Term
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Definition
| A method of combating software piracy, intended to ensure that each license for Windows XP is used solely on a single computer. Many vendors now use activation. Microsoft's implementation of activation is Microsoft Product Activation (MPA). |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of onscreen instructions that guide you through the installation of a printer's driver and utilities. |
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Term
| Automated System Recovery (ASR) |
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Definition
New in Windows XP, this replaces the Emergency Repair process of Windows NT and Windows 2000. ASR is available from the Windows Backup program (NTBACKUP.EXE). |
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Term
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Definition
| A Windows program that will automatically connect to the Microsoft site and download and install updates |
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Term
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Definition
| A utility that can be used to back up system and data files. Beginning with Windows XP, you can also use the Windows Backup Utility (NTBACKUP.EXE) to create a set of disks for Automated System Recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| An installation of an OS onto an empty hard drive |
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Term
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Definition
A Windows Control Panel device-management applet that displays the list of installed hardware and the status and properties of each device. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Windows, a file to which memory contents are copied (dumped) when a stop error occurs. You can use the information in a dump file when debugging stop errors. You can send this file to Microsoft for evaluation of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
An exact duplicate of the entire hard drive contents, including the OS and all installed software, that is used to install copies of an OS and associated applications on multiple computers. |
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Term
| Last Known Good (LKG) configuration |
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Definition
| A Windows startup option for start-up failures due to a configuration change. It lets you restore the system to a single restore point (not called that), and you only have a narrow window of opportunity in which you can use LKG—on the first reboot after making a configuration change, and before logging |
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Term
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Definition
| A start-up mode in which Windows starts without using all of the drivers and components that would normally be loaded. Use Safe Mode when your Windows computer will not start normally |
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Term
| Access Control Entry (ACE) |
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Definition
| Each Access Control List has at least one Access Control Entry (ACE), which is like a record in this tiny ACL database that contains just one user or group account name and the permissions assigned to this account for that file or folder |
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Term
| Access Control List (ACL) |
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Definition
— Each file and folder on an NTFS volume has an associated Access Control List (ACL), which is a table of users and/or groups and their permissions to access the file or folder. |
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Term
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Definition
The Windows Action Center, represented by the small flag icon in the Notification Area will briefly display a message balloon when there is a problem with your security programs and backup. |
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Term
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Definition
| A feature introduced in Windows 7 that allows you to place icons for applications and destinations on the taskbar and Start menu. Once pinned, an item’s icon remains on the toolbar regardless of whether the program is open or closed. Simply click it to open the application or destination |
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Term
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Definition
| A file that contains program code, as opposed to a file containing data |
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Term
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Definition
| A practice introduced in Windows 2000 in which all of the operating system code is digitally signed to show that it has not been tampered with |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of memory management in which the OS moves programs and data in and out of memory as needed |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of covertly obtaining information broadcast from wireless devices using the Bluetooth standard, a short-range wireless standard used for data exchange between computers and mobile devices |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of networked computer that, usually unbeknown to their owners, have been infected with programs that forward information to other computers over the network. A bot, short for robot, is a program that acts as an agent for a user or master program, performing a variety of functions for good or evil |
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Term
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Definition
| Named for a wartime demilitarized zone, a network between the internal network and the Internet with a firewall on both sides. This is where an organization puts any servers that it wishes to have offer services over the Internet |
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Term
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Definition
A program downloaded to a user's computer without consent. Often the simple act of browsing to a web site or opening an HTML e-mail message may result in such a surreptitious download. A drive-by- download may also occur when installing another application. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fraudulent method of obtaining personal financial information through web page pop-ups, e-mail, and even via letters mailed via the postal service. |
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Term
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Definition
| Malware that hides itself from detection by anti-amlware programs by conceling itself within the OS or any other program running on the computer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mode by which malware infects a computer. |
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Term
| application virtualization |
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Definition
| A type of virtualization in which a user connects to a server and accesses one or more applications rather than an entire desktop environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The software virtualization of a desktop computer into which you can install an operating system, |
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Term
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Definition
| A physical means of connecting to a host computer (mainframe or minicomputer) that consists of little more than a keyboard and display with a connection to the host. It has no native processing power (hence the term dumb). |
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Term
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Definition
