular organ has an axis of symmetry called the ___ (little stripe). This striola divides the ___ of hair cell’s bundles. Bundles are ___ one way on one side of striola and the other way on the other side of the striola. One side will ___ and the other side will ___. ___ ___ system is interpreting for each side’s macular organs and each half of each utricle and saccule on each side. Saccule have kinocilium on the ___. Utricle have kinocilium on ___. Striola allows the organs to sense ___ and ___ and ___ and ___ movement through paired hyperpolarization and depolarization for each movement. This allows the organ to be ___ responsive to each movement. Each macular organ gives the brain enough info even if the other side’s macular organs are ___ ___. The more ___ we lose the poorer it gets, but we can still make it. More neurotransmitter is released in ___ (movement toward the shorter cilia) than ___. |
|
Definition
| striola; direction; oriented; hyperpolarize; depolarize; Central vest; outside; inside; up down; front back; symmetrically; not working; input; depolarization; hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
Commonalities between the macular organs:
-Both have type __ and type __ cells.
-Both have a ___, which is a modified cilliary projection that is much larger and has a more complex internal structure. (Immediately adjacent to the tallest strocilila)
-Both contain an array of vestibular ___ ___ overlaid with a ___ structure (gel) (similar to the tectoria lmembrane) and embedded in that gel are tiny ___ ___ ___ (Otoconia/ oto lift)
-___ image organs… When one is hyperpolarized the other is ___. The brain can then look at which ear is hyperopolerized and which is polarized and determine which ___ the head is turning |
|
Definition
| 1; 2; Kinocillia; hair cells; gelatinous; calcium carbonate crystals; Mirror; depolarized; direction |
|
|
Term
Differences between the macular organs-Saccule:
-___ or gentle __ shape on the vestibular wall… on the ___ side of the vestibule
-Orientated ___, up and down
-If it is oriented up then the hair cells are oriented ___/___ or ___/___
-What this means is that it is stimulated when we move...
♣___/___
♣___/___
♣BUT not when we move ___/___ because that movement is on the axis, does not move the cells
-___ and ___ will stimulate
-___ and ___ will stimulate (BOTH) |
|
Definition
| Oval; s; cochlear; vertically; left/right; front/back; up/down; back/forth; left/right; Up and down; Back and forth |
|
|
Term
Differences between the macular organs-Utricle:
-More distant from the ___, closer to the ___ ___ ___
-___ plane (with a bit of an elbow)
-Will be stimulated when we move...
♣___ and ___ will stimulate (flex hair cells)
♣___ to ___ will stimulate (flex hair cells) (BOTH)
♣BUT not simulate when it goes ___ and ___ because that is on the axis
-___ to ___ will stimulate
-___ and ___ will stimulate (BOTH) |
|
Definition
| cochlea; SSC; Horizontal; Side to side; Front to back; up and down; Side to side; Back and forth |
|
|
Term
-There are 2 different kinds of sensory cells in the vestibular system. Type __ and type ___.
-Type 1 is ___ shaped (round and plump) cells surrounded by a supporting cell that makes a cup which the hair cell ___ in. This cup is called the ___ ___, which is formed by ___ nerve ending that synapses with type 1 vestibular cells. Similar to ___ ___ in cochlea, but on steroids. Afferent nerve endings. Looks like __HC
-Type 2 vestibular cells are more ___ in shape than type 1 and they have a cluster of nerve cells on ___ end. There are ___ and ___ nerve endings at the base of type 2 cells. Looks similar to ___HC in the cochlea. |
|
Definition
| 1; 2; goblet; sits; nerve calyx; afferent; terminal bulbs; I; cylindrical; basal; afferent; efferent; O |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 and 2 are pretty similar to cochlear hair cells including ciliary function, but one big change: the large mutant called ___, which is a modified ciliary projection that has a much larger and more complex internal structure (located immediately adjacent to tallest stereocilia). Stereocilia of each have a pivot point, which allows for ___ and ___ to enter the cell, which allows the release of neurotransmitter. Vestibular hair cells are ___, while cochlear hair cells are ___ |
|
Definition
| kinocilia; potassium and calcium; random; ordered |
|
|
Term
-___ row of inner hair cells (medial) and ___ rows of outer hair cells (lateral) in the cochlea.
