Term
| Equation for photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
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|
Term
| Sequence levels of organization |
|
Definition
| Organism- Organ system- Organ- Tissue- Cell- Organelle- Macromolecule- Atom |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sight of Light Ind. Reactions, Stacked Thylakoids, Located in the Chloroplasts |
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|
Term
| What are the three parts of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood |
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|
Term
| What is the Thylakoid Membrane? |
|
Definition
| Sight of Light Ind. Reactions, Contain Chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of blood vessels and characteristics of each? |
|
Definition
1. Arteries- carry blood away from heart, have valves
2. Capillaries- tiniest & thinnest, connect arteries to veins
3. Veins- carry blood toward heart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid in chloroplast, site of Calvin Cycle, contains ATP and NADH |
|
|
Term
| What is hemoglobin and what enables it to carry oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Iron containing O2 transport system, iron attracts O2 molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green pigment found in chloroplasts |
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|
Term
| What is pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
| Circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the heart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chambers of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Right Atrium Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| opening in the leaf that allows for gas exchange |
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|
Term
| Describe blood flow throughout heart, starting at the veins. |
|
Definition
| Veins- Superior Vena Cava- Right Atrium- Tricuspid Valve- Right Ventricle- Pulmonary Valve- Pulmonary Arteries- Lungs- Left Atrium- Bicuspid Valve- Left Ventricle- Aortic Valve- Aorta- Through Body |
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|
Term
| What are the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum used by photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Carotenoids, Chlorophyll a & b |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structures involved in gas exchange in the lungs. |
|
Definition
| Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchi, Bronchioles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| light energy source, energy reactant for light ind. reactions |
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|
Term
| Where does gas exchange take place in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the REACTANTS of Light Independent Reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| Carries leaked out fluid (lymph) from cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
| What are the PRODUCTS of Light Independent Reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal balance of the environment in the human body |
|
|
Term
| Function of Electron Transport System. |
|
Definition
| As electrons pass through ETC, H+ ions are passed through the membrane creating ATP through Chemiosmosis |
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|
Term
| What are three major factors that must be constantly regulated to keep body in homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Body Temp, Blood Glucose, Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| As ATP is synthesized, H+ ions are passed BACK through membrane from low to high concentration |
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|
Term
| What prevents food from going into the trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the REACTANTS of the Calvin Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contraction of muscles in the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What are the PRODUCTS of the Calvin Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the organs of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| Alimentary Canal, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder |
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|
Term
| What is the carbon source for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of oxygen from photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| Light dependent from spitting H2O molecules |
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|
Term
| What is the equation for cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6O2 + 6H20 + 32 ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is oxidation and reduction? |
|
Definition
| Oxidation is loss of electrons, Reduction is gain of electrons |
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|
Term
| Where does cellular respiration take place? (2 places) |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm (Glycolysis) and Mitochondria (Matrix- Krebs cycle, Inner Membrane- ETC) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down carbs through fermentation and makes ATP |
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|
Term
| Where do the products of the Krebs cycle go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Aerobic vs. Anaerobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reactions that involve oxidation (loss of) acetyl compounds to product high-energy phosphate compounds |
|
|
Term
| What are the REACTANTS of the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate, NAD+, CoA enzyme, FAD, ADP |
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|
Term
| What are the PRODUCTS of the Krebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the electron carriers and where do they go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of taking food into the body (0ccurs in mouth) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of decomposing food into substances that can be absorbed into the body (Alimentary Canal) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of absorbing nurturance into the body (Majority in Small Intestine) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of removing useless of harmless wastes (Anal Cavity and Large Intestine) |
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|
Term
| Where do electrons go and why? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen as the final electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| What are the two end products of fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sequence the breakdown of glucose. |
|
Definition
| Glucose- Glycolysis- 2 pyruvate- with O2- Krebs |
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|
Term