| An operating system running within a virtual machine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A key combination used to release control of the keyboard and mouse from within a virtual machine so that they can be used in the host OS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The operating system installed directly on a computer and into which a virtual machine is installed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The software layer that emulates the necessary hardware on which an operating system runs, allowing multiple operating systems to run simultaneously on a single computer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virtualization in which a single machine hosts multiple servers, each of which performs tasks as independently from the others as separate physical machines would. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virtualization of networked data storage in which client computers can utilize many networked hard drives as though they are one |
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Term
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Definition
| Client software that enables a user to connect to server-based terminal services that provide an environment, called a partition, in which the user accesses programs on the server. |
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Term
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Definition
| A server-based service that creates individual environments, called partitions, within which a user can work in programs after remotely connecting over a network. |
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Term
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Definition
| A low-cost PC, usually without such common peripherals as diskette drives (now gone from most PCs), expansion slots, and optical drives. The purpose of a thin client is to connect to a server, allowing the user to work in a server-hosted environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypervisor that can run directly on a computer without an underlying host operating system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypervisor that requires a host operating system |
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Term
| virtual desktop infrastructure |
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Definition
| The hosting and managing of multiple virtual desktops on network servers. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows user to change the attributes of a file or files. Add/remove |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| check computer’s hard drive status. |
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Term
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Definition
| clear the prompt/command line |
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Term
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Definition
| copy files to alternate locations |
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Term
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Definition
| delete files for the computer |
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Term
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Definition
| able to see available files and directories in the current directory. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows user to copy the complete contents of a diskette to another diskette. |
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Term
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Definition
| repeat text typed in back to the screen and can be used to echo to a peripheral on the computer. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| able to delete and create partitions on the hard drive |
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Term
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Definition
| erase information off a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| type after a command to get help with that command |
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Term
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Definition
| used to create a directory. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to see the amiable, used, and free memory |
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Term
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Definition
| used during a batch file/ allows computer to pause the currently running batch file |
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Term
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Definition
| removes an empty directory/ |
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Term
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Definition
| delete directories with files in them |
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Term
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Definition
| used to rename files and directories |
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Term
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Definition
| allows you to change one variable or string to another |
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Term
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Definition
| allows user to see the contents of a file |
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Term
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Definition
| displays current version of MS-DOS |
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Term
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Definition
| can move files, directories, and even whole drive/ better version of COPY |
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Term
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Definition
| A text file that contains commands that are interpreted line by line when the operating system executes the batch file. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small program in ROM BIOS that looks in the locations designated in the system Rom BIOS settings when searching for a boot sector, which it then loads into memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The memory occupying the first 640 KB of addresses on a PC. This memory is usable as the workspace for DOS, its applications programs, and data. |
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Term
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Definition
| — ROM-based operating systems running a computer embedded in a device such as a handheld computer or a smart kitchen appliance |
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Term
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Definition
| A command stored in a file on disk that contains instructions. In DOS, a command has one of these file name extensions: COM, EXE, OR BAT. |
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Term
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Definition
| — A command program that DOS stores within the operating system code that remains in memory. MS-DOS internal commands are stored in COMMAND.COM |
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Term
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Definition
| A portion of a physical hard drive that is treated as a separate drive with a drive letter assigned to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| In reference to the DOS command line, a symbol, such as the vertical bar (|) or the greater-than sign (>), that affects the behavior of a command |
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Term
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Definition
| In reference to entering a command at a command line, to divide a command into its components and determine the meaning of the command. The DOS command interpreter parses what you enter at the command line. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the Windows registry represented in one registry file |
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Term
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Definition
| (Pronounced “dollar prompt.”) The Linux command prompt displayed in the BASH shell when you log on as an ordinary (nonroot) user |
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Term
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Definition
