Term
| What percentage engages in Coitus before 13? |
|
Definition
| 6% engage in coitus before 13, mostly African American |
|
|
Term
Average age to get married
Cohabitation
Marriage preceded by cohabitation |
|
Definition
average: 28 men 26 women
Cohabitation increasingly prevalent
Short lived: 7% at any given time, 50% get married or break up with a year.
Marriage preceded by cohabitation end more maybe because pre-existing views about marriage, relationships run out of steam, or labeled as impermanent.
40% cohabitors have children, 20% last more than five years.
Polygamy is commonplace:84% preindustrial societies permit >1 wife. |
|
|
Term
Companionate marriage
Marriage on the decline: |
|
Definition
From roman culture companionate marriage, intamicy and affection, sharing of social activities.
divorce must be available. Equivalence between man and women.
decline in children produced.
Marriage less likely, 2005 first time <50% of all households married couples. African American less likely to be married or cohabiting. |
|
|
Term
Divorce rate
Differences between marrying under 18 vs over 25
What factors predict divorce
Do divorce people remarry |
|
Definition
1/5 first marriages ends within 5 years, 1/10 within 10 years. 45% overall divorce rate
If married under age 18 2x divorce rate of women >25.
African American more likely to divorce, Asian least likely. College educated (50%) less likely.
Dissimilarity shortens marriages. Religion 2x more likely divorce, ethnicity 69% more likely divorce, age difference increase odds.
Divorce people psych and phys ill health, less happy, less sexually active, women less income, children depressed, behavior issues, low academic performance, drug, crimninal, early sexual behavior.
half divorced remarry within 5 years, men faster. |
|
|
Term
| Generalization about paraphilias |
|
Definition
extensions of normal sexual desires.
more common in men , begin around puberty, 54% have more than one paraphilia, certain personality traits such as lack of social skills, depression, predict paraphilia, also typically cognitive distortions such as belief paraphilia is beneficial for women. |
|
|
Term
why men have paraphilias more, how they form
Factors
Recidivism of sex offendors |
|
Definition
Males more since dependent on visual sexual imagery, associations may fomr via classical and instrumental conditioning, or social learning by observing and modeling behavior.
OCD, ADHD, hypersexuality, freud courtship disorder.
Recidivism rates low, but those attracted to children have higher rates of recidivism. Rape recidivsm decreases with age, but not child molester until after age 50. |
|
|
Term
Paraphilia treatment
Goals |
|
Definition
Goals: Modify patterns of sexual arousal, modify cognitive social skills for appropriate adult sexual interaction, change habit behaviors, reduce sex drive.
aversion therapy via EST conditioning, psychotherapy involving congitive restructuring and relapse prevention therapy. Efficacy of psych treatments is doubtful
Drug treatments such as SSRI's used or depo provera to supress testosterone, castration is last resort |
|
|
Term
Prevalence of sexual disorders
male problems vs female problems
Men's #1 problem, women's #1 problem |
|
Definition
| 43% women 31% men report one problem Women: lack of interest in sex, inability to experience orgasm, physiological arousal issue, pain Men: premature ejaculation, anxiety about performance, pain during sex. Libido or interest in sex bigest problem for women, premature ejaculation or failure of physiological arousal most common for men. |
|
|
Term
Dysfunctions of desire: hypo active sexual desire disorder, hypersexuality, addiction?
Causes
Treatments |
|
Definition
Hypoactive (Low sex drive) disorder- common female, little or no sex drive. 1/3 women, 1/6 men. Increases with age, 3%/population clinical disorder.
For men testosterone treatment effective if low T secretion, but risky; prostate/liver/heart disease, lower fertility, balding. Psychotherapy better sometimes especially if caused by psych problems
In women sexual desire regulated by androgen and estrogen, modest effect of testosterone patch and estrogen.
Sexual aversion disorder- aversion or avoidance of genital sexual contact.
Discrepant sexual desire: partners differ in sexual interest
Hypersexuality: excessive desire, may be symptomatic of addiction or compulsive sexual behavior. Caused by drugs, dementia or epilepsy.
Those who don't have medical conditions may have addiction charachterized by craving for sex, search for sex, sexual behavior, guilt/despair after sexual behavior.
SSRI can help compulsive behavior. |
|
|
Term
Dysfunctions of arousal
Male ED, how many affected by ED, what causes it, What do medications act on.