-Both have ___ which are filaments of protein called actin. Those are a few micro meters long with an attachment point at the ___ end of the hair cell. They are not ___ (rigid, bendable) and they taper at their base. Narrowest at ___ so it can flex at the articulation point. \l/
-One row of IHC. Each IHC has a bundle of ___ ___ in a straight line or at a slight curve. Soma is described as ___ shaped, bellied, rounded. Body of each IHC is contained w/in structural ___ cells. Laying ___ with their big flat bellies (slanted). Fat and happy and taking it easy. True sensory ___ of the cochlea are the IHC. ___ to ___ IHC in each ear. Each of which has around ___ stereocilia. Major function of these cells is ___ energy to sensory (___ ___ signals) energy. |
|
Definition
| One; three; stereocilia; apical; flexible; base; stereo cilia; flask; support; back; transducers; 3K to 3.5K; 60; mechanical; electrical chemical |
|
|
Term
| OHC have ___ rows. Thin and ___ in shape. Supported by sitting in the cup shaped processes of the supporting ___ cell. Only ___ end of OHC sits in the Deiter’s cell. Rows of stereocilia on apical end in a ___ or gentle ___ shape. ___ to ___ OHC in each ear. Each OHC has ___-___ stereocilia. Die very quickly once the cochlea is excised. ___ than IHC. # of stereocilia based on if OHC was taken from ___ or ___ end of the cochlea. More stereocilia the closer we get toward the ___, which is the middle of the cochlea. Basilar end is at ___ and ___ window. Longer, thinner, and more stereocilia at ___ end. ___ change in IHC at basilar or apical ends of cochlea. OHC are implicated in the ___ cochlear pathway. |
|
Definition
| three; cylindrical; Deiter’s ;basil; V; W; 12K-20K; 50-150; Smaller; basilar; apical; apex; oval; round; apical; No; efferent |
|
|
Term
| The location of the vestibular neuroepithelium is located anywhere there are ___ ___ in the inner ear that pertain to the ___ system. This means there are vestibular neuroepithelium in the ___, ___, and in the ___. They function at the site that the hair cells are displaced so that ___ and ___ can come into the cell in order for neurotransmitter to be released. |
|
Definition
| hair cells; vestibular; saccule, utricle; ampulla; potassium and calcium |
|
|
Term
| The semicircular canals (SSC) are 3 thin membranous tubes projecting from the ___ side of the vestibule surrounded by bone. Each tube forms ___ of a circle. Each end terminates in the ___ space near the utricle. SSC are at roughly ___ degrees in relation to each other. They are named in relative position of the upright head. ___ (superior) SSC, ___ (inferior vertical) SSC, ___ (horizontal) SSC. |
|
Definition
| posterior; 2/3; vestibular; 90; Anterior; posterior; lateral |
|
|
Term
| SSC allow us to sense ___ especially angular acceleration around 3 axis. 3 planes of rotation: called the x (roll) ___, y (pitch) ___, and z (yaw) ___ axis. |
|
Definition
| movement; cartwheel; summersault; pirouette |
|
|
Term
-Perception of ___ ___ is chiefly the responsibility of the three paired SCCs (superior,posterior, and lateral). Within the ampullated portion of the membranous labyrinth are the end-organs of the ___, containing specialized hair cells that transduce mechanical shearing forces into ___ ___.
-At the end of each SSC there is an organ, the ___ which contains the cristae ampullaris, that is pushed due to the movement of the ___ in the canal. When we move quickly to turn to the left fluid moves ___ (lags) at the beginning of rotation and catches up. |
|
Definition
| angular accelerations; cristae; neural impulses; ampulla; fluid; opposite |
|
|
Term
-Orientation of 2 canals is that superior and inferior are not exactly in the coronal or saggital plane. They are at an ___. This means that they are going to be sensitive to ___ and ___.
