Term
| Supply Reduction: Supply-side drug polices |
|
Definition
| strategies are directed at curtailing supplies of drugs that might otherwise be made available to users in the population. |
|
|
Term
| Demand Reduction: Demand-side drug policies |
|
Definition
| strategies are directed at reducing the need or demand that users or potential users have for drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Primary supply-side strategies |
|
Definition
| source reduction (eliminating supplies of drugs where they are grown or manufactured-international policies, incentives for farmers, etc), border interdiction (interception of supplies of drugs moving from growers and manufacturers to dealers after they leave other countries and before they enter the U.S.), curtailing domestic distribution: endeavors to break the supply chains between drug suppliers within this country, as drugs move from the hands of large-scale importers to local street dealers. ) |
|
|
Term
| primary demand-side strategies |
|
Definition
| drug education and drug treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lifting of all criminal and civil prohibitions and sanctions. Legalized drugs become comodities that are available in the legitimate market place. Advocates are primarily civil libertarians and public health advocates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Laissez faire model (drugs would be available through a variety of outlets, including drug stores, grocery stores, vending machines, etc.), limited distribution model (advocates free acccess to mind-altering substances for those legitimately entitled to such access, namely adults who are not impaired in their ability to make rational decisions. Proposes carefully regulated sales to prevent access to children, etc.), medical model (calls for legalization for people with medical conditions who could benefit from currently prohibited drugs, or to addicts with the purpose of preventing withdrawal symptoms.) |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of Legalization |
|
Definition
| economic benefits (eliminates expenses of prohibition and would allow drugs to be taxed), moral benefits (reduces police corruption, won't penalize some drugs like marijuana while allowing others like tobacco to be permitted, restoration of civil liberties) public health benefits (regulate quality of drugs, distribution of clean needles, supports treatment and education, medical uses will be enhanced) |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of Legalization |
|
Definition
| insufficient proposal development (which drugs, what potency, which model, etc), increased use and public health costs, costs of going against public opinion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes criminal sanctions form the activity in question. In the case of drugs, the activity targeted for removal of criminal sanctions is usually the possession of small amounts of a drug. Regarded as a violation of the law, but not the criminal law, and so seen more as a civil infraction like a speeding ticket. Subject to civil penalties like fines, but no jail time or other restriction of liberty. |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of Decriminalization over Legalization |
|
Definition
| stronger base for public support, maintains stronger symbolic message (does not support wholesale support, but rather recognizes that for certain drugs harsh criminal offenses are doing more harm than good), maintains criminal sanctions for trafficking |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of Decriminalization over Legalization |
|
Definition
| public health disadvantages (gov can't regulate quality, needles, etc, all health costs remain the same as under prohibition), crime and corruption (police corruption), limited cost savings (does lessen court cases and prison numbers, doesn't allow for taxation), still about crime, not treatment, not a good policy option for most illegal drugs, besides marijuana |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary prevention: discouraging drug use where possible, abstinence can be considered, but primarily encouraging responsible drug use, limiting use to occasional and recreational levels, eliminating the necessity of purchasing drugs in the illegal market place, drug education. Secondary Prevention: aimed as those who may already be addicted, needle exchange programs, red light districts/zones. Tertiary Prevention: directed at established addicts with the purpose of minimizing the medical and social consequences of their addiction. (methadone maintenance through private physicians which would increase the availability of noninjectable alternatives to heroine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general approaches to treatment, representing fundamentally different strategies for treating drug addiction. |
|
|
Term
| Drug Treatment: Medical and Pharmacological Approaches |
|
Definition
| Methadone Maintenance (limited to narcotic addiction, depends on metabolic model-biochemical deficit/inbalance so methadone is used to maintain addict daily for a long term period of time- or psychotherapeutic model- aims for abstinence, sees addiction as psychiatric/emotional disorder, so methadone is used to only stabilize addict), smoking reduction efforts (nicotine substitution products- effective, but not for everyone), chemical antagonists (Drugs that either block the effects of an addictive substance or produce highly unpleasant side effects if the addictive substance is used: Antabuse, Cyclazocine, Naltrexone. The antagonists prevent euphoria and dependence if the recovering addict relapses, thereby serving as an effective behavior modification agent.) |
|
|
Term
| Drug Treatment: Residential Treatment Programs |
|
Definition
| drug-free programs except where short-term chimical substitution is required for gradual withdrawal from certain drugs. Generally, participants in residential treatment have been detoxified and stabilized medically before admission. Involve 24 hour care, vary on the length of stay recommended, though higher success rates are generally correlate with longer stays. :: Therapeutic Communities (fairly braod term that encompasses some 650 treatment programs across the US. genesis traced byack to Charles Dederich who started Synanon. Governed by philosophy that mandates a comprehensive change in an addict's lifestyle, a resocialization process. Purpose is not only the cessation of drug use but also that the addict leads a productive life with legitimate employment, healthy family and social relationships, and an absence of criminal activity. Residential, Reentry, Aftercare phases of treatment.) Minnesota Model (comprehensive, though usually shorter-term, approaches to drug addiction and especially alcoholism.) |