| what are villi, where are they & what do they do? |
|
Definition
| fingerlike projections in the small intestine to increase surface area |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Filtrate, Reabsorb H2O, Selective Reabsorption, Tubular Excretion, Further H2O Absorption |
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|
Term
| What are the parts of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Renal Artery, Renal Cortex, Renal Vein, Renal Medulla, Renal Pelvis, Nephrons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Take in filtrate and filters out bad substances into urine and reabsorbs useful nutrients back into blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of interactions between organisms and their environment |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Different populations that live together in an area |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterotrophs- rely on other organisms for energy/ food |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Autotrophs- Get energy from environment |
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|
Term
| What are the Tropic Levels? |
|
Definition
| Primary producers, herbivores, predators, carnivores |
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|
Term
| What is the energy transfer between tropic levels? |
|
Definition
| 10% is passed from each level |
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|
Term
| What is a Logistic Growth model? |
|
Definition
| Sigmoid curve, stabilizes at carrying capacity, growth rate slows as it reaches carrying capacity |
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|
Term
| What is a Exponential Growth Model? |
|
Definition
| growth resulting from consistent rate of change over time |
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|
Term
| What do population pyramids show? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of population? |
|
Definition
| size, growth, dispersion, and density |
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|
Term
| What are the types of dispersion? |
|
Definition
| Uniformed, Clumped, Random |
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|
Term
| What is carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
| Maximum number of organisms an environment can support |
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|
Term
| What are density dependent effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are density independent effects? |
|
Definition
| competition for resources |
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|
Term
| What are K-selected organisms? |
|
Definition
| few offspring, old age repro, cares for offspring |
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|
Term
| What are R-selected organisms? |
|
Definition
| many offspring, young age repro, doesn't care for offspring |
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|
Term
| What are three types of neurons? |
|
Definition
| Motor, Sensory, Interneurons (connect motor and sensory) |
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|
Term
| What is the Central Nervous system (CNS)? |
|
Definition
| provides complex reflexes and functions, learning & memory |
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|
Term
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? |
|
Definition
| controls heart rate, blood flow, reflexes, associated with motor and sensory reflexes |
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|
Term
| What is the Autonomic Nervous system? |
|
Definition
| stimulates glands and responds to smooth muscle commands |
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|
Term
| What is the Voluntary nervous system? |
|
Definition
| responds to skeletal muscle commands |
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|
Term
| What are the subdivisions of Autonomic nervous system and what is their function? |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic- calms body, lowers blood pressure and heart rate
Sympathetic- "Fight-or-Flight" reactions raises hear rate and blood pressure |
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|
Term
| What is a typical reflex arc? |
|
Definition
| Small body jerk in response to "danger" |
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|
Term
| What are the components of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
| Bones, Ligaments, Tendons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic change in population over time. |
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|
Term
| What is the age of the Earth according to evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the oldest fossils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are homologous structures? |
|
Definition
| Have different purpose in organs, but are developed from similar bone structures |
|
|
Term
| What are vestigial structures/organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Analogous structures? |
|
Definition
| bird wings in comparison to butterfly wings, same function different structure |
|
|
Term
| what is Embryological comparison? |
|
Definition
| comparison of embryos between species |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between molecular and genetic sequences? |
|
Definition
Molecular- amino acids
Genetic- DNA |
|
|
Term
| What was Lamarck's theory? |
|
Definition
| he believed evolution occurred over inheritance of acquired traits & behavioral changes are acquired through development |
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|
Term
| Darwin and natural selection |
|
Definition
| changes within a species & that the # of these changes led to new species |
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|
Term
| Define variation in a population |
|
Definition
| small differences in species |
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|
Term
| Describe what happens to organisms in a changing environment |
|
Definition
| Organisms have to adapt to survive |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| favorable trait best suited for an environment |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 points of natural selection? |
|
Definition
| variation, Favorable Traits, More offspring produced can now survive, Survivors hold favorable traits, Population will change over time |
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|
Term
| What did Darwin's findings do to help shape natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Birds adapted beak size according to food supply and what was available |
|
|
Term
| How were the Galapagos formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in allele frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BIG change in gene frequency |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between adaptation and acclimation? |
