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Definition
- Liberal
- Religious fanatic
- Gave up being a priest for politics
- Bitter rival was Benjamin Disraeli
- Got rid of tariffs (Peel philosophy)
- Free trade
- Lower people's cost of living
- Conversion, death of Palmerston, American Civil War and Reform Franchise (Anti Corn Law League) > new reforms to come
- (American Revolution: omen for reform; Britain= industrial masses, America= agricultural)
- Reform Bill in 1865 (Russel and Gladstone); failure, moderate and too cautious, liberals and conservatives voted against it and causes the liberal party to fall apart to conservatives
- Gladstone: virutally invented Liberal party after Peel's death, saw Disraeli as a fraud
- Greatly disliked by Queen Victoria
- Secret Ballot Act
- 1870 Education Act
- 1860 Reform Bill: last 19th century reform; increased electorate by 100%, modernization (urban working class)
- political parties and party discipline become even more important in regards to organizing people
- Representation of trade unions (1871)
- Right to strike (picketting not yet legalized)
- Relgious Reform: (methodists, baptists etc are able to get degrees in universities)
- Corrupt Practices Act: 1st of its kind; money = growth of campaign, oversee corruption and increased electorate in elections and attack bribes
- Army reogranized: navy (senior service)
- Reform was state's responsibility for possible problems
- Home Rule for Ireland attempts and failures
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| Lord Beaconsfield, Victoria's hero, paradynamic outsider, did not got to: university, school, and was not a part of any historic regiment such as the British Navy, he was not rich but he was a Christian (Church of England). Peel leaving and Gladstone's failed reform bill gave him the opportunity he needed. He was the friend of the Duke of Portland's son who gave him the guidance he needed to become a gentleman. Alongside the leader of the conservative party and the House of Lords, Lord Derby, Disraeli goes for minority rule in the House of Commons . He becomes a "party whipper"; snap to make sure all party members vote in his favor on reforms as well as liberals so that the reform will pass. The reform bill is progressive and liberal (Democratic Bill) and makes him to be quite radical. The bill propose that male land owners (without the ten pounds) in the urban, working class: rural working, less dependent. Disraeli's "fancy franchise" failed he never took office again after this time. He did however save the conservative party, split the party against Peel, he was anti-semitism (bias against Jewish religion) and was an established member of the Anglican church. He was the best representative to lead conservatives and held the party together. He brought Victoria out of her time of grieving ("deep mourning") after Prince Albert's death and gave her the title the Empress of India by the Royalty Titles Act (which Gladstone opposed adding to her dislike of him). He viewed reform as progress to modernity. He bought part of the Suez Canal from the Kadeiv of Egypt who was having major financial problems and put it up for sale. He did not consult with his party on this decision as he saw it as an added benefit for the British empire, protecting her interests and expanding her wealth (Gladstone opposed this but his party and Rothchild favored it) as it added to Britain's greatness. Hero of Ottoman War with his tying down of Russia with Bismark. His term ended sadly as Britain entered a long recession due to rising competition in the West and the decline of the gold standard; Public Health Act of 1875, Royal Title's Act, picketing legalized |
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civilization and order
-male, residential schools; class elite
-Harrow School, commonly known simply as "Harrow", is an English independent school for boys situated in the town of Harrow, in north-west London.[2]. The school is of worldwide renown. There is some evidence that there has been a school on the site since 1243 but the Harrow School we know today was officially founded by John Lyon under a Royal Charter of Elizabeth I in 1572.[3] Harrow is one of the original nine public schools that were defined by the Public Schools Act 1868 |
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| 2nd Great Factory Act (1843) |
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Definition
13 yrs or younger (6.5 hours a day) rest of time committed to education, child labor not wiped out completely > economic demand relied upon it
-children completely out of coal mines |
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| Franchise Reform (1860's) |
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Definition
-last 19th century reform
-Lord Palmerston, Lord Russell, and Disraeli
-The workers also started to organise themselves at a work level. It became clear to them that industry would weaken if they did not play their part. Here was Great Britain celebrating its title as "workshop of the world" but the workers who played such a vital part in this industrial strength had no political rights. New Model Unions developed from 1851 on. These were for skilled men but by the end of the century, trade unions had developed which were for all workers - skilled or not. Their political power was to lead to the birth of what is now called the Labour Party.