-SSC are paired (___ ___/pairs) each SSC has a mate on the other side of the head that is in the same plane. Stimulating one stimulates the ___ on the other side. Anterior is not paired to anterior on the other side and posterior is not paired to posterior on the other side, but anterior on one side is paired with ___ on the other. Optimum simulation of anterior on one side will optimally stimulate ____ on the other one will be hyperpolarized one depolarized. |
|
Definition
| angle; roll and pitch; coplanar mates; other; posterior; posterior |
|
|
Term
Roll/ xl:
-Rotation within the ___ plane
-___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pitch/y :
-Rotation within the ___ plane
-___
-Paired |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Yaw/z:
-Rotation within the ___ plane
-___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When one’s head is rotated to the right 90 degrees on the ___ axis, the ___ SSC on each side, which are coplanar mates will be stimulated. The right ear will be ___ and the left ___. This balance will cancel each other and the brain will sense ___. To know this we look at the sensory organ of the SSC. All the SSC form a partial circle. At the end of the circle within the vestibule we find a sensory organ called the ___. The ampulla is a bulbus dilation or a fattening in the canal at one end which houses the sensory receptor organ called the ___ ___, which looks a little bit like the macular organs. It has the type 1 and 2 hair cells projecting their ___ into the gel like ___. The cupula envelops the hair cells so that when the cupula is ___ the hair cells are too. When the cupula moves those hair cells are ___. Cupula moves when the ___ pushes on it. When we twist, the ampulla moves too and the endolymph ___ (the initial lagging is what displaces the cupula which stimulates the crista ampullaris). |
|
Definition
| yaw; horizontal; depolarized; hyperpolarized; balance; ampulla; crista ampullaris;cilia; cupula; defelected; stimulated; endolymph; lags |
|
|
Term
-We classify excitatory and inhibitory of the cupula in relation to the ___. Utriculopetal (___ utricle) and utriculofugal (___ or toward ___) are terms that say movement toward or away from the utricle.
-For the horizontal canals, the utriculopetal movement is ___ for the side the head turns to on the yaw plane. The left HSSC will move utriculofugal and be ___ |
|
Definition
| utricle; toward; away; SSC; excitatory; inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| The eyes can contribute to the sense of balance via the ___-___ reflex. This reflex refers to the vestibular system responding to ___ ___, which sends info via the vestibular portions of the VIII nerve to the brainstem, which outputs to muscles of the ___ to rotate the eyes in a way ___ to the head rotation to maintain focus on an object or ___ ___. When the head rotates to right eyes rotate to the ___. Allows eyes to stay on a ___ when we jump, bounce, run, etc. Head rotate to the left. Eyes to the right. One eye is being ___ and one is being ___. The ___ CN is for moving an eye toward midline or adducting while CN ___ abducts an eye away from midline (abducens). Muscles involved in horizontal SSC VOR are the ___ and ___ rectus muscles. They are on either side of the eye and upon contraction they pull the eye in that ___. |
|
Definition
| vestibule-ocular; head rotation; eyes; compensatory; steady vision; left; target; abducted; adducted; III; VI; medial; lateral; direction |
|
|
Term
| Gastrulation is the process by which a single sheet of cells begins to fold over on itself and creates three cell layers of the embryo: ___, ___, and ___ |
|
Definition
| ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
|
|
Term
| -What does the ectoderm give rise to? -The mesoderm? -The endoderm? |
|
Definition
- nervous system, skin, and sensory organs as well as the outer and inner ear structures -skeletal system, circulatory system, kidneys, and sex organs -lungs and digestive canal |
|
|
Term
| Structures of the middle rise partly from the ___ and partly from ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 15 days after fertilization the sheet starts to fold in at its long axis and forms a visible streak along length of embryo called the ___ ___. As the embryo continues to develop, we see the layers of embryo start to fold over at the primitive streak; this streak becomes a ___ ___. The primitive groove (primitive fold) is enclosed within embryonic layers that eventually gives rise to the entire ___ ___ ___. Eventually the neural tube enlarges at one end; this enlargement is called a ___ ___ that becomes the head. As the neural tube closes off and widens forming the knot, we see the first structures of the ___ (around week __) Structures differentiate during first few weeks of embryonic development to become the ___, ___, and ___ |
