Term
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Definition
| distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving, along with the processes that produce them |
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Term
| levels of analysis of personality |
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Definition
all other people (human nature)
some other people (individual differences)
no other person (personal uniqueness) |
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Term
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Definition
the basic unit of personality; distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
assumed to be conscious, not categorical
**influenced by: biology, intrapsychic conflict, and learning |
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Term
5 Factor Model for Traits (ECONA)
extraversion
neuroticism (emotional stability)
conscientiousness
agreeableness
openness to experience |
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Definition
extraversion: to actively direct one's energies outward vs. inward (ex energetic or calm)
neuroticism- to experience a wide range of negative emotions (ex. worried, vs calm)
conscientiousness- to be disciplined, organized, and persistent in pursuit of goals (dependable us, undependable)
agreeableness- to be good natured, easy going, and cooperative (trusting vs suspicious)
openness to experience- willingness to try new things and enjoy novelty and change (likes variety vs routine) |
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Term
| trait stability assessment: mean levels, and rank-order stability |
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Definition
| mean levels change over time (thrill seeking declines with age), rank order stability is unstable before 30, and after 30 is highly stable (people who are high in thrill seeking at 30 will be at 50 as well) |
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Term
| methods used by behavioral geneticists to study influence of genes and the environment on personality: modeling variability, sources of variability |
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Definition
they use twins
modeling variability: they ask to what extent can variations in genes predict variation in personality?
sources of variability: heredity (variations in alleles), shared family environment, unique environment, error
personality correlations: genes matter, shared family environment explains very little, unique environmental experiences are most influential |
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Term
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Definition
| people have basic needs, motives, wishes and desires that are present form the moment of birth and continue throughout life. 2 forces keep us from fulfilling them: reality, and morality |
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Term
| critique on Freud's theory |
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Definition
very broad, generative
he was an empiricist (rely and interpret own experiences), but not a positivist
mostly a theory of dysfunction |
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Term
| sources of controversy on Freud's theory |
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Definition
| limits to free will and reason, dark view of human nature, emphasis on infantile sexuality, feminist critiques (women should not have sexual feelings) |
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Term
consciousness
preconscious
unconscious |
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Definition
conscious: thoughts and images that are currently in awareness
preconscious: thoughts and images that can easily be brought into consciousness
unconscious: thoughts, feelings, and desires that are actively kept out of awareness; it is the source of all human motivation |
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Term
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Definition
unconscious mind is under water and is much larger, more important, and most dangerous than the conscious that is above water.
repression ( an active force) keeps unconscious material below the surface |
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Term
| Freud's theory on personality |
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Definition
| the experiences that create personality are interpersonal ones that occur early in life and remain unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
source of all motives, needs, wishes and deisres
present and functioning at birth
limbic system
entirely unconscious
pleasure principle (give it to me now) |
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Term
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Definition
seat of reason, rationality and logic
not present at birth
prefrontal cortex (fully formed age 25)
conscious or preconscious
reality principle |
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Term
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Definition
source of morality, conscience, and idea behavior
begins to develop at age 4
unconscious, preconscious and conscious |
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Term
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Definition
consciousness and the mind
structure of personality
personal development
psychodynamics
psychopathology
method of analysis
psyhotherapy |
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Term
| Intrapsychic conflict example |
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Definition
ID: I want it now!
