Term
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Definition
-action takes place at the moment of speaking
Oigo la musica de los vecinos
-generalizations and habitual actions
Casi todos los dias estudio en la biblioteca
-action predicted or planned for near future
Manana trabajo en la oficina |
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Term
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Definition
Express action in progress
-Que estas haciendo?
-Estoy estudiando para el examen manana. |
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Term
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Definition
Description (physical/personality) (nationality, origin, religion, gender, profession)
-Identification(noun phases, noun=noun)(material something made of)
Cual es la oficina de Ana?
Esta es.
-Time and date
-Time and location of events
-Possession
-Purpose or destination (ser+para)
Passive voice (Ser+past participle)
-Impersonal Expressions |
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Term
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Definition
-Description: Emotional, mental, and health conditions
-description: variations from normal characteristics traits
-Location and position (of people and things)
-expressions: estar+preposition
-Resulting states: estar+past participle
-progressive tenses: estar+present participle |
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Term
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Definition
| existence of something, there is/are |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Physical and emotional states (to feel) |
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Term
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Definition
-tan+adjective+como
-tan+adverb+como
-tanto/a(s)+noun+como
-verb+tanto como |
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Term
| Comparisons of inequality |
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Definition
-mas/menos+adjective+que
-mas/menos+adverb+que (mejor/peor)
-mas/menos+noun+que
-verb+mas/menos que |
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Term
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Definition
-mas/menos de+number+noun
-comparisons of nonspecific quantities
mas/menos+noun+de+definite
article+que+verb |
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Term
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Definition
el/la/los/las+noun+mas/menos+adjective(+de)
-el/la/los/las+mayor/menor/mejor/peor(+de) |
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Term
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Definition
acordar/se-agree,remember
beber/se-drink, drink up
comer/se-eat, eat up
despedir/se-fire, say goodbye
dormir/se-sleep, fall asleep
hacer/se-make,become
ir/se-go, leave
llamar/se-to call, to be named
parecer/se-seem, look like
poner/se-put,put on;turn;become
volver/se-to return,become |
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Term
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Definition
caer bien/mal-to like/dislike
convenir-be suitable, good idea
doler-hurt
ecantar/fascinar-love
hacer falta-need
importar-to matter
interesar-interest
molestar-bother
parecer-seem
preocupar-worry
quedar-have left
tocar-be one's turn |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple past, complete action took place in past, beginning or end of an action |
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Term
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Definition
| simple past, used to, would, past progressive, usual actions in past, descriptions of past, description of an action in the past (development) |
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Term
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Definition
AVOID BLAME
object of action does something to
itself (acabar/terminar, caer, olvidar, perder, quedar, quemar mojar, romper) |
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Term
| Presente perfecto de indicativo (he has ha hemos habeis han) |
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Definition
completed or started actions in past
"have worked, has traveled" |
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Term
| Pluscuamperfecto de indicativo |
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Definition
| used to refer to an action that occurred prior to a point of reference in the past, reported speech, "had called, had not received" |
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Term
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Definition
| main and subordinate verbs have different subjects (Quiero que comas ahora/ Necesito comer ahora) |
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Term
| Subordinate Clauses (subjnctive) |
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Definition
INFLUENCE
-aconsejar:advise
-decir: tell (command)
-esperar: hope, expect
-insistir en: insist on
-ordenar: order, command
-pedir: ask for
-permitir: permit
-prohibir: prohibit
-querer: request, require
-sugerir: suggest
-suplicar: beg
EMOTIONS
-alegrarse: to be glad
-desear: desrire, want
-sentir: to be sorry
-ser una lastima: to be a pity
DOUBT/DENIAL
-dudar: doubt
-negar: deny
-no creer: not believe
-no estar seguro: not be sure
-no pensar: not think
*Creer? |
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Term
| Subordinate Clauses (Indicative) |
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Definition
BELIEF/KNOWLEDGE
-Creer: believe
-Estar claro: to be clear
-Estar seguro/a: to be (feel) sure
-pensar: to think
-ser obvio: be obvious
-ser seguro: be sure
PERCEPTION
-notar: to notice
-oir: hear
-percibir: perceive
-ser evidente/obvio: to be
evident/obvious
-ver: to see
INFORMATION
-decir: to tell (relay info)
-informar: inform
-repetir: repeat |
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Term
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Definition
Mandar: mande
Leer: lee
IRREGULAR
di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mandatos (Affirmative Vosotros) |
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Definition
Mandar: Mandad
Leer: Leed
Vivir: Vivid |
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Term
| Mandatos (Negative Vosotros) |
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Definition
Mandar: mandéis
Leer: leáis
Vivir: viváis |
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Term
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Definition
NOSOTROS: let's + verb pero vamos a...is preferred
PRONOUNS
mandamela(send it to me)
qudense (stay)
NEGATIVE
No me la mandes (don't send it to me)
No se queden (Don't stay) |
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Term
| Subjunctive (verbs and expressions of emotion and of doubt) |
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Definition
EMOTION
Agradecer: grateful
Alegrar: happy
Asombrar: to be shocked/amazed
Avergonzar (de): ashamed
Enojar: angry
Esperar: hope
Estar contento (de): be happy that
Extranar: seem strange *like gustar
gustar: to like
molestar (por): bothered by
ser lastima: be pity/shame
ser extraño/raro: be unusual
ser sorprendente: surprising
ser necesario/urgente/mejor/peor: necessary, urgent, better, worst
tener ganas (de): to feel like, want
tener miedo (de): fear
ojala (que): i hope/ i wish
DOUBT
dudar
no creer
no estar claro
no estar seguro/a
no pensar
ser dudoso |
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Term
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Definition
Avoid use of a subject when not restricted
Solo se habla español en clase.
