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| the theory that media may not tell us what to do but do tell us what to think about |
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| theory that explains how people's attitudes are formed, shaped, and changed and how those attitudes influence behavior |
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| theory that watching mediated violence reduces people's inclination to behave aggressively |
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| idea that media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people |
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| studies of media's contribution to the larger issues of what kind of nation we are building, what kind of people we are becoming |
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| idea that TV constructs a reality of the world that although possibly inaccurate, becomes the accepted reality simply because we as a culture believe it to be the reality |
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| idea that media's power is a function of audience members' dependency on the media and their content |
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| the idea that viewers become more accepting of real world violence because of its constant presence in TV fare |
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| argues that people, when confronted by new info, experience a mental discomfort, a dissonance; as a result, consciously and subconsciously work to limit or reduce that discomfort through selective processes |
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| the idea that media give children a window on the world before they have the critical and intellectual ability to judge what they see |
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| a theory designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenom |
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| idea that media are a dangerous drug that can directly enter a person's system |
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| media's wide scale social and cultural impact |
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| effects of media on individuals |
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| the idea that from mass society theory that media are powerful "killing force" that directly penetrates a person's system |
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| TV's ability to move people toward a common understanding of how things are |
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| mass communication theories |
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| explanations and predictions of social phenomena relating mass comm to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems |
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| the idea that media are corrupting influences; they undermine the social order and average people are defenseless against their influence |
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| ideas that explain or predict only limited aspects of the mass comm process |
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| people who receive opinion leaders' interpretations of media content |
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| people who initially consume media content, interpret it in light of their own values and beliefs, and then pass it on to opinion followers |
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| Joseph Klapper's idea that if media have any impact at all, it is in the direction of reinforcement |
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| selective exposure (attention) |
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| the idea that people expose themselves to messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs |
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| the idea that people interpret messages in a manner consistent with with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs |
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| people expose themselves to, remember best and longest, and reinterpret messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs |
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| assumes that people remember best and longest those messages that are consistent with their existing attitudes and beliefs |
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| application of a standardized image or conception applied to members of certain groups, usually based on limited info |
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| of media violence; viewing mediated violence can increase the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behavior |
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| the idea that media's influence on people's behavior is limited by opinion leaders (opinion followers and leaders) |
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| uses and gratifications approach |
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| the idea that media don't do things to people, people do things with media |
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| willing suspension of disbelief |
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| audience practice of willingly accepting the content before them as real |
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| congress shall make no law respecting an est of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peacefully to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances |
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| philosophy of the press that that asserts that good and rational people can tell right from wrong is presented with full and free access to info; censorship is unnecessary |
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| John Milton's articulation of libertarianism |
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| the idea that no law means no law (1st amendment) |
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| ad hoc balancing of interests |
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| in individual 1st amendment cases, several factors should be weighed in determining how much freedom the press is granted |
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| the false and malicious publication of material that damages a person's reputation |
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| oral or spoken defamation of a person's character |
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| the standard for libel in coverage of public figures consisting of knowledge of its falsity or reckless disregard for whether or not it is true |
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| power of the government to prevent publication or broadcast of expression |
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| expression calculated solely to supply sexual excitement |
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| language or material that depicts sexual or excretory activities in a way offensive to contemporary community standards |
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| relaxation of ownership and other rules for radio and TV |
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| requires broadcasters to cover issues of public importance and to be fair in that coverage; abolished in 1987 |
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| identifying and granting ownership of a given piece of expression to protect the creators' financial interest in it |
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| in copyright law, the use of material w/o permission once the copyright expires |
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| instances in which material may be used w/o permission or payment |
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| digital rights management (DRM) |
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| protection of digitally distributed intellectual property |
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| social responsibility theory |
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| normative theory or model asserting that media must remain free of government control but, in exchange, must serve the public |
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| the ability of media professionals to keep secret the names of people who provide them with info |
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| legislation that expressly protects reporters' rights to maintain sources' confidentiality in courts of law |
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| newspapers' and magazines' positions on certain specific issues |
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| war correspondents exchanging control of their output for access to the front |
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| reporters acting deferentially towards news sources in order to ensure continued access |
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| the study of different countries' mass media systems |
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| in great Britain, an officially issued notice of prior restraint |
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| limits on advertising and other public service requirements imposed on Britain's commercial broadcaster's in exchange for the right to broadcast |
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| the invasion of an indigenous people's culture, through mass media, by outside, powerful countries |
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| a national media system characterized by authoritarian control. china |
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| government and media work in partnership to ensure that media assist in the planned, beneficial development of the country. honduras |
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| normative theory describing a system where media are used in the service of revolution. poland |
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| normative theory that combines libertarianism's freedom w/ social responsibility demand for public service and, where necessary, regulation. Great Britain |
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| John Milton (1644) - free flow or trade of ideas serves to ensure that public discourse will allow the truth to emerge. AND truth will emerge from public discourse because people are inherently rational and good. |
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| there is no absolute freedom of expression -- if words used present a clear and present danger, congress can limit that. |
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| the right to a speedy and fair trial by an impartial jury |
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| free press vs. fair trial |
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| debate takes 2 forms: 1- can pre-trial publicity deny citizens judgement by 12 impartial peers thereby denying them a fair trial? 2- should camera be allowed in the courtroom supporting the public's right to know, or do they alter the workings of the court that make a fair trial impossible. |
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if a report defames a person, identifies that person, and is published or broadcast...it loses it's first amendment protection. A report accused of being libel, is protected if it meets any one of the 3 tests.