|
|
Term
| Drug Treatment: Out-Patient Drug Free Programs |
|
Definition
| local treatment facilities that generally provide either chemical detox services or individual and group therapy, or both. |
|
|
Term
| Drug Treatment: Self-Help Groups |
|
Definition
| most often pattern themselves after Alcoholics Anonymous, explicit acknowledgement of spiritual dimension |
|
|
Term
| Indicators of Treatment Effectiveness |
|
Definition
| 1.) abstention from (or reduced) drug use, 2.) abstention from (or reduced) crime 3.) indicators of mainstream success such as employment, enrollment in school, or conventional domestic roles. *drug treatment effectiveness is difficult to measure because most addicts eventually quite on their own, so we don't know if treatment is to blame or a natural recovery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug Abuse Reporting Program: earliest attempt to collect data on drug treatment effectiveness. collected on some 44000 addicts entering treatment between 1969 and 1972. Clients followed up over the next 12 years. Suggests that treatment does have a positive impact on drug use and criminal behavior, as well as employment improvement. |
|
|
Term
| Summary of Treatment Effectiveness |
|
Definition
| treatment shows a lot of promise |
|
|
Term
| Twelve Principles of Drug Use |
|
Definition
| 1. Numbers, evidence, proportions, and frequency of use all count. 2. Myths about drug use abound. 3. Who the user is makes a difference 4. Drug use is a risk taking activity. 5. Not all accompaniments of drug use are a direct result of the drug used itself. 6. Almost everything in the world of drug use is a matter of odds. 7. Most people who use drugs experience no harm whatsoever with a given episode of use and Most users are not seriously harmed by drug use. 8. almost everything in the world of drug use is a matter of degree. 9. what drug users experience and what they say about the experience is a crucial matter of reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argues against current drug policies because they are expensive, divisive (racist and stuff), and punitive (punishment focused) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change drug education, abstinence only is ineffective. Argues for "safety first" and reality-based education. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with obama administration, drug prevention and treatment are becoming more centered in drug policy, although changes may just be superficial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decriminalizing the possession and use of marijuana would raise billions in taxes and eliminate much of the profits that fuel bloodshed and violence in mexico. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Doing less about a problem is rarely an attractive policy recommendation but for international drug policy it is the only reommendation one can make with confidence. the war on drugs does more harm than good, so we should do less. America is a bully in the international drug policy debate and yet has the largest drug problems. |
|
|
Term
| classifying drug education programs |
|
Definition
| imformational model, the affative model, social influence model |
|
|
Term
| drug education: informational model |
|
Definition
| designed to convey factual information about the nature of drugs and how they affect the human body in the short and long term. Drugs and effects were always presented in negative terms and the consequences of drug use were often exaggerated. Scare tactics were common. Effectiveness: disappointing, may be effective with attitudes of youth toward drugs, but not in changing behavior. |
|
|
Term
| drug education: affective model |
|
Definition
| seeks to improve communication skills, decision-making ability, and self assertion, all of which are believed to underlie a predisposition toward drug abuse. the logic behind this program is a direct application of the principles of social control theory, which suggest that drug use and other forms of delinquency result from a lack of social bonds connecting young people with conventional society. Effectiveness: little substantial evidence to say, iowa, |
|
|
Term
| drug education: social influence model (sometimes referred to as drug resistance education) |
|
Definition
| most recent approach to drug ed, seeks to prepare young people to resist the pressures by peers toward drug use. The theoretical bases for the social influence model are drawn from social inoculation theory developed by Willim McGuire, social learning theory (bandura). Social inoculation theory argues that one is confronted by persuasive arguments and pressures toward a particular activity, he or she becomes inoculated against the effect of those pressures. Peer pressure= cultural equivalent to germs, if we expose young people to weaker/more protected dose of these germs (persuasive arguments), antibodies (resistance) to the real-world pressures should develop. Hence by presenting young people with the arguments for using drugs, typically in simulated situations, and then modeling how one might resist that pressure and positively reinforcing proper responses to that pressure, young people should be better equipped to resist the pressure to use drugs. Effectiveness: comparatively more effective than the information or affective models. produce the highest effects on subjects knowledge, attitudes, drug use, and life skills, particularly with peer modeling. Ironically, DARE is an exception. |
|
|
Term
| Drug Education Alternative: Harm Reduction |
|
Definition
| more reality based approach, stresses difference between use and abuse, abstinence is not a realistic goal, the stepping stone theory (one drug leads to another) is not necessarily real, children can make responsible choices. drugs include both legal and illegal substances, hopes to provide factual, true information, encourage moderation, safety, responsibility, and knowledge, and understanding of the consequences (social and legal) of drug use |
|
|
