Term
| Prepare urinary sediment for microscopic evaluation |
|
Definition
| Centrifuge a 6 ml aliquot of urine in a urine tube at a relative centrifugal force of 400 for 5 minutes, approximately 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) with a 6 inch radius rotor. Remove tubes and decant specimen. Stir the sediment and withdraw a sample and place a drop on a slide. Cover with a coverslip and place the slide on the microscope. |
|
|
Term
| Identification of RBC's in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| non-nucleated biconcave dicks, crenated or ghost cells |
|
|
Term
| Identification of WBC's in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| larger than RBCs, granulated, multi-lobed neutrophils, glitter cells in hypotonic urine, mononuclear cells with abundant cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Identification of hyaline casts in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| colorless, semitransparent, cylindrical and contain cellular remnants |
|
|
Term
| Identification of granular casts in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| shaped like hyaline casts, contain granules |
|
|
Term
| Identification of Waxy casts in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| refractive with a rigid structure |
|
|
Term
| Identification of cellular casts in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| contain cellular elements including red cell cast, white cell cast and epithelial cell casts |
|
|
Term
| Identification of squamous epithelial cells in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| largest cells in sediment with abundant, irregular cytoplasm and prominent nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Identification of transitional epithelial cells in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| spherical, polyhedral, or caudate with centrally located nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Identification of renal tubular cells in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| rectangular, columnar, round, oval or cuboidal with eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin-stained or hemosiderin laden |
|
|
Term
| Identification of bacteria in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| small, spherical and rod-shaped structures |
|
|
Term
| Identification of Yeast in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| small, oval, refractile structures with buds and/ mycelia |
|
|
Term
| Identification of Trichomonas in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| pear-shaped, motile, flagellated |
|
|
Term
| Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| colorless, small refractile octahedron, or dumbbell and ovoid rectangle |
|
|
Term
| Identification of uric acid crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| red-brown, large, rhrombic, four-sides, plates, rosettes, whetstones, lemon shapes, colorless hexagonal |
|
|
Term
| Identification of Triple phosphate crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| colorless, three to six sided prims, coffin lids, flat fern leaf form, sheets, flakes |
|
|
Term
| Identification of amorphous crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| fine, granular precipitate |
|
|
Term
| Identification of cholesterol crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| colorless, flat plate with corner notch, fatty casts and oval fat bodies |
|
|
Term
| Identification of bilirubin crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| reddish brown, amorphous needles, rhombic plates or cubes, color uric acid crystals |
|
|
Term
| Identification of ammonium biurate crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| “old” urine, dark yellow or brown, spheres or thorn apples (spheres with horns) |
|
|
Term
| Identification of cysteine crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| colorless, hexagonal plates, laminated, destroyed by bacteria, soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid |
|
|
Term
| Identification of tyrosine crystals in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| rare, colorless or yellow, appears black with focusing, fine silky needles in sheaves or rosettes |
|
|
Term
| Identification of mucous in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| single or clumped threads with a low refractive index |
|
|
Term
| Identification of spermatozoa in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| tapered oval head with long thin tail |
|
|
Term
| Identification of artifacts in urinary sediment |
|
Definition
| fibers, starch granules, pollen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Observed in acidic urine (below 7) |
|
Definition
| Uric acid, amorphous urates, calcium oxalate |
|
|
Term
| Observed in alkaline urine (above 7) |
|
Definition
| triple phosphate, amorphous phosphate, and ammonium biurate |
|
|
Term
| Crystals associated with liver disorders |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine, Leucine, and bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| Crystals associated with metabolic disorders that prevent resorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common microscopic technique used during routine urinalysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC casts are primarily associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major constituent of a cast is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clue cells are indicative of: |
|
Definition
| Vaginal infection by Gardnerella vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| The presence of urinary casts is termed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WBC casts are commonly associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The presence of increased amounts of renal tubular epithelial cells is indicative of: |
|
Definition
| necrosis of the renal tubules |
|
|
Term
| Which lipid is capable of polarizing light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase in transitional epithelial cells exhibiting abnormal morphology may be indicative of: |
|
Definition
| a viral infection or malignancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If your laboratory has a centrifuge with a rotor diameter of 15 cm, to how many revolutions per minute (RPM) should you set your centrifuge in order to achieve the optimal amount of urine sediment for conducting a microscopic examination? |
|
Definition
400 = RCF x RPM^2
400/RCF = RPM^2
take square root of each side to get RPM |
|
|
Term
| What do Leukocytes indicate? |
|
Definition
| UTI, if more than 10/ high power field |
|
|
Term
| What do waxy casts indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following crystals appears as notched plates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2. Name an acceptable pH from a urine chemistry strip where uric acid crystal could be found microscopically in a patient's urine. |
|
Definition
| Uric acid crystals can be found microscopically in an acid urine, an acid urine is any urine that has a pH below 7.0. |
|
|
Term
| Two shapes of uric acid crystals |
|
Definition
| rhombus or in a rosette shape. |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 conditions associated with glucose in the urine |
|
Definition
| Diabetes or bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| State an advantage of performing only a macroscopic urinalysis. |
|
Definition
| Macriscopic analysis provides preliminary information about certain conditions as well as confirm the findings seen in microscopic analysis. |
|
|
Term
| State a disadvantage of performing only a macroscopic urinalysis. |
|
Definition
| Just performing a macropscopic analysis is not enough to detect insolube materials in the urine, the identification and quantifation of these materials is important in medical treatment of the patient. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of clue cells |
|
Definition
| Clue cells appear as squamous epithelial cells that are covered in bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Are Fibers are significant when examining a urine microscopically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pollen grains are differentiated from white blood cells by the visualizating of the concentric circles, as opposed to a true nucleus in a WBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibers are differentiated from casts because fibers polarize light, and most casts do not. |
|
|
Term
| Starch granules v. crystals |
|
Definition
| Starch granules are differentiated from crystals because the granulesa are highly refractile and have a dimpled center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renal Tubular Epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ammonium biurate crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