Ego: you could get hurt
Superego: you ought not to do it |
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Term
ego strength
imbalances in ego and superego |
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Definition
ability to balance ID, ego, and superego
if balanced well, you will lack anxiety
imbalance
ego: underdeveloped: impulsive
overdeveloped: fearful, timid
superego: underdeveloped: immoral
overdeveloped: guilt-ridden |
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Term
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Definition
Freud believed we are born capable of deriving sexual pleasure from any part of the body
we learn to derive pleasure through sexual intercourse |
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Term
| Freud's 5 psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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Definition
1. oral: 0-18 mo,
pleasure: mouth; sucking, chewing, biting,
task: weaning,
resolution: trust and independence
fixation: overindulgence: dependent, gullible, spoiled; under-indulgence: biting, cynical, low self worth
2. anal: 18-36 mo
pleasure: vowel and bladder elimination
task: toilet training
resolution: self control
fixation: over- rigid, neat, controlling; under- messy, exploitive, unreliable
3. phallic 3-6 yrs
pleasure: genitals
task: oedipal complex
resolution: identification with same sex parent, and superego development (morality)
fixation: immoral, sexually confused
4. latency 6-puberty
pleasure: dormant sexual feelings
resolution: sublimation of sexual needs into socially appropriate behaviors
fixation: failure to sublimate needs and continuing fixations
5. genital: puberty on
pleasure: mature sexual feelings
resolution: heterosexual love, moral behavior, mature acceptance of responsibilites
fixation:sexually aberrant behavior, immoral, adult neuroses |
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Term
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Definition
| childhood incest for one's mother is repressed and replaced by identification with same sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
| boys want to kill dad and replace as mother's sexual partner, but fear father will castrate him if he discovers this wish, so desire is repressed to alleviate anxiety and boy identifies with father |
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Term
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Definition
| girls want to kill father and replace as mom's sexual partner, fear they will be punished for thoughts, but believe they have already been castrated and to recover lost organ, switch their desire to their father, then worry mom will be upset and identify with her to calm anxiety |
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Term
| Hull's theory of attachment bonds and how Harlow's work tested it |
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Definition
Hull's drive reduction model: learning occurs when a primary drive is reduced (love mom because she gives you milk)
Harlow: infant monkeys raised with 2 wire monkeys, one with milk, other is warm and fuzzy. they monkeys clung to the comfy mother, even while feeding from wire mother
harlow argued that psychological needs (warm fuzzies) underlie infant attachments |
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Term
| Bowlby's attachment theory |
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Definition
worked with orphans and wondered why they didn't thrive
theory: attachment bonds serve paradoxical function: being securely attached allows infants to explore environment and without this secure base, infants would be too afraid to grow and learn
early child parent relationship influences self esteem and romantic relationships in adulthood |
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Term
| child securely attached to parent |
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Definition
separates easily, explores and shares
comforted when reunited with mom
parental behavior: consistently and appropriately responsive and nurturing
relationships: capable of forming close love and willingness to trust |
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Term
| child insecure anxious attachment to parent |
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Definition
trouble separating, explore only if mom goes with
consoled when she returns
parental behavior: inconsistently available
relationships: forms insecure relationships, excessive dependence, fear of break up, jealous |
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Term
| childhood insecure avoidant |
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Definition
separates but doesn't share
unaffected by separation of mom
unconcerned when mom returns
parenting: consistently unavailable
relationships: fears getting close to others |
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Term
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development:
infancy, todlerhood, preschool, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood
stage- conflict; acquired strength |
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Definition
stage- conflict; acquired strength
infancy- trust v. distrust, hope
toddlerhood- autonomy v. shame and doubt; will and determination
preschool- initiative v. guilt; purpose
middle childhood- industry v. inferiority; competence
adolescence- identity v. role confusion; fidelity
early adulthood- intimacy v. isolation; love
middle adulthood- generativity v. stagnation; care
late adulthood- integrity v. despair; wisdom |
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Term
| adolescent identity crisis and 3 commitments needed to resolve it |
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Definition
occupation- choose a profession
ideology- establish religious preference, political affiliation, and general world view
sexual orientation |
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Term
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Definition
scientific study of how people think about, affect, and relate to one another
personality and situations influence subjective perecptions, and subjective perceptions guide behavior (Brown with a beer bottle and guy in car flipped him off) |
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Term
| 3 key factors in first impressions |
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Definition
physical qualities (specifically facial attractiveness)
nonverbal behavior
schemas |
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Term
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Definition
we give greater weight to initial information than we do later information
initial info shapes our perception of subsequent information |
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Term
| "what is beautiful is good" stereotype |
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Definition
| physical attractiveness= good personalitiy |
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Term
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Definition
| perceived behavior is additive function of dispositional causes and situational ones (we think our behavior comes from adding causes together) |
