Term
| What is the purpose of the rectus sheath? |
|
Definition
| serves to prevent the abdominal muscles from "bow stringing" or protruding when the group of muscles contract |
|
|
Term
| What is the superficial inguinal ring? |
|
Definition
| medial edge of external oblique forms superficial ring to allow descent of the testes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the descent of the testes. |
|
Definition
-testes are located internally
-peritoneum separated from inguinal canal and testes are completely separated from inside |
|
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Term
| Describe inguinal hernias. |
|
Definition
-visceral structure protrudes enough through a normal, or abnormal, opening in the abdominal wall
-90% of hernias are in inguinal region
-75% are through the superficial inguinal ring
-20x more common in males
-repaired with mesh plug |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the deep back muscles? |
|
Definition
-maintain posture and control movements of vertebral column
-extends from skull to pelvis |
|
|
Term
| How are the limbs developed? |
|
Definition
-limb buds grow with:
dorsal side facing up
ventral side facing down
-limb rotation
upper limb rotates 90 degrees laterally
lower limb rotates 90 degrees medially
elbow faces posteriorly and knee
anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| What is iliotibial band syndrome? |
|
Definition
-2nd most common knee injury in runners
-TFL becomes tight and transfers tension into ITB
-repetitive stress could produce friction at the lateral knee
-lateral knee becomes painful due to irritation of distal ITB |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of all the muscles that insert into the pes anserinus? |
|
Definition
| flex the knee and provide stability to the medial knee joint against lateral blows |
|
|
Term
| What role do the gluteus medius and minimus have in gait? |
|
Definition
-keeps the pelvis level
-prevents pelvic obliquity
-right muscles weak=left pelvic drop |
|
|
Term
| What are the greater and lesser sciatic foramen formed by? |
|
Definition
-sacrotuberous ligament
-sacrospinous ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tendon tears away from bone (taking bone with)
-surgical repair is required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-peripheral nerve injury
-foot cannot be dorsiflexed
-makes walking very difficult |
|
|
Term
| What is the peroneal retinacula? |
|
Definition
-superior and inferior
-holds tendons together, posterior to lateral malleoulus |
|
|
Term
| What is the "ankle stirrup"? |
|
Definition
-fibularis longus (everter)
-tibialis anterior (inverter)
-both form a "sling" around the bottom of foot
-purpose if to keep balance |
|
|
Term
| What is the "screw home" mechanism? |
|
Definition
-femur medially rotates to "lock" on the tibia to maximally fit the joint with slight medial rotation
-femur laterally rotates to "unlock" knee joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the flexor retinaculum? |
|
Definition
| fibrous band of connective tissue that hold the TP, FDL, and FHL together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive pronation drives medial bony arch down into the ground |
|
|
Term
| What is plantar fasciitis? |
|
Definition
| inflammation of the plantar fascia |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between afferent and efferent? |
|
Definition
afferent: bring sensory info TO the brain
efferent: take messages FROM brain |
|
|
Term
| What are spinal enlargements? |
|
Definition
| widening of SC regions due to presence of peripheral nerve cell bodies |
|
|
Term
| What is the cervical and lumbar enlargement? |
|
Definition
cervical: forms the brachial plexus
lumbar: forms lumbosacral plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the conus medullaris? |
|
Definition
| pointed cone-shaped end of spinal cord at L1-2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the cauda equina? |
|
Definition
-dorsal and ventral nerve roots at caudal end of SC
-fills in vertebral canal with "horses tail" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-outer meninge
-outermost fibrous layer of dense connective tissue
-protective outer meningeal covering that extends over the nerve roots as well |
|
|
Term
| What is the epidural space? |
|
Definition
-space between the vertebrae and dura mater
-contains fat
-between the bony arch and the dura mater
-fat acts as cushion around vital nerve system |
|
|
Term
| What is the lumbar cistern? |
|
Definition
-pouch formed by dura mater, inferior to conus medullaris
-contains the cauda equina
-used for lumbar punctures |
|
|
Term
| What is the arachnoid mater? |
|
Definition
-middle meninge
-delicate membrane which contains numerous fibers that give it a spider web like appearance |
|
|
Term
| What is the subarachnoid space? |
|
Definition
-between the arachnoid and pia mater
-contains the cerebrospinal fluid, same fluid in the lumbar cistern, which is circulated through the CNS in this space
-provides a hydraulic barrier between the spinal cord and the bony arch, which helps absorb shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-innermost meninge
-very thin and adherant to the spinal cord
-has yellowed appearance |
|
|
Term
| What are the denticulate ligaments? |
|
Definition
-toothlike extension of pia mater which attach the spinal cord to the arachnoid and dura
-20-22 pairs along the length of the cord
-seen as little white teeth on each side of cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the filum terminale? |
|
Definition
| thin, threadlike extension of the pia mater which anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum |
|
|
Term
| Why are there 8 cervical spinal nerve roots instead of 7? |
|
Definition
-the nerves exit above the cervical vertebrae while everywhere else they exit below
-C8 exits above T1 |
|
|
Term
| Where do the ventral and dorsal rami go? |
|
Definition
ventral: anterior and lateral trunk and extremities
dorsal: goes to deep back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-areas of skin innervated by the cutaneous branch of a single spinal nerve
-lateral forearm=C6
-L3 to the knee, L4 to the floor |
|
|
Term
| What is a lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
-obtaining CSF from lumbar cistern
-diagnostic tool used for evaluating nervous system disorders
-penetrates the ligamentum flavum in order to enter the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the Rami of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Trunks of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
C5-6=upper
C7=middle
C8-T1=lower |
|
|
Term
| What are the Divisions of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
| all trunks divide into anterior and posterior |
|
|
Term
| What are the Cords of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