|
Definition
| primitive streak; neural tube; central nervous system; primitive knot; ear; 3; forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. |
|
|
Term
| In the primitive knot there are 3 layers/division. First is the forbrain, which grows forward with ___ ___ on each side (2 hemispheres); this section grows ___ in terms of cells. Next is the midbrain, this disappears between the hemispheres and becomes ___ structures; it is smaller. Lastly, there is the hindbrain, this starts to crook/bend and will become the ___, ___, and ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| 2 pouches; fastest; subcritical; cerebellum, spinal cord, and the brain stem |
|
|
Term
| At about week __ weeks we begin to see what will become the inner ear. There is a visible ___ of the superficial ectoderm on both sides at the head below the cephalic knot. This is known as the ___ ___, a small circular region that are made up of extra ectoderm cells that will eventually form of the IE. As this placode thickens it becomes an ___ ___. As this thickening happens, the otic pits begin to ___ into the embroyo’s ___ layer. Finally the Otic ___/___ is formed. This is a fluid filled sac between the outer layers of ectoderm. Eventually, this will give rise to all structures of the inner ear, the ___, ___, and the ___ nerve. (Otic placode->Otic pit->Otic->vesicle) |
|
Definition
| 3; thickening; Otic placode ; Otic Pit; sink; ectodermic; vesicle/ otocyst; cochlea; SSC; 8th |
|
|
Term
| Between weeks ___-___ the cochlea beings to extend as a tubular shape and begins to curl and form the familiar snail shape; the cells in the curing tube will differentiate and form ___ ___, and other ___ ___ of the cochlea. |
|
Definition
| 5-7; hair cells; cellular structures |
|
|
Term
| At the end of week 7 there is ___ complete coil of cochlea. Then by week ___ the cochlea will have its normal 2.5 turns/coils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At week ___ the cochlear hair cells are clearly visible, especially at the ___ end of the cochlea, first appear at the basal end and then toward the apex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between weeks 18-19 (4.5 months) the cochlear tube opens from ___ to ___; basal end opens first. Here we start to see the ___ ___ of the cochlea appear; the ___ ___ is able to start producing fluid (endolymph) into the SM. This is where the baby begins to ___!!! |
|
Definition
| base to apex; fluid spaces; stria vascularis; hear |
|
|
Term
| By week ___, the entire cochlear tube is open. And the cochlea is pretty well complete and ___ size; cells are fully differentiated. At week 23 weeks the whole ___ ___ is complete. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 weeks: We can see evidence of what will become the ___ ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 weeks: The otocyst becomes embedded in loose tissue of the mesodermal layer called ___ (soup of undifferentiated cells in loose arrangement beneath the ectodermal layer). The otocyst begins to ___ ___ around week 5. It begins to elongate in ___ directions. One outpouching will become the ___ ___ and ___ where the endolymph is stored. Another will form the ___ and the third will form the ___. |
|
Definition
| mesenchyme; change shape; 3; endolymphatic sac and duct; sacule; utricle |
|
|
Term
| What can you see in weeks 6-7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Week 16-24: The bone around the ___ begins to form and the ___ ___ becomes ossified. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Along the sides of the head and neck, we see a series of ___-___ ridges appear. Branchial arches (pharyngeal arches) will eventually form to be the ___ and ___ of the embryo that we see around the ___ week of development. These four arches appear on either side of the head and neck and have ___ between them. The branchial arches wrap around the sides of the head and neck of the embryo and contain the three layers of the embryo (___, ___, and ___). |
|
Definition
| gill-like; head and neck; third; grooves; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the pharyngeal arches during week 4? |
|
Definition
