Ø  How do rivers and streams fit into the hydrologic cycle (run off verses infiltration)?  What are the different water reservoirs? Be able to place them in order from largest to smallest.

Ø  How are materials transported in rivers and streams?

Ø  What are stream divides and drainage basins? 

Ø  Be able to recognize the difference between stream channel types (straight, meandering, braided).

Ø  Describe how velocity changes within a meandering stream.  How does this lead to the formation of point bars and cut banks?  How do meandering streams change over time?  How do oxbow lakes form?  What are meander scars?

Ø  Be able to use (and recognize units of) the following terms:  velocity, gradient, discharge.

Ø  If a flood has a recurrence interval of 20 years, what is the % chance that this magnitude flood will happen this year?  What about the next year?   (This applies to 5, 10 or any flood event) 

Ø  Be able to describe the hydrologic cycle.

Ø  List the factors that control the rate of groundwater recharge (infiltration).

Ø  Be able to use the following terms as related to lecture and lab:  unsaturated zone, saturated zone, water table, porosity, permeability, aquifer, confined aquifer, aquiclude, artesian well, and recharge. Figure 12-9 in the lab is a good figure for review of these terms.

Ø  Consider the following 6 rock/sediment samples. Which sample/samples have high or very high porosity?  Which has the highest permeability?  Which sample/samples would be most likely to form aquifers?  Which sample/samples would form aquicludes?

            Sample A – well-sorted, coarse-grained unconsolidated sediments.

            Sample B - very poorly sorted unconsolidated sediments.

            Sample C - highly fractured basalt

            Sample D - unfractured granite, with no vesicles.

            Sample E - unfractured mudstone /shale

            Sample F - very well cemented sandstone

Ø  Explain when and why the following occur:  cone of depression, subsidence, saltwater intrusion

Ø  What is the difference between hot springs and geysers?  What heats the water of hydrothermal activity?  What is the source (plate boundary or hot spot) of heat for the geysers of Yellowstone?

Ø  What is karst?  How is it related to groundwater? In which rock type does karst most commonly form? Describe the features of karst (below and above the earth’s surface). What is dissolution?     What are speleothems?  How do they form?  Speleothems are made of which mineral?  How does it form caves? How do stalactites differ from stalagmites? How do collapse sinkholes form?

Ø  What are some possible sources for groundwater pollution that you may see in a rural or urban setting?

Ø  What are glaciers?

Ø  Describe the two main types of glaciers and the environment in which they form.  Be able to recognize modern examples of each.

Ø  How does the abundance of glacial ice affect sea level?  Explain using the hydrologic cycle.

Ø  Be able to distinguish the following features as erosional or depositional.  In addition, which features indicate alpine/valley glaciation?  Which features indicate continental ice sheets?  (i.e. be able to recognize and know the processes that form them.  They may be in the form of slides or other figures).

Features:  Cirque, Arete, Horn, Hanging Valley, U-Shaped Valley, Fjord, Lateral Moraine, Medial Moraine, Terminal Moraine, Ground Moraine, Recessional Moraine, Kame, Esker, Drumlin, Kettles, Striations, Erratic, Till.  Use lab figures 13.1-13.6 for review.

Ø  Ice ages have occurred (or are occurring) on earth during which geologic periods?  What evidence supports this hypothesis?

Ø  What factors are believed to cause ice ages (long-term causes)? 

Ø  What factors cause the glacial and interglacial fluctuations within ice ages?  (i.e. describe the three astronomical factors that affect the amount of solar radiation striking the earth.)

Ø  Consider the video, “The Great Floods”.  Briefly explain how the Channeled Scablands formed.  Be sure to include which type of glaciation was involved.  What key geologic feature (sedimentary structure) indicates the volume of water that was involved in flooding?

Ø  Be able to put the following events that formed the Palouse region in relative order:  the formation of the Palouse Loess, the formation of the Columbia River Basalts, the formation of the Channeled Scablands.

Ø  Consider the video, “The Fallacy of Global Warming”.  How would one check to see if man had an impact on the global climate?  What are some sources of older climate data?

Ø  Consdier the video, “The Little Ice Age, Big Chill”.  What are some of the consequences of a small change in the temperature on humankind?  What factors contributed to the advance of the Little Ice Age?  Could global warming lead into global cooling and the onset of a glacial advance?

Ø  How do we know what the seafloor is like? Explain how man has been able to map the seafloor.

Ø  How does the seafloor change as one travels from Atlantic coast if New England to the divergent plate boundary at the Mid Atlantic Ridge.  Where would you find the coastal plain, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain, abyssal hills and rift valley?

Ø  Have portions of the continental shelf ever been exposed at the surface?  If so, when might this occur and how might this change its surface?  Does the continental shelf area have any economic importance? Please explain.

Ø  Identify the type of mass movement of sediment which occurs along the continental slope and rise.  What submarine features do they give rise to?

Ø  How do waves form?  What factors would increase a waves’ height? 

Ø  Be familiar with the major parts of a beach profile (figure 17.17).  What is the swash zone? 

Ø  Explain what causes ocean tides on earth.  Why are tides higher at some locations?

Ø  wave cut

Ø  How do seasonal changes affect beach profiles?  Man-made structures like groins, breakwaters, jetties are used to prevent beach erosion. In general what is there affect where there constructed? And the affect down-current (down coast) of the structures?

Ø  Draw a diagram illustrating the difference between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake.

Ø  Describe the differences between P and S waves (velocity, type of motion)

Ø  How does Moment-Magnitude differ from the Richter scale?

Ø  Describe the different effects of earthquakes (tsunami, liquefaction, etc.)

Ø  Is it possible to experience a tsunami, without feeling an earthquake?  Explain your answer.

Ø  Understand the relationship between earthquakes and plate tectonics.

Ø  How are mid-plate earthquakes explained?

Ø  From the video, “The Day the Earth Shook”describe the similarities and differences between the Kobe and Northridge earthquakes.  Geologically, why were there more fatalities in the Kobe earthquake? 

Ø  Describe the differences between P and S waves (velocity, type of motion, ability to move through solids and liquids, etc.).

Ø  How does the velocity of both P and S waves change as they move through the earth?

Ø  What are earthquake shadow zones?

Ø  What do seismic waves tell us about the Earth’s interior?