3 tests:
truth-- if a report is damaging, if it is true it is protected
privilege-- reporters can report from public activities even if what is being said might not be true.
fair comment-- press has the right to express opinions or comment on public issues. |
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| reporters can report from public activities even if what is being said might not be true. test of libel |
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| press has the right to express opinions or comment on public issues. test of libel. |
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| included detailed discussion and analysis of the conduct of the unpopular war during the administrations of presidents Kennedy and Johnson. stamped top secret, believing that this was an improper restriction of the public's right to know. NSC gave copies to the times, national security ordered stopping publication, then other magazines began running them but were stopped. supreme court said the gov. could not restrain papers from publishing due to 1st amendment (free press). |
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| obscenity and legal guidelines |
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unprotected expression-- guidelines:
1- whether the average person would find that the work as a whole appeals to the prurient interest. 2- whether the work offensively describes in a patently offensive way sexual content (defined by state law). 3-- whether the work lacks serious literary, artistic, or scientific value. |
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| less restrictions on what is aired on TV and radio. renewal is also much easier. |
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| the FCC not only controls the flow of media, but also the composition of it. |
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| Schenck v. United States (1919) |
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| the decision established that there is no absolute freedom of expression. distribution of a military pamphlet urging resistance to the military draft during WWI -- judge ruled present a clear and present danger, and congress has a right to prevent that. |
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| Bridges v. California (1941) |
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free speech and press is not absolute.
involving a L.A. Times editorial. an editorial was published on pending court cases |
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amendment 6- right to fair trial
court reversed the death sentence conviction of confessed killer, Leslie Irvin. B/C his right to fair trial had been violated by press coverage that labeled him "mad dog Irvin" |
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| Sullivan v. New York (1964) |
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public figures have different standards in the media.
full page ad was written about policeman Sullivan had abused MLK and other civil rights workers. court ruled said Times could publish this b/c newspaper was reporting, not acting with malice. |
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recognized freedom of the press by rejecting prior restraints on publishing.
targeted a Minnesota law |
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| New York Times v. United States (1971) |
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freedom of the press
NYT published pentagon papers, congress said gov could not prevent this as the media is a watchdog for citizens. |
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| Miller v. State of California (1973) |
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defined obscenity.
basic guidelines for obscenity were set.
Miller sent out obscene brochures and was brought to court. Court ruled Miller was guilty. |
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| Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988) |
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public figures have different media standards.
1st amendment free-speech prohibits public figures from receiving damages for "emotional distress" intentionally inflected on them. |
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| social responsibility model |
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| media must remain free of government control, but in exchange must serve the public. |
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| Bruce Williams’ four-part test |
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1. Is the information useful? - Is information helpful and relevant for citizens to make decisions?
2. Is the information sufficient? - Is the information detailed enough and is there the appropriate amount of it for citizens to make educated decisions?
3. Is the information trustworthy? - Is the information true and relevant to citizens? and is coming from a reliable source?
4. Who is the “audience”? - Who is the information aimed towards and is it to citizens as a whole? |
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| Bruce Williams’ four criteria to evaluate political communication |
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1. Transparency - Do citizens know where information is coming from and who is delivering it?
2. Pluralism- Does the media provide many viewpoints and different opinions on a topic for citizens to make informed decisions?
3.Verisimilitude- Do the providers of information take responsibility for it and back the facts they provide?
4. Practice- Does the information or message encourage civic involvement such as voting? |
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| comparative political ads |
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| Ad's that contrast candidate positions on a specific issue were viewed as information rich and voters view them as an appropriate part of political discourse. |
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| attack or negative political ads |
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| one's that are personal and negative that contain no positive or issue oriented information, were disliked and distrusted in the studies. |
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| The role and power of money in political campaigns |
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| money can buy elections, lower the level the race, the more impactful "gifts" can be. |
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| Sissela Bok on ethics involving unequal power relationships |
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| investigation of the private character of public people is validated if the person investigated is also in the position to do harm. invasion must meet 3 tests. |
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| Schoeman’s test (invasion of privacy vs. danger or threat) |
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| need to know, larger context, traditional tests of journalism. |
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| the source watergate used to leak key parts of a government investigation to the washington post-- resulted in the resignation of president nixon |
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| news media’s watchdog role |
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| help citizens make there way through the political process. |
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| leaks are an acceptable way of doing government business and policy makers use them skillfully to monitor public's reaction. |
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| terrorism and the mass media |
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| Terrorism is, at its most fundamental level, an act of communication. Media allows for terrorism through mass communication of messages. |
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| increased the government's power of search and seizures and allowed incarceration of suspected terrorists without bail or public notification. |
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| Clifford Christians and Communitarianism |
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| suggest that justice for the powerless stands at the centerpiece of a socially responsible press. journalists have a duty to promote community and the individuals within it. communitarianism urges that justice is the ethical lynchpin of journalistic decision making. if justice become the fundamental value then the media have the goal of transforming society. |
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