| Pharyngeal pouches are evident during this stage. Pouch 1 elongates and is labeled as the tubotympanic recess. This recess elongates further to develop the middle ear cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Week 8: The ___ ___ space is evident and filled with ___. As space between the first and second branchial arches starts to give rise to the ___ ___. The first three arches gives rise to the ___ and the ___ ___ (rises primarily from arch 3 and partly from arch 2). Arch 2 forms the ___ and arch 1 forms the ____ and ___. As time goes on, cartilage will be replaced by ___. When ossicles first appear, they are ____ structures. |
|
Definition
| middle ear; mesenchyme; ossicular chain; ossicles; hyoid bone; stapes; incus; malleus; bone; cartilaginous |
|
|
Term
| When are the incus and malleus fully formed? |
|
Definition
| 8-9th week; still cartilaginous though |
|
|
Term
| When do the malleus and incus begin to ossify? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is stapes fully formed? |
|
Definition
| week 18 but doesn't stop ossifying until after the child is born |
|
|
Term
| Ossification is complete around ___ weeks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When structures of the head and neck appear from arches, we see well-defined structures within ____. Through time the mesenchyme becomes absorbed into the ___ ___. By the time the ___ and ___ form, the mesenchyme is mostly gone. The space surrounding the ossicles is filled with ___ ___ when the child is born. As soon as they breathe ___, it flows in and replaces the fluid. |
|
Definition
| mesenchyme; tubotympanic recess; incus and malleus; amniotic fluid; air |
|
|
Term
| At week ___ we begin to see the Branchial/pharyngeal arches on either side of the head. These are a series of ridges that begin to appear that look like ___, they develop along the sides of what will become the ___/___ of the embryo. There are 4 arches and between those arches are grooves, known as the ___ ___. Then under the arches are “sacs/spaces” called the ___ ___. The 2nd pharyngeal pouch will open and form the ___ ___. |
|
Definition
| 3; gills; head/neck; Branchial grooves; phayngeal pouchces; ET; |
|
|
Term
| Starting around week 8-9, there is a grove going ___ and one going ___. These two extending spaces come together and meet around week __-__. And when they meet we have this pharyngeal grove meeting a space formed by the ___ ___, which is filled with endoderm tissue. As they extend towards each other, there is a “___” of mesenchyme. At this point all __ layers of the embryo are represented. From here till about week 21 that plug slowly ___ and the areas get ___ and ___ together. By week ___ the plug is almost fully gone but there is a little left which forms the ___ ___. The TM is unique because all 3 layers are present. |
|
Definition
| inward; outward; 8-9; tubotympanic recess; plug; 3; dissolves; closer; closer; 21; TM |
|
|
Term
TM Layers:
-Outer – ___ that lined the groove
-Middle – ___
-Inner – Lining of the ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| ectoderm; plug; tubotympanic recess |
|
|
Term
| At week ___ the Tympanic cavity is complete. By week ___-___ the pneumatized tympanic cavity is ready but it does not fill with air till the baby is born and takes a breath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How the Outer Ear forms:
-The pinna forms from the ___ ___ branchial archs and their ___. At week ___ the three Auricular hillocks (bumps) are visible on each arch. From week 6-9 as the head of the embryo begins to form and starts to become more upright the Branchial grove becomes more ___ instead of ___; this causes the arches to rotate too. The rotation of the arches is not fully rotated till ___ weeks. The size and shape of the ear is based on how the arches ___ and ___
-At week ___, the hillocks start to form the pinna. And the mesenchyme begins to form the ___ in the pinna
-From weeks 9 to 21 the article continues to ___ and is displaced by other structures on the head. The pinna is not adult sized till about ___ years. Then as you get older the cartilage begins to ___ and the pinna gets ___. |
|
Definition
| first 2; hillocks; 6; vertical; horizontal; 21; move and rotate; 9; cartilage; rotate; 9; dissolve; bigger |
|
|
Term
| The ___ ___, the ___, the ___, and the ___ portion of the 8th CN all receive unilateral input. That is if a sound enters the ___ ear the right tympanic membrane, the ossicles, the cochlea, and the distal portion of the 8th CN. |
|
Definition
| tympanic membrane; ossicles; cochlea; distal; right |
|
|
Term
-All information input leading up to the cochlear nucleus is ___, thus the right CN is stimulated by sounds from the right ear; however, the CN output is ___. When acoustic information travels from the CN via the acoustic stria to the superior olivary complex, the message is sent to both ___ ____ ___. Thus, there is bilateral innervation.