The movement for change could not be resisted. In 1867 the Second Reform Act was passed. This act introduced :
better off workers from the industrial cities could vote
those who could vote increased to 2.5 million
45 constituencies were moved to towns and cities from small rural/countryside areas
But :
no women regardless of their wealth could vote |
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Lord Palmerston
(Henry John Temple) |
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Definition
acted as chairman at an international conference that debated the Belgian question following the Belgian revolt against Dutch rule. The problems were solved when Leopold of Saxe-Coburg became the first King of the Belgians
tried to intervene in the Italian revolts to stop Austria and France becoming involved in the affairs of Naples and the Papal States (1831)
set up the Quadruple Alliance between Britain and France to support the liberal regimes in Spain and Portugal
tried to exclude French influence from Iberia on the grounds that this could be against British interests
saw the successful conclusion of the Opium Wars with China and insisted on very harsh terms including the legalisation of the opium trade. The Treaty of Nanking was concluded after he left office. Hong Kong was ceded to Britain by this treaty: Palmerston described it as 'a barren island with barely a house upon it'.
brought about (for Britain) a successful conclusion to the most recent manifestation of the 'Eastern Question' by concluding the Treaty of London in 1840.
-During the American Civil War (1861-5) the PM maintained Britain's neutrality but still allowed shipyards to supply vessels to the Confederate states and he was prepared to go to war with America over the Trent incident. |
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| -Crimean War; The Earl of Aberdeen became Prime Minister after the resignation of the Earl of Derby in 1852. Aberdeen's coalition government was very popular with the public at first. However, attitudes changed when Britain became involved in the Crimean War in 1854. Aberdeen was blamed for the mismanagement of the war and he was forced to resign in February 1855 |
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n March 1860 Lord John Russell attempted to introduce a new Parliamentary Reform Act that would reduce the qualification for the franchise to £10 in the counties and £6 in towns, and effecting a redistribution of seats. Lord Palmerston, the prime minister, was opposed to parliamentary reform, and with his lack of support, the measure did not become law.
On the death of Palmerston in July 1865, Earl Russell (he had been raised to the peerage in July 1861) became prime minister. Russell, with the once again tried to persuade Parliament to accept the reforms that had been proposed in 1860. The measure receive little support in Parliament and was not passed before Russell's resignation in June 1866. William Gladstone, the new leader of the Liberal Party, made it clear that like Earl Russell, he was also in favour of increasing the number of people who could vote.
-The 1867 Reform Act gave the vote to every male adult householder living in a borough constituency. Male lodgers paying £10 for unfurnished rooms were also granted the vote. This gave the vote to about 1,500,000 men. |
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| Royal Title's Act of 1876 |
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Definition
-amendable unite country, happy queen is a happy country, Britain's consciousness of India importance is increasing, Britain to be known by Indians
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Definition
-Gladstone, reorganized army; navy senior service
-organize army, save money
-conscript armies; competitive tests VS asking for a title without earning it
-linked, regiments placed throughout India, titles, purchase of commissions old aristocracies new blood |
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Definition
water supply cleaned (carried diseases)
sewage systems, public health officers hired >concern of health of nation
garbage collections/ disposal |
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| Uprising in Ottoman Empire |
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Definition
