Term
| Where was gold and silver found in the late 1800s, how did large mining companies gain access to hard to reach deposits, and what are boomtowns? |
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Definition
Gold found in CO (Pikes Peak), SD (Black Hills), Yukon Territory/Alaska, Silver in Nevada (Comstock Lode)
Mining companies sued deep mining and water cannons to strip mine hillsides, leading to pollution and deforestation
Communities grew quickly around mining areas- when easy-to-find gold dried up, people move, leaving ghost towns |
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Term
| What were the cattle drives, what was the most famous trail and what caused them to end? |
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Definition
Cowboys brought cattle from open range to stockyards for railroads, Chisholm Trail,
Barbed wire fenced in open range, harsh winter killed 1000s of cattle, decrease in price due to large supply |
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Term
| What tribes were involved in the Sand Creek Massacre, the Fetterman Massacre and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and what happened at these events? |
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Definition
SC- Cheyenne resist removal to reservations, fought with settlers/soldiers- militia kills 150
F- Sioux raid white settlements, militia is called up to help protect whites, but Sioux ambush/kill Fetterman’s unit
BLB- Sioux attack 7th Calvary, led by Gen. Custer and killed all of the troops- known as “Custer’s Last Stand” |
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Term
| What did Chief Joseph and Geronimo do to fight the U.S. government? |
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Definition
Chief Joseph led the Nez Perce on a thousand mile retreat to avoid being moved to reservations
Geronimo led Apache resistance to settlement by attacking towns |
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Term
| Why did the settlers come to the Black Hills, who were the leaders of the Sioux tribe, and what were the causes of the Wounded Knee Massacre? |
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Definition
Gold was discovered on Sioux land in the Black Hills
Sitting Bull/Crazy Horse
Millions of buffalo are killed by white settlers and Prophet Wovoka starts Ghost Dance to rid the Plains of whites and restore buffalo- U.S. takes movement as act of rebellion and sends troops to stop |
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Term
| What did the Dawes Act do to the natives, and why were natives negatively affected by this law? |
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Definition
Implored natives to give up traditional ways and live like whites- giving much of tribal land to white settlers
Wanted them to move onto individual plots of land, learn to farm, send children to boarding schools
Natives lose land and cultural identity |
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Term
| What rights did women receive in the western states, and what was the first state to give them the right to vote? |
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Definition
More legal rights- own property, have regular jobs, control money
Wyoming first gave women the right to vote |
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Term
| What were the Buffalo Soldiers and exodusters? |
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Definition
Buffalo Soldiers- African Americans who joined army/fought in Indian Wars
Exodusters- African Americans who moved west onto Great Plains |
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Term
| What did the Homestead Act do? |
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Definition
| Promised 160 acres to people who promised to live on and improve the land for 5 years- led to rapid growth in West |
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Term
| What did the Grange do to help farmers during times of hardship, and how did the government help this organization? |
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Definition
Group of farmers to meet social needs of other farmers. Economic conditions worsened, so they started cooperatives (split costs and profits). Wanted government to regulate railroads to bring down freight/storage costs.