En España se vive bien.
USES
-Done by people in general(one, they,
you, people)
Se vive muy bien en España.
-When an action with a direct bject, which is possibly also done by people, can be presented as if it was done by the thing itself
El centro comercial se abre a las 9:00 de la manana. (Translated as passive in English)
-When affects a person verb is alway singular and and human object is introduced by "a".
Hubo un incendio y se llamo a los bomberos: Se les llamo. |
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Term
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Definition
algún, aluguno/a(s)
algo
alguien
algunas veces |
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Term
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Definition
Ningún, ninguno/a (s)
nada
nadie
nunca, jamas
tampoco
ni(...ni) |
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Term
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Definition
Todo el mundo (everyone)
Siempre
También
o (...o) |
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Term
| Indicative in subjunctive clause |
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Definition
Used when clause refers to something that the speaker knows exists.
-Conozco a alguien que vive allí.
-Busco a un doctor que vive en este edificio.
*"a" used as personal a for human entity
-if antecedent is an indefinite word the mood of the adjective clause is decided depending on whether the speaker knows the actual existence of the antecedent.
-Busco a alguien que en la compania que sepa chino.
-Busco a alguien que sabe chino; me han dicho que trabaja en este departamento. |
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Term
| Subjunctive in the adjective clause |
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Definition
Used to refer to something that does not exist or if speaker is unsure of or denies its existence.
-No conozco a nadie que vive allí.
*nadie is negative antecedent
-Busco un doctor que viva en este edificio.
-if antecedent of relative pronoun is negative then subjunctive is used (no hay nada, no hay ningún) |
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Term
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Definition
-Action expected to happend
-Future action that includes act of will or power (will/will not, shall/shall not).
-Probability of an action occurring in present (I wonder, probably) |
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Term
| Futuro Perfecto (habre habras habra...) |
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Definition
| -Refer to a future action that will be completed by a certain time (will have ...) |
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Term
Adverbial Clauses that require indicative
(CPYP) |
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Definition
-explain facts and their causes
-como: given that
-puesto que: since
-ya que: due to the fact that
-porque: because |
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Term
| Adverbial Clauses that require the subjunctive(sacapesa) |
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Definition
-action has not occured because express contigencies, purpose, action cannot happen or will not happen before action in main clause
Sin que: without
A fin de que: in order to; so that
Con tal que: provided that
A menos que: unless
Para que: in order to; so that
En caso de que: in case
Siempre y cuando: as long as, provided that
Antes de que: before |
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Term
| Conjunctions that take both subjunctive and indicative (cd them and acd) |
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Definition
-has taken place (indicative), action that takes place habitually (indicative), pending (subjuntive)
-cuando: when
-despues de (que): after
-tan pronto como: as soon as
-hasta que: until
-en cuanto: as soon as
-mientras que: while
-aunque: although
-como: as
-de modo que: in a way that |
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Term
| Present perfect subjunctive (haya+...) |
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Definition
| -Used in context where the present perfect tense (past) and the subjunctive mood are required. |
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Term
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Definition
Refer to real people or things.
-Las personas que hablan... |
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Term
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Definition
Refers exclusively to to people, after preposition. Non restrictive clauses.
-Las personas con quienes trabajo...
-La mujer de Manuel, quien me..., |
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Term
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Definition
More formal option for que in non restrictive clauses.
-Las Torres Gemelas, las cuales (que)..., |
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Term
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Definition
| Interchangeable with que and quien after a preposition |
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Term
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Definition
Express ideas or actions
-Lo que mas me gusta es estar rodeada de mi familia.
-Su marido tuvo que emigrar a Espanan, por lo que/lo cual esta criando sola a sus cuatro hijos. |
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Term
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Definition
Possessive relative adjective.
-Rigoberta Menchu, cuyo grupo etnico es maya quiche, ed de Guatemala. |
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Term
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Definition
Expresses idea in the place which or simply where.
-Te espero donde nos reunimos siempre. |
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Term
| El imperfecto de subjuntivo (pagara, pagaras...) |
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Definition
Requires subjunctive and past tense
-Como si (as if) |
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Term
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Definition
"would"
-Hypothetical actions, usually use "si"
-Used to express a future action with respect to another action in the past
-Colon le dijo a la reina Isabel que encontraria un camino mas corto a Asia.
-Courtesy
-Probability in the past "i wonder and probably" |
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Term
| Subjunctive in independent clauses |
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Definition
Substitute main clause with que
-Leave-taking and good wishes
Que te diviertas: have fun
Que lo pases bien: have a good time
Que te mejores: Feel better
Que te vaya bien: Good luck w/everything
Que Dios te bendiga: May God bless you
Que en paz descanse: May he rest in peace
Indirect commands
Que te vayas de vacaciones
Que se haga la luz |
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