| (Modern Bulgaria); Christian minority VS Muslim majority. Military sent in to violently bring down rebellion. Prussia (Germany) got interested. Bismark (German leader), desired the power and competition of European nations. He wanted stability against more wars. Disraeli acknowledged the political realities by this uprising. However the world protested the violence against the European Christians. Britain (Disraeli) viewed Britain as a satisfied power and did not desire any another European continent. Bismark (Germany) New Germany was number one, he dealt with the French and Denmark and also had no desires for any more Euro. continents. They wanted to maintain the status quo. They held a conference of nations in Berlin, Germany (Britain, Germany, French, Italy, and Russia). Russia: crush Ottomans, wanted for centuries Constantinople and defeat Turkey, Czar Alexander wanted to control the East Mediterranean port year round as it was a warm port. The problems this created for Britain was: they traded with Prussia so whatever they decided they would help out as well, France: they also wanted the Holy Land to be protected, and Germany: traded with Russia. Disraeli worked with Bismark to tie the hands of the Russians with polite language incurring a domino effect. Russia withdrew from Bulgaria, Turkey was warned by Brit and Germany to stop the rebellion, and Disraeli returned home a hero ("peace with honor") in his advances of foreign empire and international affairs. |
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| As Britain was falling into a recession brought on by the rise of competitors such as Germany and the United States South Africa became her new beacon of hope as it was a source of gold. "Scramble for Africa" in a Dark Continent (unknown land...) Why explore Africa? 1. Economics: gold here and gold there it was endless, 2. Religion:save soul the proper way of the natives of Africa (missions etc) 3. Science: Royal Geographical Society gave prizes for discoveries (maps and explorers) such as the discovery of thousands of plants. 4. Competition: the spread of the British empire (racialism, eugenics > Genetics and Heredity (protect its/ of people, citizens; authority over where people went "she came and she stayed" |
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| Gladstone's "mission" was to pacify Ireland. This country has a great impact on American mythology (pubs, green beer and festivals celebrating Irish pride). Rome was the center of religion along with everything else. Ireland, Scotland and Wales were left alone as Rome fell to Christianity and Anglo-Saxon Jeuts raided Britton free to do whatever they pleased. The terrain of Ireland, Wales and Scotland was difficult and had few resources; thinly populated and just did not have a lot of profit. Saint Patrick brought Christianity to Ireland and survival and provided the roots of the church. Without the interference of the barbarian raids in Britton (destroyed communication between the two countries), Ireland viewed their christianity as the "pure" one and Britton's as the "muddled". Calendars differed and Christianity clashed. Ireland isolated themselves while Britton followed the Roman example (more Catholic than the Pope). They were faced with the option of being defeated or following Britton. Potatoe famine> potatoes were cheap, prolific and nourishing; easy to grow, easy to make use of it; negative: prone to diseases. Ireland's great export: people. The potato famine caused mass death, depleted the population horribly. |
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| *Agriculture; feudalism (different in Ireland): everything belonged to God, He acted through the monarch; anointed. In Ireland: agricultural land> community which was acted on by its elders. Prince John, sent by the papacy, to conquer Ireland. The concept of a magna carta was non-existent in Ireland, kings did not hold enough power. Under the Earl of Pimbrough (Strong Bow) John gave him the authority to take whatever land he wanted as John enacted feudalism (forced). Without land tenure rights the concept of private property and modernity did not happen because of conquerers. Non existent in Ireland: land tenure/ renting and limits for land lords and tenant. The tenant held the complete responsibility while still under ownership of land versus the owner having responsibility for whatever happens on the lag; massive amounts of poverty. |
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| Unites Ireland to Britain; United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland> American and French Revolutions (did NOT want something like this to EVER happen). Ireland was granted representatives to Parliament in both Irish Parliament and Britain. |
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Definition
-Irishmen
-born in famine, family evicted from land, sent to a workhouse, forced to leave Ireland, grew up in a poor immigration district in Brit, and worked in a cotton mill.
-1865 he created the Irish Republican Brotherhood: secret society under oath and penalty of death if betrayed; desired full independence of Ireland. Treacherous to Brit, terrorist-like organization. He smuggled weapons into Ireland.