-This is the first evidence of ___ in the auditory pathway. Decussation refers to a tract of nerve fibers from one side of the body that ___ to the other side of the body. The ___ is thus the first point where we see binaural integration of sounds, due to decussation. |
|
Definition
| unilateral; bilateral; SOCs; decussation; crosses; SOC |
|
|
Term
| Then at the level of the ___ ___ decussation continues. The ___ ___ of the Lateral Lemniscus receives bilateral input. This bilateral input is aided by the ___ of ___ which allows the left and right DNLL to communicate together. And the ___ ___ of the Lateral Lemniscus receives contralateal input |
|
Definition
| lateral Lemniscus; Dorsal Nuclei; Comissure of Prost; Ventral Nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Decussation is continued into the ___ ___. These structures have a ___ (coming together) which enables them to communicate across the midline. This is important for ___ information integration of sounds and some neuronal representation of ___ |
|
Definition
| inferior colliculi; commissure; binaural; azimuth |
|
|
Term
-Cochlear nucleus: very lateralized and right below the ___ (medulla)
-SOC: Level of the ___ ___ but moved slightly midline (toward the belly)
-IC:Level of the ___
-Reticular formation: makes up the core of the ___ and runs through all levels of the brainstem
-MGB: The thalamus sits right on top of the ___ with medial geniculate being on the ___ side of the thalamus and found on the medial side of each thalamus body. it is technically above the level of the ___. |
|
Definition
| pons; lower pons; midbrain; brainstem; midbrain; posterior; brainstem |
|
|
Term
| The Medulla (Myeloncephemon, Marrow head) is the most ___ structure. It serves more ___ functions than auditory functions. It houses cranial nerves __, __, __, __; And part of CN __ (The trigeminal nerve is long thus it has sections in all 3 parts of the brainstem. The Meduella is involved in ___ functions, such as ___, __ __, and ___. |
|
Definition
| caudalvestibular; IX, X, XI, XII; 5; autonomic; respiration, HR, and breathing |
|
|
Term
| The Pons (Metacephalon “Side Brain”) is the ___ section of the brain, the bridge. It contains cranial nerves ___, ___, ___, and ___, and part of CN __. It is involved in ___ analysis, auditory and other senses. It is also responsible for maintenance for ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
| middle; V, VI, VII, and VIII; 5; sensory; sleep; posture |
|
|
Term
| The Midbrain (Mesicephalon) is the ___ most section of the brainstem. It contains cranial nerves ___, ___, and ___. It is involved in ___, ___, ___ movements, and ___ movements. |
|
Definition
| superior; III, IV, and V; hearing, vision, body movements; eye |
|
|
Term
-The cochlear nucleus is divided into 3 sections; the The cochlear nucleus is divided into 3 sections; the Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus (AVCN), the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN), and the Posteriorventral Cochlear Nucleus (PVCN). The CN is located in the cerebellar pontine angle.
The cochlear nucleus receives unilateral input; however, its output is bilateral. The CN receives input from the 8th cranial nerve. The 8th nerve bifurcates twice so fibers from the nerve are found in all 3 sections of the CN.
The acoustic stria projects from the CN. The acoustic stria is divided in to 3 sections; the DAS- Dorsal Acoustic Stria- Stria of Monaco which arises from the dorsal end of the CN; the IAS- Intermediate Acoustic Stria- Stria of Held which arises from the PVCN; and the VAS - Ventral Acoustic Stria- which arises from the AVCN.
___ ___ Cochlear Nucleus, the ___ Cochlear Nucleus, and the ___ ___ Cochlear Nucleus. The CN is located in the ___ ___ ___.
-The cochlear nucleus receives ___ input; however, its output is ___. The CN receives input from the ___ cranial nerve. The 8th nerve bifurcates ___ so fibers from the nerve are found in all 3 sections of the CN.
