Term
| constitutional liberalism |
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Definition
rule of law, separation of powers, and the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property. Seek to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion of state, church, or society.
Liberal: emphasizes individual liberty Constitutional: relies on the rule of law |
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| Political regimes that have reasonably free and fair elections, but do not guarantee in practice individual rights, the rule of law and division of power. |
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| from other branches of the national government superpresidencies; government by decree, harassment of opposition, elimination of all checks on power |
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Definition
•Whoever wins elections can govern as it sees fit, constrained only by limited term in office
•Presidents becomes the embodiment of the nation and the one entitled to define its interests
•Accountability is a mere impediment to full authority
•After the elections voters are expected to become a passive and cheering audience |
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| authority to act for those who elected the leaders |
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| leaders held responsible for actions by those they claim to be entitled to speak for |
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| economic welfare and security, right to education, healthcare, etc. |
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| gross domestic product: total market value of all goods and services produced within a country in one year |
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| purchasing power parity: buying power of income in each country |
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| disproportional distribution of wealth: income, consumption, social benefits (such as education, health care) |
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Definition
| economic inequality in a society (perfect equality=0, perfect inequality=1) |
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Term
| absolute vs. relative poverty |
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Definition
| Absolute poverty is defined according to an absolute minimum standard, called the ‘poverty line.' Relative poverty means that you are poor in relation to those around you. |
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| Human Development Index: evaluates the overall outcome of wealth, equality, health and knowledge of the population (1 best, 0 worst) |
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| the notion that all individuals regardless of their national origin or cultural traditions, possess certain inherent rights simply by virtue of being human. |
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Term
| 1st generation of human rights |
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Definition
| individual right to free speech and assembly; the right to participate in politics and to chose one’s leader. |
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| 2nd generation of human rights |
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Definition
| individual economic, social and cultural rights to the dignity and free development of all people. |
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| 3rd generation of human rights |
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Definition
| collective rights of communities to control their own destiny. |
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Term
| negative vs. positive rights |
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Definition
Negative rights: freedom from oppression, unjust imprisonment
Positive rights: freedom to work, have a decent living, receive an education |
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Term
| universal declaration of human rights |
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Definition
| More recently, the international community has taken over, at least in defining human rights and what constitutes abuse. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. |
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| the process of expanding and intensifying linkages among states, societies, and economies |
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| spread of liberal values, removal of governmental-imposed restrictions on trade (tariffs, quotas) |
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| universalization/westernization: emergence of common world belief, values and institutions. |
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| process by which places, distances and borders become less relevant (transnational business, global products) the world as a smaller place |
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Term
| law of comparative advantage |
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Definition
| specialization and exchange maximizes wealth and makes all participants better off. cheaper foreign products allow consumers to take advantage of lower prices |
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The IMF: 183 members that ensure stable rate of exchange.
IMF conditionality: loans granted only if borrower agrees with conditions to ensure payback |
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| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development now the World Bank: lends money to poorer countries and new markets |
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| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development now the World Bank: lends money to poorer countries and new markets |
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General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs now the WTO
142 members in a forum for negotiations on trade liberalization |
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| loss of direct democratic control resulting from the shifting os state capacity to highly autonomous supranational institutions |
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| a country that lacks significant economic development or political institutionalization or both |
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Term
| transnational civil society |
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Definition
| All cross-border networks of non-state actors, institutions and practices, which underlie interstate relations. |
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| The EU is a unique organization of 25 democratic European states. The EU is a unique combination of intergovernmental and supranational institutions. |
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Term
| intergovernmental institutions vs. supranational |
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Definition
Represent member-states (European Council)
vs.
Represent the Union (European Central Bank) |
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Definition
| focus on the “quality of life”: environment, health, leisure, equality, diversity |
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| sanctions of mass destruction |
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Definition
| economic sanctions against abusive regimes have a very high price in human suffering among innocent children |
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| sanctions of mass destruction |
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Definition
| economic sanctions against abusive regimes have a very high price in human suffering among innocent children |
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| countries between full-fledged democracy and outright dictatorship |
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Term
| electoral authoritarianism |
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Definition
| a multiparty authoritarian regime with pseudo-elections |
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Definition
| International islamic terrorism aims to reestablisha unified Muslim ascendary in the world against the current dominance of secular and Western powers. |
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