Deals with the study of autotrophic eukaryotic organisms.

Members are generally called algae.

Define mycology.

By studying this, what are its human uses?

Study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans

Human uses:

- Tinder

- Medicinals (penicillin)

Food (beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms)

- Entheogens

Define Virology

Who was the first person to see living microorganisms?

In which year?

Anton van leeuwenhoek

1674

Pasteurization

Fermentation

Used phenol to treat surgical wounds.

It was the first attempt to control infections caused by microorganisms.

Koch's Postulates.

1. Same organism must be found in all cases of disease
2. Organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. Isolated organism must reproduce the same disease when given to healthy host
4. Original orgaanisms must again be isolated from experimentally injected host

What did Paul Erlich do?

Created the first synthetic drug used to treat infection

Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat syphilis

- "salvation" from syphillis

- develop the principle of chemotherapy to cure dz

How do you determine magnification?

Normal value?

Multiply ocular lens by objective lens.

Ocular 10x, Objective 40x

10 x 40 = 400

What is the colour of gram negative?

What is the four step process?

RED

1. Crystal violet

2. Iodine

3. Alcohol

4. Safranin

Define sterilization

Define germicide.

1. Dry heat

2. Moist heat

3. Filteration

What is another name for dry heat?

What is dry heat used for?

Hot air over

Used on waxes, oils (wet heat usually preferred), test tubes, conical flasks, petriishes and pipetlets

What is autoclaving?

What is it used for?

High temperature steam plus pressure

Used for...

Solid and liquid media for microbial cultures

Heat stable liquids

Heat resistant equipments and instruments (glassware, rubber products and surgical instruments)

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

List 6 differences between them.

P has no membrane bound nucleus. E has membrane bound nucleus.

P has no membrane bound organelles. E has membrane bound organelles (compartmentalisation)

P's cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (thickness of wall depends on wether the cell is gram +ve or -ve). E's cells walls if present is made of cellulose (chitin in fungi)

P has pili and fimbriae (for adhesion) and flagella (for propulsion). E has cilia or flagella (for movement)

P has mucilaginous capsule. E doesn't have a mucilaginous capsule present (numerous internal structures present)

P ranges from 0.5um to 100um bound nucleus. E ranges from 10-150um cell size.

Lag phase

Log phase

Stationary phase

Death phase

Rapid cell division occurs

Beta lactum drugs, such as penicillin, act during log phase because the drugs are effective when cells are making peptidoglycan (diving)

What are thermophiles?

Where are they found?

Extremophiles which can live in extremely hot water.

Found in hot springs

What are halophiles?

Where are they found?

Extremophiles that live in salty water.

Great salt lake in utah and the dead sea.

What do methalogens do?

Where do they live?

Produce methane.

Live in digestive tract of mammals in swamps and sewage.

Obligate aerobe

Require oxygen to grow because their ATP-generating system is dependent on oxygen as the hydrogen acceptor

Facultative anaerobe

Utilize oxygen to generate energy by respiration

Obligate anaerobic

Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack either superoxide dismutase or catalase or both

Is actinomyces israelii aerobic or anaerobic?

A. israelii forms part of the ____ _____ of the _____ ______.

What disease does it cause? What does this disease do?

Anaerobic

Normal flora of the oral cavity

Actinomycosis - which appears as a hard, non-tender swelling that develops slowly and eventually drains pus through sinus tracts.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What happens when inhaled?

What happens when enters GI Tract?

Pneumonia

Nothing

Salmonella Typhi

What happens when enters GI Tract?

What happens when on skin?

Typhoid fever

Nothing

Attack certain type of WBCs

1. They kill WBCs which prevents phagocytosis

2. Release and rupture lysosomes (contain powerful enzymes which then cause more tissue damage)

Define the following terms

Coagulase
Kinases
Hyaluronidase
Collagenase

Coagulase: cause blood to coagulate

Kinases: enzymes that dissolve blood clots

Hyaluronidase: breaks down hyaluronic acid (found in connective tissue)

Collagenase: breaks down collagen (found in many CT)

Clostridium tetani

Is it gram positive or negative?

Does it form spores?

What is it's response to oxygen?

How does the body react to this bacteria?

Gram positive

Yes - spore-forming bactera

Anaerobic rod

Neurotoxins acts on nerves, resulting in the inhibition of muscle relaxation

Tetanospasmin: spasms or lock jaw

Part of the gram negative bacterial cell wall

Lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Gram positive

Most  gene that code for exotoxins are located on plasmids or phages

Mycoplasma

What is it?

What disease does it cause?

How to culture it?

What appearance does a typical mycoplasma colony show?

A group of smallest organisms that can be free-living in nature

Disease: Atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia)

Culture: most aerobic, require 10%-20% human or animal serum added to basic nutrient media except acholeplasma

Typical colon show fried egg appearance

DNA envoloped viruses

Hepadnavirus

Herpesvirus

Poxivirus

Picornavirus

Calcivirus

Reovirus

Generally single stranded, except for reoviruses

RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm, except for influenza virus which replicate in the nucleus and retrovirs which integrate into the host cell genome

Generally double stranded, except for parvoviruses

DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, except for poxviruses which replicate in the cytoplasm

Cyanobacteria

What was it formerly known as?

