-used for "ing" verbs when you're actually doing the activity in that moment

- estar + stem of verb + -ando/-iendo

- you form th epresent tense verb + opposite ending

- ar: Ud: -e; Uds: -en

-er/-ir: Ud: -a; Uds: -an

-repeated habitual actions in the past

-action that was in progress when something else happened -- interrupted action (only the in progress action uses imprefect. The other uses preterite)

- two simultaneous past actions in progress (used with mientras)

- ongoing physical, mental, or emotional state of the past

- time, age, location, and weather in the past

- background details

-descriptions

-past progressive

-ar: aba, abas, aba, Abamos, aban

-er/-ir: Ia, Ias, Ia, Iamos, Ian

for -ing verbs; things that already happened;

- imperfect of estar + stem of verb + -ando/-iendo

-used to express actions/states that are colored by desires and opinions

-actions or states that are not reality

- influence

- things that the speaker wants to happen or wants others to do (but you don't know if the other person will do them or not)

-doubt; things that are unknown (uncertainty)

-actions or states that exist only in your mind

-emotion

-generalizations

-nonexistent or indefinite antecedents

-conjunction of time (or for expressing future or pending actions)

- APACE conjunctions

take yo form of verb and add opposite ending:

-ar; e, es, e, emos, en

-er/-ir: a, as, a, amos, an

piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen

(doesn't stem change in nosotros)

pueda, puedas, pueda, podamos, puedan

(doesn't stem change in nosotros)

duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, duerman

(-ir stem changes a different want in nosotros)

- insistir en

-mandar (to order)

-prohibir

-desear

-pedir

-preferir

-recomendar

-sugerir

- no creer que (to disbelieve)

- dudar que (to doubt)

- no estar seguro

-negar (to deny)

- don't use sub. if there is only one verb in the sentence

- alegrarse de que

- esperar que

- lamentar que

- sentir que

- temer que

- es absurdo que

- es extraNo que

- es increIble que

- es mejor/bueno/malo que

- es terible que

- es una lAstime que

- es urgente que

- ojalA que (ALWAYS!)

- es necesario que

- es importante que

- es urgente que

- es mejor que

- es posible que

- es imposible que

- es probable que

- es improbable que

- no es cierto que

- no es seguro que

- no es verdad que

- antes de que

- cuando

- despuEs (de) que

- en cuanto

- hasta que

- tan pronto como

- the independent clause is in the indicative or future tense. the dependent clause is in the subjunctive if it follows one of these phrases. However, you DON'T USE SUBJ. with these prhases if it descibes a completed action in the past or a habitual action (in the past)

- present subj.

-a menos que (unless)

- para que (so that)

- antes de que (before)

- con tal de que (provided that)

- en caso de que (in case)

- anything that happened in the past that requires the subjunctive (influence, emotion, doubt, denial,etc). There is no difference between preterite and imprefect for the past tense

- take the Uds. form of the preterite, take off the -on ending, add these:

-a, as, a, amos, an

-to have done something

-like -ed verbs in English

-ar: stem + -ado

-ir/-er: stem + ido

-una casa construida (must agree in number/gender)

- to have/had done something

- haber + past participle

-he, has, ha, hemos, han

- ex; he hablado

- form of past part. never changes regardless of gender

- expresses that something has happened when the subjunctive is required

- same uses as subjunctive form (emotion, doubt, etc) but this construction is used when you're saying that something HAS happened

- haber + past participle

- haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan

-ex. Es posible que lo haya hecho; me allegro de que hayas venido.

- I hope that you have studied --- present. perf sub

- I hope that you studied -- present sub

- to talk about what you had/hadn't done at a certain point in time

- often used for things that you had/had not done before a give time in the past. You use the imperfect form of haber because it was an ongoing thing

- imperfect from of haber + past part.

- habIa, habIas, habIa, habIamos, habIan

ex. antes de graduarme en la escuela secundaria, no habIa estudiado espanol.

- things taht will happen or are going to happen

- formed by adding ending onto the INFINITIVE of the verb

-E, As, A, emos, An

- to express what you WOULD do in a particular set of circumstances

-add ending onto the infinitive form of the verb

-Ia, Ias, Ia, Iamos, Ian