-1867, IRB revolted in Brit (failed), Davitt escaped and was picked up two years later and placed in solitary confinement
-Conclusions while in prison: 1. IRB's violent and terrorism not working, 2. Land is key to Irish freedom (land reform)
-He was released and reformed the IRB into the Land League which opposed violence |
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Definition
-Michael Davitt founder
-formerly the IRB
-based on the "3 F's": 1. FAIR rent; farmers included, 2. FIXITY of tenure; cannot be evicted overnight from land for no reason, 3. FREE sale; renting from land lord> sale tenant rights to anyone is available in his rights
-"Land War": Land League VS Irish tenants
-find the WORST land lord> stage rent strike of all the tenants (beginnings of unionism)
-Charles Boycott (estate manager)
-absentee land owner, known jerk
-the Land War brought about some violence |
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| Irish Republican Brotherhood |
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Definition
-Michael Davitt
-violent, terrorist- like organization, illegal in Britain
-transformed into the Land League (Davitt) after he was imprisoned
-shifted focus of movement to land reform with non-violent advances |
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Definition
-protestant- anglican (Church of Ireland)
-upper class gentry; nobility
-half Irish and educated in England
-land lord (inherited): took good care of his tenants
-voted into Parliament (1875) pushed for Home Rule; did not seek complete independence but for degrees of self control; run affairs in context of Brit. government
-Land War (1881); govt suppresses Land League, arrested Parnell regardless of his position, in jail he rejects violence. He is released from jail and gets cases for wronged tenants and hearings. This was all made possible by Captain William O'Shea who was a big supporter of him. He formed the Irish Parliamentry Party since Land League was suppressed, he takes pieces from the former league and instituted constitutional and legal moves. He receives support from Catholic clergy in Ireland; IRB NO, Parnell and his party YES.
-Irish Parliamentry Party (Parnell still in Parl); get people registered to vote, control of Catholic seats in Parl, maintains strict party discipline
-Gets Parliament talking about Ireland: get 80 supporting votes on whatever bill you push for IN Ireland
-X: he has an affair with Katherine O'Shea (Cpt. O'Shea's wife), challenged to a duel by the Cpt but backs out, asks to keep the affair a secret even when they have three kids together
-*uncrowned champion and King or Ireland
-YET...
-CPT. O'Shea decides to not leave his wife because of how unpopular that is (Victorian hypocrisy) the affair has become a "public secret" (tension with Victorian ideals and morality balance)
-O'Shea was looking for inheritance from Catherine's aunt yet this did not happen and he divorces Catherine
-Parnell's rule begins to fall: Gladstone and Catholic authority no longer support him so he tries to stay with the IPP yet is asked to step down the party splits with support and opposition and ultimately ends the IPP
-Irish National Party emerges after Parnell's death and they vote with liberals to give them majority |
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Term
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Definition
City governs itself (Gladstone);
-1886; created a unicameral assembly in Dublin that ruled over small, local affairs
-external affairs still governed by London; Parliament Irish members excluded from Parliament in London because they have their own representation
-the place of executive, Lord Lieutenant, ran Irish affairs
-executive; Balfour, without assembly in Dublin's influence
-Holster: no exceptions for North Ireland all is governed by assembly in Dublin; protestants in Holster oppose Home Rule
-**Gladston: Home Rule now (statement to Parliament)
-with honor, without humiliation and not wait until the situation becomes desperate (prolific statement)
-bill fails even with Parnell's support> Parliament dissolves, conservatives take over
WHY DID IT FAIL?