anterior divisions of upper and lower=lateral
anterior division of middle=medial
all posterior divisions=posterior |
|
|
Term
| What are the Branches of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
musculotaneous from lateral cord
median from lateral and medial cord
ulnar from medial cord
radial from posterior cord
axillary from posterior cord |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the musculotaneous nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
| weak flexion and supination of forearm |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the radial nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
| weak extension of forearm and wrist (wrist drop) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the median nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
| inability to flex 2nd and 3rd digits (pope's hand) and thenar weakness |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the ulnar nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
| loss of hand muscle strength except thenar group (claw hand) |
|
|
Term
| What rami does the sciatic nerve originate from? Obturator? Femoral? Tibial? Common Fibular? |
|
Definition
sciatic: L4-S3
Obturator: L2-L4
Femoral: L2-L4
Tibial: L4-S3
Common Fibular: L4-S2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the sciatic nerve? |
|
Definition
-supplies entire lower extremity except for anterior and medial thigh
-divides in the posterior thigh |
|
|
Term
| What is the tibial nerve? |
|
Definition
-larger, medial component of the sciatic nerve
-supplies most of the hamstrings and the posterior leg
-goes posterior to medial malleolus
-supplies all foot muscles as it bifricates into medial/lateral plantars |
|
|
Term
| What are the medial/lateral plantar nerves? |
|
Definition
-terminal branches of the tibial nerve
-arise at the medial posterior foot
-innervate the 4 plantar muscle layers |
|
|
Term
| What is the common fibular nerve? |
|
Definition
-smaller lateral division of sciatic nerve
-wraps around head of fibula and splits into:
superficial fibular nerve (lateral leg)
deep fibular nerve (anterior leg) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the femoral nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the obturator nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the tibial nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
-loss of plantar flexion and weak foot inversion
-weakness in hamstring actions: knee flexion and thigh extension |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the superficial fibular nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the deep fibular nerve is injured? |
|
Definition
| loss of dorsiflexion (foot drop) and weak foot inversion |
|
|
Term
| What is a herniated disk? |
|
Definition
-rupture of annulus fibrous rings
-allows protrusion of the viscous nucleus pulposus out into intervertebral foramen space
-painfully compresses nerve root exiting from cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region with multiple small extensions coming off of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extensions coming off of body
-receive information from other neurons and deliver that info into the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rough ER
-chromatophillic--> accept stains very well, reason why grey matter stains dark |
|
|
Term
| What is the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
| action potentials are initiated here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| runs the length of the cell and propogates the action potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a bipolar, psuedo-unipolar, and multipolar neuron? |
|
Definition
bipolar: cell body in between dendrite and axon
pseudo-unipolar: bulbous, sac-like body with dendrite on one side and axon on other
multipolar: body with dendrites coming off and then long axon coming off of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CNS support cell
-exchange between capillaries and neurons
-control chemical environment
-take up neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-CNS support cell
-monitor the health of neurons
-phagocytic |
|
|
Term
| What are ependymal cells? |
|
Definition
-CNS support cells
-help form CSF
-help circulate CSF |
|
|
Term
| What are oligodendrocytes? |
|
Definition
-CNS support cells
-form the myelin sheath in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are satellite cells? |
|
Definition
-PNS support cells
-surround the cell bodies of neuron in ganglia
-supportive to neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-PNS support cells
-form the myelin sheath in the PNS |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect conduction velocity? |
|
Definition
-axon diameter: larger the diameter, faster it will conduct a curent
-myelin sheath: myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons |
|
|
Term
| What are nodes of ranvier? |
|
Definition
| -spaces between adjacent schwann cells |
|
|
Term
| What is a group A nerve fiber? |
|
Definition
-largest diameter and degree of myelination=fasted conducting
-somatic motor and sensory innervation
-fast (sharp) pain |
|
|
Term
| What is a group B nerve fiber? |
|
Definition
-lightly myelinated
-autonomic motor and sensory and light touch/pain
-sense from skin |
|
|
Term
| What is a group C nerve fiber? |
|
Definition
-smallest diameter and unmyelinated=slowest conducting
-visceral, some touch
-slow (dull/achy) pain |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a nerve? |
|
Definition
-endoneurium: surrounds individual processes of neurons
-perineurium: covers fascicles
-epineurium: covers nerve |
|
|
Term
| What happens in multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
-myelin sheaths in CNS are destroyed and sclerotic
-autoimmune disease in which immune system attacks myelin
-symptoms: cycles of relapse and remission, visual & speech disturbance, weaness, urinary incontinence, heat intolerance |
|
|
Term
| What is continuous conduction? |
|
Definition
-propagation in an unmyelinated cell
-propagation from one specific area to another
-Na+-K+ channels open and close sequntially along the membrane
-voltage-gated channels are located all along the length of the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is saltatory conduction? |
|
Definition
-propagation of AP in myelinated nerves
1. Na+ enters axon through voltage gated channels and flows along to node 2
2. Na+ depolarizes voltage gated channels at node 2 so Na+ starts to enter there, while at node 1 K+ is leaving
3. Na+ ions move to node 3 and there they depolarize the membrane, while at node 3 K+ is leaving the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is an axo-dendritic synapse? |
|
Definition
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