|
Definition
| Adaptation is inherited, involves population change, permanent. Acclimation is accustomed to environment, not natural selection, no gene change, temporary |
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|
Term
| What are three types of natural selection and the graphs they are associated with? give example of each |
|
Definition
Stabilizing- favors the avg. selects against extremes. (Human Growth Rate)
Directional- favors one extreme, against avg. (Antibiotic Resistance)
Disruptive- favors both extremes, against avg. (Darwin's Finches) |
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|
Term
| What are the components of the integumentary system? (8) |
|
Definition
| Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Hair follicle, oil bland, blood vessels, sweat gland, receptors |
|
|
Term
| What did the difference between tendons and ligaments? |
|
Definition
| Tendons connect muscle to bone, Ligaments connect bone to bone |
|
|
Term
| What system does the skeletal system work with to create red blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bones are in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newborn babies have about 300-350 bones in their body, why is this less than the number of bones at an adult age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main purposes of the muscular system? (4) |
|
Definition
| Mobility, Strength, Structure, Heat Production |
|
|
Term
| Explain how a muscle contracts. |
|
Definition
| Brain signal to SR results in a calcium release. Calcium binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding sites. Actin binds with myosin. Actin pulls muscle strands together |
|
|
Term
| List the muscle layer and coverings (Fascicles to Filaments) |
|
Definition
| muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, thick and thin filaments |
|
|
Term
| What are the male and female gametes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are male and female gametes produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why aren't viruses classified as living organisms? |
|
Definition
| cant reproduce on their own |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between Viral and Bacterial Infections? |
|
Definition
Viral- smaller, require living host
Bacterial- Don't require living host, thrive in many different environments |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of classification of living things? |
|
Definition
| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
|
|
Term
| What are the rules for Binomial Nomenclature? |
|
Definition
| Italics when typed, underline when hand written, first word capitalized, second word lower case |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Archaebacteria? And state where each "lives" |
|
Definition
Methanogens (Marshes, sewage, etc)
Halophiles (High salt environment)
Thermophiles (hot springs) |
|
|
Term
| Are Archeabacterica multi or unicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Archeabacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do archeabacteria reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Archeabacteria differ from Eubacteria? |
|
Definition
| different RNA bases, composition of plasma membranes and cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Is bacteria multi or unicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is bacteria Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does bacteria reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does bacteria get nutrients to grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can Protista be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Protista muli or unicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Protista Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Protista reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does it get nutrients to grow? |
|
Definition
| Heterotrophs and Autotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flagellum, Cilia, Pseudopods |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate the types of Protista: Animal, Plant, Fungi. Give examples. |
|
Definition
Animal- Heterotrophs, unicellular (Amoeba)
Plant- Autotrophs, Unicellular (Algae)
Fungi- Heterotrophs, reproduce by spores (Molds) |
|
|
Term
| What is Alexander Fleming credited for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Fungi multi or unicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Fungi Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Fungi reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Fungi cell wall made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Fungi get nutrients to grow? |
|
Definition
| Hyphae grows and branches off onto food source |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of Fungi? |
|
Definition
| Break down material, food, drugs |
|
|
Term
| Are Plants multi or unicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are plants eukaryotes or prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Plant cell wall made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Plants get nutrients to grow? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis, Autotrophs |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. |
|
Definition
Angio- produce seed & flowers
Gymno- Naked Seed, Cones |
|
|
Term
| Differences between Monocot and Dicots. |
|
Definition
Monocots- fibrous root, 3 petal, parallel veins
Dicot- long taproot, 4-5 petals, netlike veins |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a flower, tell whether male or female. |
|
Definition
Stamen (M): Anther (contains pollen), Filament (holds anther)
Pistil (F): Stigma (Receives pollen), Style (Tube on Ovary), Ovary (Female repro) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vascular- vessels, seeds and seedless, roots, stems leaves
Nonvascular- lacks roots, stems, leaves, need moisture |
|
|
Term
| Are animals multi or unicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are animals eukaryotic or prokaryotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do animals reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do animals get nutrients to grow? |
|
Definition
| Obtain food from outside sources |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 essential functions of animals? |
|
Definition
| Digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, muscular, nervous, Skeletal |
|
|
Term
| Directional Terms: Ventral, Dorsal, Posterior, Anterior, Medial, Lateral, Distal, Proximal |
|
Definition
| front, back, near back, near front, middle, away from midline, farther from point of reference, closer to point of reference |
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|