-Gladstone's party voted against it (rebelled)
-1. Gladstone drafted legislation in secret without any other input
2. Liberal Unionists think bill has gone too far: -support union yet (Joe Chamberlain ; Ireland is untouchable and cannot agree with Gladstone on Home Rule- believe in reform still, -create an alliance with conservatives
-beginning of end for Liberal party (1886)
-thanks to the Irish, Gladstone is put back in power and goes for a 2nd Home Rule bill in secret without any consult...again
-BICAMERAL chamber (Westminster-like), **does not exclude Irish Parliamentry members from London and they can continue to rule on local affairs in Ireland...yet once again the bill fails
-Gladstone's govt fails
-Home Rule fails: brought down 2 govts, forced Gladstone to quit, does not return to political agenda until 1910 through the same methods as before |
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Definition
-Grand Nationalist Trade Union (1820's)
-visionary factory owner (textiles)
-schools for children; less work areas for kids
-hospitals in factory
-organized workforce (trade unions) skilled/ unskilled, no women or men
-failed; strikes, couldn't afford it
-cure for class antagonism |
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Definition
-coal miners made first successful trade unions (combine in interest of self)
-metal workers; engineer, skilled workers, mills etc; no unskilled workers, repetitive training
-"aristocracy of labor"; industrial, how much paid, how many hours, safety, job security, and unionism work
-very conservative
-guarantee of skilled workers, bargain with boss
-winnings a part of Great Victorian Prosperity
-representation in Parliament; plumbers, carpenters, and electricians
-1880's; unskilled laborers women eventually get a say
-1870's: right to peaceful picketing> pull public to their side
-const. represent, services
-not about striking
-security and benefits for workers; labor supply, trained and disciplined, prevention of strikes
SERVICES:
-friendly societies: mutual insurance company
-members contributed funds: death benefits, burials and family support
-*were not political; distant from liberals and conserve
-reform might be beneficial, both parties pushed for them
-unions into manufacturing: 1. numbers and 2. money; conservative, establishment, not a political party, rejected industrial capitalist view |
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Definition
Socialism- problems, Liberals- achievers, Conservatives- owners
-Broader distribution of wealth (wealth it badly distributed); 1. it is getting worse; unfair system, 2. machine of govt is inadequate to protect all in society, 3. fix it so that it intercedes the powerless, only state can protect, 4. state has to assume responsibility of economy
-marxism is a branch of socialism, not all socialists ARE marxists
-change fundamentally base; 1. assumption: system cannot be fixed by reform; distributions, acquiring, and manipulation of wealth is unable to be fixed
-(reform) why it doesn't work: inequity; everyone stands somewhere different
-*capitalism cannot be fixed by reform laws; views predate christianity and all other political parties, becoming more appealing to the lower class |
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Term
James Keir Hardy
James Ramsey MacDonald |
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Definition
-Christian socialists
-labour rep. committee
-Mac: LRC, Labour Party (then and now); meet needs of working class and entire country
-trade unionism
-parties coalition
-40 members to Parliament |
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Definition
-last PM of the 19th century after death of Disraeli for Conservatives
-agreed with policies that led up to the Boer War |
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Definition
-first modern man; governor of Cape Colony, change necessary
-used money to buy weapons as a possible defense against Britain; bought from Germany (oldest ally= Portugal) |
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Definition
enacting civil liberties, should we interfere?
weak and criticized
Crimean War and Boer War, Ireland |
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| Dutch settlers in South Africa; Cape Colony> result of Napoleonic and French Revolution
-did not like British rule: moved north to an occupied area of natives by wiping them out; 1. modernity conquering primitiveness, 2. morality; black skin is a sign of cain
-Brit applied pressure and Dutch pushed back
-Transvaal settlement and Orange Free State ; separate from British; racialism
-shooting war broke out on border- no Brit. influence; accepted "right to exist"
-recognized Brit's superiority in foreign matters
-disliked: Brit's shadow in foreign policy, international relations
Britain: nuisance; Dutch: gold and diamonds in settlements; allowed foreigners to come in with no political rights to work, taxed enormously
-Transvaal and Orange mobilized an attack against Britain
**-enormous influence on economics (gold and its impact worldwide); Brit navy and army did poorly |
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Term
| General Bueller (field officer) |
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Definition
Boer War; humiliated and removed from command and replaced by Roberts (Little Bob)
-as successful as Buellar: took control of capitals
-war ended (under Roberts); war style was guerrilla warfare and was drawn out (commandos)
-small combat groups with irregular battles ; citizens became soldiers and did not differ from one another
-Kichner, SiC in charge; took Dutch from homes and watched over them in concentration camps which made it impossible for them to fight as both a civilian and a soldier, disease took many lives
-inevitable to happen
-divided British politics
support:
oppose: minority, Liberals (Pro Boers)