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Term
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Definition
| attribution to a person's enduring character, nature or ability |
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Term
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Definition
| any factor that is temporary |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) |
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Definition
| people emphasize dispositional causes rather than situational ones (ex when girl doesn't text you back, you assume she is stuck up, not that she doesn't have service) |
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Term
qualifications to FAE
actor-observer effect
self-serving attribution bias
cultural differences |
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Definition
actor-observor: we're more likely to commit this error when explaining other's behavior than when explaining our own behavior
self-serving attribuion bias: people make dispositional attributions for their successes and situational ones for their failures
cultural differences: certain cultures are especially prone to FAE |
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Term
| attitudes and 3 components that comprise them |
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Definition
| attitudes- evaluate reaction to a person, issue or object |
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Term
| emotional theories of attitude formation |
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Definition
| classical conditioning of attitudes, instrumental learning |
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Term
| cognitive dissonance theory and ways it can be reduced |
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Definition
people don't always act in accordance with their attitudes, this is called hypocrisy
can be reduced: change behavior, change attitude, add a cognition(justify or excuse why you're being hypocritical) |
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Term
| procedures and findings of Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) study of cognitive dissonance |
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Definition
all subjects work on extremely boring task, some are asked to tell next subject how interesting it is and given $1-20 to lie:
$1 people said they liked it more, people given small rewrds will develop a liking more as predicted by the dissonance theory because small rewards will produce greater liking for the study because they have to justify their actions |
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Term
| Post decision-dissonance reduction |
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Definition
| dissonance arises whenever a person is forced to choose between 2 equally attractive opportunities, and is reduced by denigrating the alternative not chosen and emphasizing positives of alternative that was chosen. |
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Term
| prejudice and it's three components |
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Definition
a negative attitude toward a group and its members
3 components: cognitive (stereotypes), behavioral (discrimination), and affective (prejudiced feelings) |
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Term
| modern prejudice and 2 ways it is measured |
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Definition
it surfaces when people think it is safe to express prejudice or their behavior is easy to rationalize
2 ways it's measured: implicityly- measures attitudes people conceal from themselves and others
unobtrusive behavioral measures-Experiment by Kleck- movie theatre example, people exhibit discrimination when they can rationalize, justify, or excuse it, but do not exhibit discrimination if it's difficult to justify |
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Term
| realistic group conflict theory and Tajfel's motivational model |
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Definition
realistic group conflict theory- prejudice arises when groups realistically compete for scarce, tangible resources
Tajfel's minimal intergroup procedure- split people into groups, no interaction between or with other groups, no chance for self benefit, prejudice, negative stereotypes, and discrimination occur, even with minimal group memberships |
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Term
| four factors that are necessary (though not sufficient) if contact is to reduce prejudice |
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Definition
| equal status, pleasant interactions, supporting social norms, cooperative interdependence |
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Term
| aggression, is it learned or innate? |
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Definition
voluntary behavior intended to harm another person, must involve action
it is both innate and learned according to different psychologists- it is human nature to be aggressive, but drive can be channeled(Freud), others think there is nothing about human nature that leads people to be aggressive and like all other behaviors, aggression is learned |
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Term
| media violence and aggression: 3 studies- co-relational studies, lab experiments, field experiments |
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Definition
co-relational: children who watch violent media are more aggressive than children who don't
lab: TV violence an cause aggression, but can doesn't mean it always does
field experiments: little evidence for a relationship between the two
Conclusion: media violence may exacerbate aggressive tendencies in some individual who are prone to acts of aggression, but its role is very slight |
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Term
| aggression, is it learned or innate? |
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Definition
voluntary behavior intended to harm another person, must involve action
it is both innate and learned according to different psychologists- it is human nature to be aggressive, but drive can be channeled(Freud), others think there is nothing about human nature that leads people to be aggressive and like all other behaviors, aggression is learned |
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Term
| media violence and aggression: 3 studies- co-relational studies, lab experiments, field experiments |
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Definition
co-relational: children who watch violent media are more aggressive than children who don't
lab: TV violence an cause aggression, but can doesn't mean it always does
field experiments: little evidence for a relationship between the two
Conclusion: media violence may exacerbate aggressive tendencies in some individual who are prone to acts of aggression, but its role is very slight |
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Term
Milgram's Study of Obedience:
Experimental Procedure
Findings
His interpretations
Brown's interpretations |
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Definition