Government said that since the railroads helped the public, the states and national government could regulate costs |
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Term
| Describe the seven causes of the Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
Inventions increase efficiency in factories
More natural resources (water for power, timber for building, minerals/metals for construction/technology)
Large increase in population and immigration- more people in work force and more consumers for goods
Better transportation- railroads/canals- made it quicker to transport goods over long distances
Government assistance helps businesses grow by providing land grants to railroads, and subsidies/tariffs
Investment in businesses brings necessary capital to pay workers and buy machinery/materials |
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Term
| What is the Bessemer process and why was it important? |
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Definition
| Cheaper, more efficient way of producing steel (used less coal)- made it easier to make things like beams, plows, rails |
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Term
| What two companies constructed the transcontinental railroad, where did they start from, where did they meet, and who did they employ? |
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Definition
Union Pacific- Omaha, Nebraska to west ; Central Pacific- Sacramento, California to east ; Promontory Point, UT
Union Pacific- ex-slaves, Civil War soldiers, many Irish immigrants
Central Pacific- mainly Chinese immigrants |
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Term
| Why did time change due to the railroads, and what are the four time zones? |
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Definition
| Had used solar time, but each town kept its own time, making scheduling tough- Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern |
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Term
| What are corporations, trusts, and monopolies? |
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Definition
Corporations: Large businesses that were run by investment- stocks sold to raise capital for machines, workers. Banks are more likely to loan corporations money and it limits the risks to both owners and investors
Trusts: Legal group that owns stock in many businesses within one industry leading to monopoly-like conditions
Monopolies: controlling of an industry by one business, reducing competition and raising priced |
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Term
| What were the industries and business styles of Carnegie and Rockefeller? |
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Definition
Carnegie- Steel (Vertical Integration- control all production- raw material to finished goods);
Rockefeller- Oil (Horizontal Integration- buy out competition) |
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Term
| What are sweatshops, what were the problems faced by workers in the 1800s, and why didn’t some people like unions and their members? |
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Definition
Sweatshops are factories in which workers faced long hours of work under poor conditions for little pay
Workers were paid very little ($10/week), child labor, owners running businesses cheaply- no safety mechanisms
Many labor union members during that time were accused of socialism (all worker are the same) and anarchism (anti-government and rules) |
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Term
| What were the causes Haymarket Affair, Homestead and Pullman strikes and how they came to an end? |
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Definition
Haymarket- protest in Chicago, conflict between strikers, scabs, and police- bomb thrown, cops end protest;
Homestead- Carnegie lowers wages, workers refused, so they are locked out- led to conflict with non-union members
Pullman- lower wages/didn’t lower rent- Debs calls on all rail workers to refuse to handle Pullman cars- stops rail traffic, Grover Cleveland ends strike by calling out federal troops |
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Term
| Who started the American Federation of Labor, and what were their goals? |
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Definition
American Federation of Labor- Used strikes, boycotts, negotiation to get shorter working hours and better pay
Started by Samuel Gompers |
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Term
| What were the two main causes of urbanization, and what innovations made it possible for skyscrapers and suburbs? |
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Definition
People drawn to cities by offers of factory jobs, and businesses liked cities due to availability of good transportation
Steel led to creation of skyscrapers, made buildings stronger
Elevators invented by Elisha Otis made them more accessible.
Cities spread out- streetcars, subways allowed suburbs to grow outside cities because workers could commute |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of tenements and slums, and what did Jacob Riis do to shed light on these problems? |
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Definition
Dirty conditions (no street sweeping/few sewers), growth of tenement buildings, overcrowding, spread of disease, massive poverty, crime
Riis- published photos of these conditions (How the Other Half Lives) |
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Term
| What were political machines, what was the most famous example, and who led it? |
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Definition
Groups that controlled local governments by trading favors (jobs/assistance) for votes
Most famous is Tammany Hall in NYC, run by Boss Tweed who used corrupt methods to steal money from the city |
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Term
| Where did the new immigrants come from, and what were the three main immigration stations these immigrants came through, and where were they located? |
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Definition
People came mainly from South and East Europe- spoke different languages, mainly Catholic or Jewish.
Europeans came through Ellis Island- New York; Asians through Angel Island- San Francisco; Mexicans through El Paso, Texas |
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Term
| What fears did native-born Americans have concerning immigrants and what measures did Congress take against foreigners? |
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Definition
Afraid that immigrants would not assimilate, would take their jobs, were wary of Protestants/Jews
Congress passed laws limiting immigration, especially from China (Chinese Exclusion Act) |
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Term
| What two ways whites in the South tried to keep blacks from voting, and how did they exempt poor whites from these rules? |
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Definition
Literacy Tests/Poll Taxes- methods used by Southern states to prevent African Americans from voting
Grandfather Clauses- allowed poor whites to vote by exempting them from the literacy tests and poll taxes |
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Term
| What was the Plessy v Ferguson decision, and what did it allow? |
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Definition
Plessy v. Ferguson case which allowed for separate but equal facilities.