-The acoustic stria projects from the CN. The acoustic stria are divided in to 3 sections; the ___ Acoustic Stria- Stria of Monaco which arises from the ___ end of the CN; the ___ Acoustic Stria- Stria of Held which arises from the ___CN; and the ___ Acoustic Stria- which arises from the ___CN. |
|
Definition
| anterior ventral(AVCN); Dorsal (DCN); posterior ventral (PVCN); cerebellar pontine angle; unilateral; bilateral; 8th; twice; DAS- Dorsal; dorsal; IAS- Intermediate; PV; VAS - Ventral; AV |
|
|
Term
| Primary structure of interaural time difference is the ___ Superior Olivary Complex. The Medial Superior Olivary Complexes on each side of the Auditory Pathway have ___integration (they talk to each other). Depending on where the Peak Response is within the action potential, that is going to depend on the ___ difference. This mechanism is most effective in the low frequencies- below ___ Hz. |
|
Definition
| Medial; bilateral ; time; 3000 |
|
|
Term
Interaural Time Difference:
-For example purposes, the neurons are labeled A-E. On one side when A stimulated, then ___ is stimulated, etc. Then on the other side E stimulated, then __ is stimulated, etc.
-If stimulated at the same time then A (left ear) and E (right ear) are stimulated at the ___ time. Then B will be stimulated by the left at the same time as D is stimulated from the right. C will be stimulated from the L and the R at the same time, thus it shows the greatest stimulation because it is in the ___. Same response continues back down the line. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-if a sound originated on the Left side, the sound will be a little further along on the ___ side of the chain than the ___ side of the chain. The right side stimulus may have not ___ the SOC while the left stimulus may be ___ ___ down the path. Thus when E is reached on the L side the sound from the R side is just now reaching E too. This means that E has the ___ response because it is stimulated by ___ at the same time
-Brain looks for where the ___ stimulation occurs. Humans are able to interpret really ___ changes in location differences |
|
Definition
| left; right; reached; half way; greatest; both; greatest; small |
|
|
Term
ARAS:
-When the system is simulated by auditory stimulus there is a ___ response, more ___, and a general state of being more aware. When it is turned off in animal models they immediately fall into a ___ or a ___ state.
-Research suggests that it not only maintains arousal but that it keeps the system in a state of being ___ for stimulation. The ___ structures are more efficient when the ARAS is in good shape. (Like the security system in your house; you are not always prepared to respond but if the alarm goes off you are ready.) The ARAS keeps the brain appropriately ___ and ready to ___. |
|
Definition
| heightened; arousal; sleep; coma; prepared; cortical; aroused; respond |
|
|
Term
| There is also some ___/___ that takes place in the ARAS. If an individual learns to associate a novel stimulus with a ____ to respond to the activity in the ARAS related to that novel stimulus increased. It is also involved in ___/___ audition/hearing. When you walk into a room you can hear the fans going/etc but the ARAS quickly adapts and ___ the sounds out… The sound it still there but you ___ hear it. Gets worse as you get ___, in certain pathologies that affects the structure, vascular lesion, mass lesion |
|
Definition
| learning/modification; threat/food/something; learning/adapting; toons; don’t; older |
|
|
Term
Tonotopicity:
-Brainstem: Low = ___ and High = ___
-DNLL and VNLL: Low = ___ most cells and High = ___ most cells
-Medial Geniculate Body: Low = ___ and High = ___ |
|
Definition
| Inferior; Superior; Inner; Outer; Laterally; Medially |
|
|
Term
| Auditory cortex or A1 is in ___ ___ that sits on top of the transverse gyrus or heschl's gyrus. It is a ___ structure. It is on the ___ lobe. Brodman’sarease ___ and ___ correspond to A1. It is found in ___ hemisphere(s). Auditory association corticies: all three are ___ A1 and connected to each other by ___ ___ (bundle). This is a bundle of nerve axons that connect ___ ___ on the temporal lobe to ___ ___ on the frontal lobe. Provided a connection for processing. It is important for ___ ___. Important for processing ___ information and for ___ and ___. ___ and ___ can be due to an abnormality in the arcuate fasciculus. |
|
Definition
| sylviann fissure; superficial?; temporal; 41 and 42; both; near; arcuate fasciculus; wernickes area; brocas area; language processing; occipital; reading and writing; Dyslexia and dysgraphia |
|
|
Term
Temporal planum:
-Smooth area on the surface of ___ lobe just posterior to A1
-Region with wernickes area for ___ ___.
