Visual Learners

Like illustrations, tables, video

Think in pictures

Notice expressions, gestures, body language

Auditory Learner

Traditional lectures are helpful

Material is clearer after hearing it

Listen to tone, speed, and mannerism

Enjoy hands on learning activities

Fidget or doodle during lecture

Like to be physical while learning

• Observing
• Proposing Ideas
• Testing
• Discarding those ideas that fail

Proposed explaination

• Testable and potentially falsifiable

Powerful, broad explaination

Rests on many hypotheses that have been tested

A factor that can be manipulated/change 

• graphed on x-axis

A factor that cannot be changed

• graphed on y-axis

all organisms are composed of cells

• divide to reproduce

the smallest units of an element

• composed of protons, neutrons, electrons
• Electron: negative charge
• Protons: positive charge
• Neutrons: neutral charge

But all living organism

• Grow and develop
• Reproduce
• Utilize energy-metabolism
• Respond to the environment
• Maintain homeostasis
• Evolve

Unregulated cell division

• divide when they shouldnt
• invade surrounding tissues
• move to other locations in the body

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An organized profile of an individual's chromosomes. Chromosomes are arranged and numbered by size, from largest to smallest

Autosome: non-sex chromosomes [twenty-two chromosome]

Sex Chromosome: X or Y chromosome [twenty-third chromosome]

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One molecule of DNA is wrapped around proteins to a form a structure containing hundreds of genes 

• Chromosome are uncondensed before cell division
• Duplicated chromosome, held together at the centromere: sister chromatids

contains the same gene

Different version of the gene: allele

• Same function
• Different DNA sequence

Haploid

• gamete
• one set of chromosome (n)
• created-Meiosis

separates the members of homologous pairs

• Resulting cells are haploid

Separates the sister chromatids

• Produce genetically unique haploid cells

Crossing Over

Exchange of equivalent portions of chromosomes between members of a homologous pairs

• Results in new types of gametes being formed

The way in which different pairs of chromosomes align and get separated during meiosis I-random

• Results in different types of gametes being formed

Produces genetically identical daughter cells

• Separates sister chromatids

Failure of homologous to separate normally during meiosis

• Results in a gamete having too many chromosomes-trisomy or one too few chromosomes-monosomy

Creations of gametes, which are combined from two parents

• Offspring are genetically different from one another and from the parents

• Mother's egg and father's sperm each contain half of the information to build a human
• This single cell contains all the information on how to build the human

Description of the alleles for a particular gene in an individual

Types:

1. Homozygous
2. Heterozygous

Punnet Square/Probability

Curly hair is recessive; straight hair is dominant. A heterozygous woman with curly hair marries a men, who is a homozygous dominant character for straight hair. Predict the outcome-children

Carriers of these disease--Heterozygotes

• Cystic fibrosis

A recessive human genetic disease

• Huntington's disease

Show continuous variation of large range of phenotypes

Heritability

Proportion of the variation within a population due to genetics difference among individuals

Polygenic Traits

Results of several genes

Each with more than one allele

• When an X-bearing sperm fertilizes the egg cell, a female results
• When a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes, an male results

• Guarantees that all females actually receive only one dose of the proteins produced by genes on the X chromosome
• Occurs in all of the cells of a developing female embryo; about the time that embryo implants in the uterus

• Double-stranded
• Each nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

• Single-stranded
• Nucleotides comprised of ribose, phosphate and nitrogenous base

Bases:

1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Thymine
4. Cytosine
5. Uracil-pair with adenine

Transcription

• located in the Nucleus
• DNA-->RNA
• produce RNA

RNA Process

• located in the RNA polymerase
• RNA-->mRNA
• produce mRNA

Translation

• located in the Cytoplasm
• mRNA-->tRNA
• produce amino acid

Protein Process

• located in the Rough Er
• amino acids-->protein
• produce protein

Codon

Sequence of mRNA to code for a specific amino acid

Anticodon

Sequence of tRNA to match with the codon

Change in genetic sequence

• Changes in genetic sequence might affect the order of amino acids in a protein
• Protein function-dependent on the precise order of amino acids