Treatments
Female dysfunction of arousal? |
|
Definition
Male erectile disorder (ED):
half males affected at some point by ED , increases with age, about half men over 60 have it most over 70. Smoking, alcohol, obesity, drugs, injuries to spinal cord.
Medication leading treatment: 25-30million men take drugs worldwide for ED which increase responsiveness of erectile tissue to Nitric Oxide (NT). Nerves must be active for drug efficacy. Hormone treatments if nerve damaged injection expensive, vaccum constriction not expensive but interruptive, penile implants invasive expensive, can damage erectile tissue, last resort.
Female Sexual arousal disorder: Disorder of vaginal lubrication, engorgement of vaginal walls, and clitoral erections. Poor lube after menepause. Eros clitoral device increases blood flow to clit.
Psych therapy most effective when combined w drugs. reduce anxiety, self-esteem. |
|
|
Term
dysfunction of orgasm (3)
Primary, secondary, or situational |
|
Definition
/
Premature ejaculation: Men's #1 sex problem. Causes not well understood, could be psychological early learning, or biological serotonin related.
Treatment: SSRI or CBT. Sensate focus technique, start stop method, kegel exercises.
Male orgasmic disorder: delayed or absent ejaculation during intercourse. Can be side effect to drugs or antidepressants, or neurological damage. Psych causes been proposed, few psych treatments options.
Female orgasmic disorder: 10-15% women never experienced orgasm, 2/3 don't experience during sex. No obvious biological cause, maybe drugs or medical condition like diabetes. psychotherapy can help. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
US highest rate of curable STD of any developed country. Rate of Gonorrhea 8x higher than canada, 50x higher than Sweden. 19 million new infections in US/year. 1/2 sexually active americans acquires STD by age 25.
Minoritites, blacks have higher rates. Chlamydia 9x higher Gonorrhea 18x higher syhilis 10x higher, HIV 8x higher in men, 23x higher in women. |
|
|
Term
Insects (3)
Which one is more asymptomatic
Treatments of all |
|
Definition
Pubic lice: visual feed on blood. Spread through clothing, bedding, contact. Causes itching. Treated by shaving or insecticidal lotion.
Scabies mites: dig tunnels in upper layer of skin, found in hairless areas, cause severe itching, treated with medicated lotion
Trich- single celled organism infects male urethra and prostate or vagina. In women greenish discharge, itching redness, urination urge, or asymptomatic (especially asymptomatic in men). Transmission usually through coitus. treated with oral medication |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial STD's basic info |
|
Definition
| syphilis gonorrhea and chlamydia are main ones. All are curable when treated promptly. Syphilis fatal, Gonorrhea and chlamydia can impair fertility, all facilitate HIV. Usually treated with antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary Syphilis is chancre sores appear within 10-90 days (usually about 21) heals within 3-6 weeks.
Secondary Syphilis: painless rash, disappears within weeks.
Latent stage: multiplies in body invades cardiovascular system, bones, liver nervous system.
Tertiary stage: large ulcers appear on skin and organs.
Mother to fetus spread or contact from sores.
Treatment: diagnosed by bacteria in fluid from chancre, or antibodies in blood. Single large injection of penicillin will cure in first year of infection, or more prolonged drug course after year. 1918 1/22 infected, 2000 2.5/100k
Heterosexual African Americans in south, Gay in cities, 13% new cases in prisons |
|
|
Term
| Gonorrhea: where does it infect |
|
Definition
Clap/drip, infects cervix in women:
Symptoms appear within 2-10 days:
-yellow or bloody thick vaginal discharge bleeding during sex
-burning while urination
-infection can spread to uterus oviducts causing PID and infertility.
In Men: pus from urethra and painful urination. infection can spread to epididymis or prostate gland.
700k new cases/ year, bacterium has developed drug resistance to penicillin. Treated with special antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
Chlamydia and bacterial vaginosis
Symptoms?
Men or women? |
|
Definition
Most common reportable infectious disease and leading cause of blindness in tropical countries.
Thin dishcharge (unlike thick discharge from Gonorrhea)
75% women 50% men no symptoms. 5:1 more women diagnosed. 1/10 adolescent girls infected
In women infects cervix or urethra (MEN urethra) causing discharge, painful urination.
single dose of antibiotics
Bacterial vaginosis: Normal vaginal microorganisms replaced by other bacteria, less PH acidic
-Fishy odor, itching pain, or no symptoms. Common among sexually active women, female to female contact. |
|
|
Term
Mulluscum Contagiosum and overview of Genital herpes.