procedure: subjects are told they are teachers and to administer shocks on increasing intensity to a learner whenever the learner errs, eventually they stop responding, 68% continued, 20% stopped
Milgram's interpretations: subjects were only following orders (being obedient)
Then he asked them who is to blame? aggressive people blame their victims, instead of the experimenter
Brown's interpretation: Milgram created a situation in which the normal restraints against aggression were eliminated, subjects weren't forced to aggress, they were allowed to, showing a very fine line keeps ordinary, law-abiding citizens from committing acts of aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present, but they do if they are alone |
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Term
| psychopathologies and the 3 criteria that characterize them |
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Definition
| syndromes (collection of related symptoms) characterized by 3 criteria: behavior is: dysfunctional, deviates from cultural norms, and causes distress |
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Term
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Definition
| ancient treatment that involved chiseling a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape |
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Term
| contemporary view of psychopathologies |
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Definition
| biological, psychological(early childhood experiences), sociocultural(environmental factors) |
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Term
| bio-psycho-social model and the vulnerability-stress model |
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Definition
biopsychosocial- biological factors, cultural and environmental factors, and psychological factors influence disorders (contemporary view)
vulnerability-stress: disorders originate from a blend of external factors (stress) and internal factors (biological or physiological factors that make someone susceptible to developing illness in the face of environmental stress) |
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Term
| 2 ways cultures influence the prevalence and manifestation of psychological disorders |
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Definition
| some expressions of mental distress are limited to a specific cultural group, different cultures react differently to stress: western: anxiety and depression, china: physical problems (fatigue, weakness...) |
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Term
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Definition
| psychiatric classification system used to diagnose 350+ mental disorders |
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Term
| The Multi-Axial Classification system used by DSM-IV to classify psychological disorders assesses... |
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Definition
| primary clinical symptoms (depression, anxiety, hallucinations), longstanding personality or developmental disorders (mental retardation), relevant medical conditions (brain injuries), intensity of psychosocial environmental stressors (unemployment) |
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Term
5 major psychopathologies
comorbidity
danger of labeling behavior as "pathological" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
emotional- feelings of tension or apprehension
cognitive- worry, impaired concentration
physiological- SNS activation (increased heart rate, muscle tension)
behavioral- performance impairments |
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Term
5 anxiety disorders, their nature and course:
phobias
generalized anxiety disorder
panic disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
phobias: strong, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, most common in childhood, degree of impairment depends on how often the stimulus is encountered
generalized anxiety disorder: chronic state of diffuse anxiety unattached to specific situations or objects, childhood and adolescence,
panic disorder- sudden, unpredictable intense feelings of anxiety, occurs without any identifiable stimulus, late adolescence or early adulthood, course- stimulus, physiological response, catastrophic appraisal (I'm going insane or to die), panic attack (feeling arousal without knowing what's causing it)
OCD- obsessions are very difficult to dismiss or control, compulsions are repetitive behavioral responses tht can be resisted only with great difficulty
PTSD- severe anxiety disorder that arises following a traumatic life event, traumas caused by human actions are 5x more likely than natural disasters, women 2x as much as men |
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Term
| Freud's view of anxiety vs biological model |
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Definition
Freud- anxiety occurs when unacceptable ID impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego's defenses and enter into consciousness
biological factors- overreactive ANS, neurotransmitter systems involved in emotional responses, R hemisphere sites involved in negative emotions and rear appraisals |
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Term
| 8 symptoms of depression: emotional, cognitive, motivational, and somatic |
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Definition
E: sadness, hopelessness, anxiety
C: negative cognitions about oneself, situation, and future
M: loss of interest, drive
S: loss of energy, weight gain/loss, sleep disturbances |
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Term
diagnostic criteria (SPICE GAS)
how many does a major depressive disorder have? dysthymia? |
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Definition
suicide thoughts
psychomotor agitation/retardation
interest deficit
*concentration deficit
*energy deficit, fatigue
*guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, regret
*appetite
*sleep
major depressive disorder: 4 plus depressed mood for 2 weeks
dysthymia- 2 of 5 * + depressed mood for 2 years |
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Term
| Define bipolar disorder and hypomania |
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Definition
bpd- depression that alternates with periods of a state of highly excited mood and behavior
hypomania-is a mood state characterized by persistent and pervasive elevated or irritable mood, and thoughts and behaviors that are consistent with such a mood state |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of psychological problems using psychological principles, no approach is better than another |
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Term
| 3 types of psychotherapists and their degrees |
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Definition
counselor- masters
clinical- PhD or PsyD
psychiatrists- Dr |
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Term
5 major approaches to psychotherapy and their causes:
behavioral/learning
biological
cognitive
humanistic
psychodynamic |
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Definition
behavioral/learning- psychological disorders ARE maladaptive, learned, behavioral responses to environmental events
biological- psychological disorders are caused by biological abnormalities