It is the first organism to do what?

What is the function?

Formerly known as: bluegreen algae

First algae

First organism to have 2 photosystems and to produce organic material and give off oxygen as a bi-product

Funtion: fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through nitrogen fixation when other forms are unavailable

Rickettsia rickettsia

What disease does it cause?

How is it transmitted to humans?

What are the symptoms of the disease?

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

The microbe rickettsia rickettsii is transmitted by a tick vector from its rodent reservoir to human intruders into the wildlife cycle. We become dead-end hosts.

Symptoms: Rash, fever, headache

What are saprobes?

Give 2 examples.

Decomposers

Molds and mushrooms

What do parasites do?

Give 2 examples and what do they do?

Harm hosts

Rusts and smuts (attack plants)

What is the key characteristic of mutualists?

Give 2 examples.

Both benefit

Lichens and Mycorrhizas

What does Candidiasis most commonly cause?

What is the 2nd and 3rd most common cause?

Who do we see candiasis in?

What kind of dishcharge is there?

Vaginitis

2-gardenella: fishy odor; 3-trichomonas:frothy green discharge

Females and thrush in neonates (beware of di george)

white curdy discharge

Where are histoplasma found?

What are they present in?

They live within __________.

Midwest

Pigeons and bat droppings

Lives within macrophages

Northeast

Pigeons

Big broad based budding hyphae --> cavitary lesions

Where are coccidio found?

What are the 2 types of cavities?

Southwest

Broadbased cavity

thin wall cavity

In the disease dermatophytosis....

What is another name of ring worm and where is it in the body?

tinea corporis

body

In the disease dermatophytosis....

What is another name of jock itch and where is it in the body?

tinea cruris

groin

In the disease dermatophytosis....

What is another name of athlete's foot and where is it in the body?

tinea pedis

foot

In the disease dermatophytosis....

Where is tinea capitis in the body?

In the disease dermatophytosis....

What is another name of onycnomycosis and where is it in the body?

tinea unguium

nail

What protozoa causes Giardiasis?

What are other names of this disease?

How are these protozoas acquired?

After consumption, where do they reside in the body?

What are some symptoms?

Giardia lamblia

Backpackers disease, beaver fever

Acquired by drinking water with cysts

Inhabits intestines of several animals and man

Cramping and diarrhea

How is schistosomiasis aquired and who carries it?

Which helminth affects the liver? What does it increase the risk of?

What does Schistosoma Hematobium cause?

Walking bare foot in a swamp

Snails carry it

Schistosoma mansoni affects the liver

risk of CA

Causes squamous cell bladder cancer (chronic irritation)

Toxacara

Carti: ____ larvae

Cani: _____ larvae

What do these cause (2)? What are the characteristic features of each?

Carti - cat

Cani - dog

Cutaneous larva migrans - can see larve burrowing under the skin, itchy

Visceral larve migrans - larva migrates to organ (liver)

How is echnococcus aquired?

What disease does it cause?

from eating raw lamb, sheep, dogs

Hydatid Cyst Disease

Which helminth likes the biliary tract?

What is the clue for biliary involvement?

What does it cause?

Clinorchis sinensis/opthorchis

alkaline phosphatase

gastroenteritis

What disesease does trypanasoma cruzi cause?

What does it do once inside the body?

Which continent do we get it from?

Which bug is it present in?

Chagas disease

eats ganglia and causes heart block

south america

reduuvid bug

The helminth, typanosomaa rhodienses is carried by....

What connection in the body does it affect?

What is the disease called?

tsetse fly

GABA connection

African sleeping disease

What is leschmaniases transmitted by?

What does it cause?

Sand flies

gulf war syndrome

Which helminth likes to be systemic (in the blood) and attacks organs?

If systemic, what is it called?

What is the treatment?

Leschmania rhodiensis

Kala-Azar

Stibogluconate

Where is entomoeba histolytica transmitted from?

What does it cause?

What are the symptoms?

food and water contaminated with cysts

Amoebic dysentery

bloody diarrhea

Tanea Solium is a larvae from ____________.

It is aquired from?

Where does it reside in the body after ingestion?

Cystericerosis

raw pork

likes to swim in the aqueous humor of the eye

Where is the biblical worm, trichinella spiralis aquired from?

After ingestion, where does it reside in the body and what does it cause?

raw bear meat

it tunnels under muscles and causes myoisitis

What does spirometra cause?

How is it aquired?

Which region of USA, which countries of east asia and south asia is it found in?

Sparganosis

When ingest polluted water raw or eat inadequately cooked flesh of snakes or frogs

Southeast region of USA, china, japan, korea, malaysia, india and philippines

What kind of worm is trichuris trichurium?

What does it anchor into?

What does it cause?

Whip worm

Achors into the rectum

It causes tenesmus (feel the need to poop) and rectal prolapse because the worm will get bigger and push it back further

What disease does onchocerca cause?

What is another name for the disease?

What are its characteristics?

Onchocerciasis

River blindness

tissue nematodes