-(imperialism) treaty absorbs Dutch Transvaal and Orange in Cape Colony; surrendered because they could not fight any longer and the concentration camps broke them
-Boers maintained majority in representative government until Nelson Mandela |
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Definition
-he went to India for a coronation durbar in Delhi. Within the limitations of his constitutional position, he occasionally played a decisive personal part in political controversies, acting as moderator in the debates over the Parliament Act of 1911 (see Parliament) and the Irish Home Rule Bill of 1914
-Formidable difficulties faced the new king early in his reign. The constitutional struggle to curb the power of the House of Lords was unresolved, and the Liberal government secured an undertaking from the king that, should the lords not yield, he would create sufficient new peers to overcome the opposition. After the Liberal success in the election of December 1910, the House of Lords relented and passed the Parliament Act (1911), and the king did not have to fulfill his pledge. Respect for King George greatly increased during World War I, and he visited the front in France several times. |
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Definition
| -great at start of century, Britain ruled over all but faltered toward end as competition rose and Parliament divided itself under the popular pressure due to Boer War |
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| Britain and Her competitors |
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Definition
-Britain was but A competitor of the world and a major one
-"victim of her own ideology"
-Germany main competitor: Bismarck; industrialized faster than any other, military reputation and the New World
-Brit faltered, Belgium, Germany, U.S, and Japan prosper
*-insurance: Lloyds of London; ships, first great international insurance company, both ships and the exports on them
-Britain invented modern insurance and modern banking; branch banking *Bank of England: international banking, controlled heavily; involved in American and other countries bank transactions
-invisible exports and imports: services and expertise |
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Definition
-founder of the Salvation Army
-William Booth sought to bring into his worship services an informal atmosphere that would encourage new converts. Joyous singing, instrumental music, clapping of hands and an invitation to repent characterized Salvation Army meetings.
General Booth was deeply influenced by his wife Catherine Booth, who believed that women were equal to men and it was only inadequate education and social custom that made them men's intellectual inferiors. She was an inspiring speaker and helped to promote the idea of women preachers. The Salvation Army gave women equal responsibility with men for preaching and welfare work and on one occasion William Booth remarked that: "My best men are women!"
The Church of England were at first extremely hostile to Booth's activities. Lord Shaftesbury, a leading politician and evangelist, described William Booth as the "Anti-Christ". One of the main complaints against Booth was his "elevation of women to man's status". Members of the Salvation Army were imprisoned for open-air preaching and their support for the Temperance Society made them the target for gangs of men who became known as the Skeleton Army.
William and Catherine Booth were also active in the campaign to improving the working conditions of women working at the Bryant & May factory in the East End |
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Definition
| -granted Disraeli the right to pass the 1867 Reform as the PM under the fear of the conservative party being seen as a anti-reform party and the liberals striving to do the same thing if they got back in power |
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Definition
Crimean War; brought women nurses to field
-hese stations were poorly staffed, with insufficient supplies, and the medical and sanitary conditions were awful. This terrible state of affairs was reported by the media in Britain. Thirty eight voluntary nurses, amongst them Florence Nightingale, travelled to Turkey to help relieve the situation.
Nightingale proved herself to be hugely resourceful. Her competence and generosity were reported back in Great Britain; "The Lady with the Lamp"
-Nightingale worked towards improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and activity for the patients of the hospitals. Death rates were reduced dramatically with the introduction of such measures. Nightingale kept meticulous records of the number of deaths, and the causes of deaths, so that on her return to Great Britain she could justify the need for improving conditions in hospitals.
-Following Nightingale's return to Great Britain and her campaign for better living conditions for the army, the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army was created. |
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Term
| Public Schools Act of 1868 |
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Definition
-The Public Schools Act 1868 (31 & 32 Vict. c.118) was enacted by the British Parliament to reform and regulate nine leading English boys' schools. These so-called public schools all grew out of ancient charity schools originally established to provide for a few poor scholars, but then, as today, educated many sons of the English upper and upper-middle classes on a fee-paying basis.
-The Act removed these schools from any direct jurisdiction or responsibility of the Crown, established church or government, establishing a board of governors for each school and granting them independence over their administration.[2] The Act led to rapid development of the schools, away from the traditional classics-based curriculum taught by clergymen, to a broader scope of studies. |
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