Which herpes is more common, how many americans 14-49 have it? |
|
Definition
Pox virus transmitted skin-skin contact, or clothing, towels. Small bump growths on skin. disappears within year, no serious problems.
Genital herpes: HSV-1 and HSV-2 is STV most people currently infected (17% americans 14-49 have HSV-2, 90% unaware.) |
|
|
Term
HSV-1 and HSV-2
What happens during outbreak? |
|
Definition
HSV-1: fever blisters/cold sores on lips, oral herpes, non-sexual contact also. 30-50% increasing rate among college students due to oral sex popularity.
HSV-2 trasmitted ano-genital contact.
Outbreak: preceded by tingling itching, fever, swollen lymph nodes. reddish bumps then appear on skin which turn into blisters. Blisters break leaving sores or ulcers which give rise to a clear discharge. heal in a few days, very contagious may be painless or mildly itchy.
Treatment: topical ointment, oral tablets more effective, ongoing treatment can reduce or stop future outbreaks |
|
|
Term
Cyto megalovirus (CMV) and HPV
What symptoms does HPV cause
types of HPV?
How to clear infection? |
|
Definition
DNA virus related to HSV (herpes), 50-80% of population infected at some point by CMV
Most people don;t show symptoms, transmitted easily in body fluids, daycare nursery school workers at risk.
HPV is DNA virus that infects cells that line urogenital tract, inactive (no symptoms) or cause genital warts or skin lesions 100 different types, 30 transmitted sexually.
-Genital warts: highly infectious, 90% caused by HPV 6 & 11.
-HPV 16 & 18 more dangerous cause cervical cancer, anal, mouth throat, vulva cancer. Unlike HSV or CMV, pregnant women rarely infect fetus or newborn babies.
-Estimated 50-75% sexually active people acquire HPV at some point.
-Most common STD: new infections (6 million)/year.
-most infections cleared within 2 years. Vaccine approved against HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 |
|
|
Term
Hepatitis A and B
Where does virus attack?
Which is milder? |
|
Definition
Virus that attacks liver. Transmitted in blood from sex.
-many types, but B is DNA virus causes jaundice, fever, swelling with liver. Infection can become chroninc (6% people) and cause liver cancer and be infectious to others.
Hep- A is RNA virus transmitted fecal-oral route, or sexually, milder symptoms than B, nobody progresses to chronic state or remains infectious after recovery, vaccines exist for both 60$ per injection. |
|
|
Term
HIV
What cells does infection target?
When does someone have AIDs
What factors make africa more likely to have aids? |
|
Definition
RNA virus becomes transcribed into DNA, retrovirus.
-spread to humans recently (1950's)
-1970's- first outbreak within gay community
-present alot in vaginal fluid and semen, penis to vagina and penis to anus most risk
-5x higher for anal sex than coitus.
Infection targets CD4 Lymphocytes -Seroconversion: antibodies appear in blood 6weeks-6months after infection, causing symptoms to subside and person to test positive.
Asymptomatic period: 7-10 years
-levels of CD4 gradually decline from normal level of 1000/microleter to 200 cells(when they have aids).
Multiple concurrent sex partners, networks size and structure, dry traumatic sex, having other STI's, low male circumcision, low condom use for sex workers |
|
|
Term
Is rape reported? Who is reported most likely?
Is rape declining?
Chances of being raped? |
|
Definition
Most rape not reported, only about 1/3, higher among younger women. 7/1000 women 16-19
-long term decline
-more likely to report stranger than current or former partner
-Female student 20-25% chance of being raped in college
-most rapes occur after 6pm, 50% victims did not consider these rapes.
-Besides prison and military, most rapes occur in frat and sorority houses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-8% rape victim's blood had the following drugs, 40% had other drugs.
Rohypnol -valium type drug impairs memory of victim
Alcohol is #1 date rape drug, involved (victim or/and attacker) in 50% all rape cases
GHB central nervous system depressant, lethal with alcohol.
Ketamine: veterinary anesthetic. |
|
|
Term
Rape Shield laws
What was disallowed?
What was added?
What happens to men accused of rape? |
|
Definition
Marital rape didn't become a crime in all U.S states until 1993, used to be marital exemption. 18th century women were men's property.