Jim Crow- Extensions of “black codes” in South which segregated blacks and whites- separate schools, restrooms, etc. |
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Term
| What did Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois do and what were their views on segregation? |
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Definition
Washington opened Tuskegee Institute- try to make blacks stronger economically- teach them trades
DuBois- started the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- rejection of segregation |
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Term
| What is a muckraker, and what did Ida Tarbell do? |
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Definition
Muckraker- investigative journalist who exposes problems in society
Tarbell- wrote investigative report on Standard Oil |
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Term
| List the three main goals of the progressive movement |
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Definition
Reform government by expanding democracy
Promote social welfare by helping workers and the poor
Create economic reform by helping to rein in large corporations and stopping monopolies |
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Term
| Who established the direct primary, and what was its purpose, and what were the Oregon political reforms? |
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Definition
Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin
To stop corruption and give voters more control of government, he allowed voters, rather than party conventions to choose candidates for political office
Oregon: Initiative- voters directly propose laws; Referendum- proposed laws voted on by people; Recall- vote elected official out of office |
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Term
| Who wrote the Jungle, what did it talk about, and what two steps were taken to change that particular industry? |
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Definition
Upton Sinclair wrote about problems of meat-packing industry
Pure Food/Drug Act- labeling of food and medicine to ensure purity and quality
Meat Inspection Act- enacted after Jungle was published to ensure that meat factories met standards of cleanliness |
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Term
| Describe how the conservation movement grew under Teddy Roosevelt: |
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Definition
| Preserved more than 200 million acres of public land, created wildlife refuge, doubled amount of national parks, used Antiquities Act to preserve Petrified Forest and Grand Canyon |
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Term
| What did the Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Amendments do? |
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Definition
Sixteenth: Income tax- becomes source of most of government revenue
Seventeenth- Senators elected by the people, not state legislatures- reducing corruption, give citizens more voice
Eighteenth- Banned sale/manufacture/transport of alcohol- known as the “Prohibition Era”
Amendment was repealed with the 21st Amendment over a decade later |
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Term
| How did World War I help to gain women’s suffrage? |
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Definition
Women took men’s place in factories and participated in fundraising drives involving war bonds
Led to passage of Nineteenth Amendment- women get full voting rights |
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Term
| What is imperialism and what are the reasons behind it? |
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Definition
| Strong countries extend economic/political/military control (colonies). Economic interests (raw materials/new markets for goods), Military interests (bases overseas), and belief in cultural superiority (spread of democracy, Christianity, belief of white superiority). |
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Term
| How did America gain Alaska and Hawaii? |
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Definition
Alaska: Purchased from Russia by William Seward- criticized as “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly”
Hawaii: dominated by sugar, pineapple growers who didn’t like laws which favored crops grown in American states. Staged revolt against Queen Liliuokalani and asked to be annexed. |
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Term
| How did newspapers contribute American outrage over events in Cuba and how did the U.S.S. Maine explosion cause the Spanish American War? |
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Definition
Papers used yellow journalist tactics to sensationalize the Spanish cruelty in putting down Cuban revolt
Explosion aboard ship kills 260 sailors, Spain is blamed for explosion, although it is believed to have been accidental
“Remember the Maine” becomes rallying cry |
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Term
| What were the results of the war for Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico? |
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Definition
| Cuba- Platt Amendment (U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs)/build naval base at Guantanamo Bay; Philippines- became American colony, upsetting Filipinos- resistance led by Emilio Aguinaldo; Puerto Rico- U.S. territory |
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Term
| What was the Open Door Policy, and how did the Chinese react to foreign influences? |
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Definition
United States wanted equal access to trade in China with Germany, France, Britain, Japan, Russia
Some Chines (boxers) rebelled against foreign influence |
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Term
| Why was the Panama Canal important, how did we get the land to build it, and what were the costs of its construction? |
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Definition
| Would connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, faster for trade/military. Land was owned by Colombia, so U.S. supported revolution |
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Term
| Why did the United States get involved in Latin America? |
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Definition
Wanted access to raw materials that could be bought at low costs and many business owned land in region
U.S. wanted to ensure political stability |
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Term
| Describe how the Roosevelt Corollary was applied in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Mexico: |
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Definition
DR: U.S. took control of finances due to inability to pay debts
C: Put down revolt in 1906
N: Taft sent marines to restore order
M: Troops sent to chase down Pancho Villa during Mexican revolution |
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