| A value assigned to a file permission in Linux. The user (owner), group, and others each have a different access mode number, calculated using the following values: read = 4, write = 2, and execute = 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| An acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment, a UNIX GUI that uses the X Window system. |
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Term
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Definition
| — An organization created in 1984 to developed a free version of a UNIX-like operating system. GNU, a recursive acronym for GNU's Not UNIX, has developed thousands of applications that run on UNIX and Linux platforms. Many are distributed with versions of Linux. |
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Term
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Definition
| A utility that comes with most distributions of Linux and is used to create a bootable floppy disk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for the root account in Linux, although the login name is "root." |
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Term
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Definition
| An FTP site that does not require a user name and password, but allows anonymous connection, which means that all users connecting are using the Anonymous account. As such, a user only has the permissions assigned to the Anonymous account. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method by which a host can be assigned an IP address and all the additional configuration settings automatically. |
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Term
Automatic Private IP Addressing
(APIPA) |
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Definition
| A method by which a DHCP client computer that fails to receive an address from a DHCP server will automatically give itself an address from a special range that has the value 169 (base-10) in the first octet (eight binary digits) of the IP address. |
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Term
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Definition
| The IP address of the router connected to your network. The net ID of the default gateway address should be identical to that of your NIC. The router is a network device that sits between networks and directs traffic to destinations beyond the local network. |
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Term
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Definition
| A distributed online database containing registered domain names mapped to IP addresses. Thousands of name servers on the Internet maintain this distributed database. When you attempt to connect to a Web site, your computer's DNS client queries a DNS server to determine the IP address of the Web site. |
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Term
| Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server |
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Definition
| A server that issues IP addresses and settings to computers that are configured to obtain an IP address automatically, thus making them DHCP clients. |
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Term
fully qualified domain name
(FQDN) |
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Definition
| The human-readable TCP/IP name corresponding to the TCP/IP address of a host, as found on a computer, router, or other networked device. It includes both its host name and its domain name. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of an IP address that identifies the host on a network, as determined using the subnet mask. |
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Term
integrated services digital network
(ISDN) |
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Definition
| A digital telephone service that simultaneously transmits voice, data, and control signaling over a single telephone line. ISDN service operates on standard telephone lines, but requires a special modem and phone service, which adds to the cost. An ISDN data connection can transfer data at up to 128,000 bits per second (128 Kbps). |
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Term
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Definition
| A core TCP/IP protocol that packages your communications in chunks, called packets. This protocol allows your computer to be identified on an internetwork by a logical address called an IP address. Special routing protocols can use a destination IP address to choose the best route for a packet to take through a very complex internetwork. IP also has sub-protocols that help it accomplish its work |
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Term
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Definition
| The network portion of an IP address, as determined through the subnet mask. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of eight binary digits |
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Term
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Definition
| An address from one of three ranges of IP addresses designated for use only on private networks and not to be used on the Internet. The private IP address ranges are 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255. |
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Term
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Definition
| An important IP configuration parameter as critical as the address itselfbecause it takes what looks like a single address and divides it into two addresses by masking off part of the address |
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Term
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Definition
| A suite of protocols that work together to allow both similar and dissimilar computers to communicate. This protocol suite is needed to access the Internet and is the most common protocol suite used on private intranets. It gets its name from two of its many protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) — the core protocols of TCP/IP. |
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Term
| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) |
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Definition
| The protocol responsible for the accurate delivery of messages, verifying and resending pieces that fail to make the trip from source to destination. Several other protocols act as sub-protocols, helping TCP accomplish this |
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Term
| virtual private network (VPN) |
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Definition
| A virtual tunnel created between two end points over a real network or internetwork, done by encapsulating the packets along with applying other security methods such as encryption of the data and encrypted authentication. When set up in combination with properly configured firewalls, a VPN is the safest way to connect two private networks over the Internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A local area network using one of the standards referred to as Wi-Fi (for wireless fidelity). The Wi-Fi standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) include 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n. The distance covered by a WLAN is usually measured in feet (or meters) rather than miles. |
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Term
| wireless wide area network (WWAN) |
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Definition
| A digital wireless network that extends over a large geographical area. A WWAN receives and transmits data using radio signals over cellular sites and satellites, which makes the network accessible to mobile computer systems. At the switching center, the WWAN splits off into segments and then connects to either a specialized public or private network via telephone or other high-speed communication links. The data then links to an organization’s existing LAN/WAN infrastructure. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area that contains one or more Web sites to which you can assign restrictions that control how Internet Explorer handles cookies |
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