Rape Shield laws
-1970's introduced laws which disallow evidence about victim's sexual history
-new offenses added like sexual battery, sodomy, assault.
-Half men arrested for rape convicted, 2/3 receive average prison sentence of 14 years. |
|
|
Term
Why do men rape
2 theories |
|
Definition
Evolutionary theory
-forced copulation common among animals, women raped in peak reproductive years, Rapist unable to get consensual sex partner.
Social learning theory: some culture more rape prone, men with violent home environment, jivenile delinquency, impersonal sex, dominating or hostile attitudes would engage in coercive sex more willingly.
Change nature of relationships between men and women, men with empathy. Feminist movement make rape less culturally tolerated |
|
|
Term
Sexual harassment
Who gets harassed the most?
Grades 8-11?
2 types |
|
Definition
Unwelcome sexual behavior in workplace or in other structured environment.
-most by men on women
-women who violate gender expectations harassed the most
-causes decreased job satisfaction, withdrawal from work, health issues, lower commitment, 1/4 female avoid class or drop courses.
-more harm than bullying, 63% girls 56% boys in grade 8-11 report, gay lesbian often traumatized.
1) Quid pro quo: made to subordinate worker, with promises or threats, more reprehensible.
2) Hostile Environement: pattern of unwelcome sexual attention that creates intimidating work environment, causes suffering, not easy to document. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intimate partner stalking
-59% female victims 30% male victims
-obsessive relational intrusion by current or former partner
- 81% also physically assualted, 31% sexually
Delusional stalking
-stalker believes victim is in love with him/her (erotomania)
-celebrities frequent victims
Grudge stalking
-stalker seeks revenge
-not usually sexual |
|
|
Term
| Intimate partner violence cycle |
|
Definition
Tension building phase: moody, threatening
Violence phase: typically <1 day, usually w drugs/alcohol during assault, victim tries to protect herself
Reconciliation phase: perpetrator apologetic makes amends, promises
35% said assaulted daily
method to dominate control women, or feminist say men are socialized to be violent. |
|
|
Term
prostitute, hustler, sex trader, sex worker
Hierachy |
|
Definition
prostitute: sex for money
Hustler:male prostitute
Sex trader: anyone who trades sex for money or drugs
Sex worker: Broad term includes sex traders, phone sex operators, exotic dancers.
1. Street prostitution 30-35% in study worked streets. Lowest prices, social degradation, mothers, late 20's or younger
2.) massage parlors: suburban areas, brothel, fixed location, hand-genital
3)Escort service prostitution: most prevalent in US could be ads, out-call go to client or in call. |
|
|
Term
| What is oral herpes, how much percentage increase due to oral sex among college students |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B 6% remain hronic
Hep-A is fecal-oral |
|
|
Term
| HIV risk for anal vs coitus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many cohabiting couples at any given time.
______ within a year
% have children/ last over five years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developed drug resistance |
|
Definition
| Gonorrhea: clap/drip cervix in women urethra in men, spread cause PID |
|
|
Term
| Infects male urethra, especially asymptomatic in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 75% women, 50% men have no symptoms |
|
Definition
| Chlamydia 5x more girls infected, 1/10 adolescent girls. |
|
|
Term
| What STD spread through girl to girl contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of guys and girls report sexual problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people have CMV and HPV at some point |
|
Definition
50-80% population
50-75% acquire HPV |
|
|
Term
| Most common STD new infections/ year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first time <50% households are married couples. |
|
|
Term
| 4 Stages of syphilis and 1918 vs 2000 prevalence |
|
Definition
1. chancre sores
2. secondary-rash dissapears in weeks
3. latent-invades organs
4. tertiary-ulcers appear on skin and organs
1932 study begins
1947 Penicillin recognized
1972 CDC researcher tells media |
|
|
Term
| Intimate stalking percentages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevalence of paraphilias, mostatypical behaviors |
|
Definition
| Child molestation most prevalent paraphilia, voyeurism most prevalent atypical behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2/3 female between ages of 8-11
7-10 y/o is most likely age bracket for child to have contact with adult male. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fairly low # sex partners
Polygyny permitted in islamic countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| few pregnancies, short cycles, removal of one ovarie, smoking, genes |
|
|
Term
| Most common STD number people infected |
|
Definition
HSV-2 17% americans 14-49
90% unaware they are infected |
|
|