-Involved in ___ language.
-Wernickes is larger and more important on the ___ hemisphere
-Temporal planum is ___X bigger on left than the right.
-Involved in complex auditory ___ and ___.
-Musicians who have absolute pitch have even increased ___. The right temporal planum is ___.
-Effects of musical training on cortical growth and preservation. This area changes in people due to being a musician. Ppl who play instruments throughout age have more ___ cognitive life. Not the same for singers. |
|
Definition
| temporal; language processing; receptive; left; 10; processing and localization; asymmetry; smaller; robust |
|
|
Term
Super Marginal Gyrus:
-Triangular shape wrinkle that wraps around the posterior end of the ___ ___.
-In ___ lobe
-Broadmans area ___
-Known to be involved in language ___ and ___. Also empathy.
-Within or just adjacent to ___ area. |
|
Definition
| sylvian fissure; parietal; 40; processing and reception; wernickes |
|
|
Term
Angular Gyrus:
-Just ___ to SMG in parietal area
-Broadmans area ___
-Involved in ___, ___ retrieval, maintenance of ___, involved in ___
-Right at intersection of auditory cortex, primary sensory areas, and our visual cortex. Right at the midpoint of hearing, vision, and touch.
-Important for ___-___ reception and cognitive processes that involve more than one sense.
-Memory of things we hear, see, touch, and taste. Location suggests that this is the area for ___ that involve these senses |
|
Definition
| posterior; 39; language; memory; attention; calculation; cross-sensory; memories |
|
|
Term
| Brain is very symmetrical with a groove down the middle called the ___ ___. CC is ___ in the longitudinal fissure. It forms the roof for the ___ ventricles. Measures ___ cm long and __ cm thick in adults. Only present in ___. Humans average mass is little bit bigger in ppl who are ___ handed |
|
Definition
| longitudinal fissure; deep; lateral 6.5; 1; mammals; left |
|
|
Term
| ___ arteries ascend the brainstem; they come together to form the ___ artery. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery branches away from basilar artery ___. As we ascend up the basilar artery above the level of the brainstem we see branching at the ___. ___ ___ artery is important for supplying blood to the temporal lobe and branches at the base of the cerebral hemispheres. MCA is the primary source for the ___ ___ and ___ ___ areas. Pathologically if there is a pt with a cerebral stroke it will likely affect hearing if ___ is involved. MCA is a ___ structure. |
|
Definition
| Vertebral; basilar; caudally; cerebellum; Middle cerebral; auditory cortex; auditory association; MCA; deep |
|
|
Term
Middle cerebral artery (MCA):
-Branches at the base of the ____ hemispheres
-Blood to most of the structures in the ___ lobe
-Primary supply to ___ ___ and ___ ___ areas
-If the MCA is involved in a stroke, it is common for ___ to be affected!!! |
|
Definition
| cerebral; temporal; auditory cortex; auditory association; hearing |
|
|
Term
| ___ are chemicals created by the body which when concentration in a nerve changes the function of the nerve changes. In a receptor neuron an ___ or ___ will affect its firing. More is not always a ___ response, it can be opposite |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitters; increase or decrease; larger |
|
|
Term
The synaptic gap is the minute space between the ___ ___ of an axon terminal and of the ___ ___ with which it synapses. Also called ___ ___.
-The gap ensures that the information signal moves in only ___ direction. Second, the synaptic cleft allows one neuron to communicate with ___ ___ cells, or conversely, several neurons to converge a signal to one postsynaptic cell. This allows the body to distribute a signal ___ or add them together to create a ___ response. Since the amount of NT that the IHC release is based on the intensity of the sound the latter point is an applicable example of the importance of the synaptic gap. |
|
Definition
| cell membrane; target cell; synaptic cleft; one; several postsynaptic; quickly; graded |
|
|