cognitive- psychological disorders arise from maladaptive ways of thinking and interpreting environmental events
humanistic- psychological disorders arise from factors that blunt a person's natural tendency to flourish and grow
psychodynamic- psychological disorders arise because unconscious conflicts are not being handled efficiently |
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Term
| exposure therapy and 3 different types |
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Definition
expose client to fear inducing stimulus in a controlled environment while providing coping techniques
3 types: imaginative, virtual reality, direct |
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Term
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Definition
| increase anxiety to a previously pleasurable stimulus to reduce positive association (ex alcohol) |
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Term
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Definition
| operant conditioning; system for strengthening desired behaviors through the application of positive reinforcement (give tokens to kids) |
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Term
| integrative eclecticism and dialectical behavior therapy |
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Definition
integrative electicism is the willingness to combine treatments
DBT used to treat borderline personality disorder (includes elements from cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic therapies) |
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Term
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Definition
| free up energy by slowly bringing repressed, unconscious wishes into consciousness, by helping client realize childhood impulses aren;t so awful after all |
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Term
5 techniques used to achieve aims of psychoanalysis:
insight, free association, resistance, interpretation of dreams, transference (+ and - and counter) |
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Definition
insight: conscious awareness of hidden conflicts that create current problems
free association- client says whatever comes o mind and therapist looks for recurring themes, signals of anxiety, and resistance
resistance: defensive maneuvers that hinder the process of therapy are recognizes and therapist discovers when emotionally charged issues are being uncovered
dreams:Freud believed dreams provide royal road to unconscious conflicts, symbolic and must be decoded, nightmares=unfiltered dreams
transference: client responds irrationally to therapist, working through helps clients resolve childhood issues and cultivate intimacy with others, most important psychoanalysis
+ client loves therapist, - client hates therapist, counter- therapist +/- feelings toward client |
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Term
| dreams: latent and manifest content, and why they are disguised |
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Definition
latent- figurative meaning
manifest- actual dream
disguised because wants of ID are too scary and disturbing |
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Term
| humanistic therapies and Rodger's person-centered approach |
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Definition
humanistic therapies believe people possess inner resources for self healing and personal growth which have been blocked by childhood experiences, therapy removes these barriers by creating accepting environment
approach- unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness |
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Term
| psychoanalysis vs Rogerian theory |
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Definition
psychoanalysis- you're not so terrible
Rogerian/humanism- you're good (think Mr. Rodgers) |
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Term
| 3 events that commonly produce stress |
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Definition
| catastrophic, major life events, mcrostressors |
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Term
| what are cognitive appraisals and 2 types |
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Definition
phenomenological approach
primary- does this experience threaten well-being?
secondary- do I have resources sufficient to handle this event? |
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Term
| stress syndrome and 4 ways it manifests itself |
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Definition
| emotional symptoms, cognitive symptoms, physiological symptoms, behavioral symptoms |
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Term
| Describe the general adaptation syndrome, and be familiar with the pathway from the hypothalamus to the production and release of stress hormones. |
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Definition
alarm phase, resistance phase(send troops), exhaustion phase(too tired become vulnerable)
fight or flight order: hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland which releases ACTH which travels through bloodstream and stimulates adrenal glands which stimulate the release of several hormones |
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Term
| 2 very important stress hormones |
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Definition
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)- increase SNS activation and inhibit PNS activation( increase heart rate, bp, etc)
cortisol- increases blood glucose concentrations for short bursts of energy, reduces immune system functioning, fatty deposits in heart |
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Term
| sex differences in stress |
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Definition
men- flight or fight
women- oxytocin hormone, tend to befriend |
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Term
| 3 ways of coping with stress |
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Definition
problem focused coping: active efforst to avoid or alter stress provoking event
emotion focused coping: efforts to reduce impact of stress provoking event (exercise run around greenlake now!!)
stress management- minimize impact of stress on well being |
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Term
| 3 components of subjective well being (SWB) |
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Definition
balance of + and - emotions
satisfacton with life
sense of purpose and engagement |
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Term
| 4 personality variables that predict subjective well-being |
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Definition
| self esteem, optimistic, spiritual, sociable, married people |
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Term
| 2 forms of social support and know how each affects health and well-being |
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Definition
involvement with social activities and belief that we can count on others for help
-associated benefits. correlates (physical psychological well being, health and longevity)
meditating mechanisms (better health habits, + mood, direct biological effects) |
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