candid

(adj) truthful and straighforward; frank

enthusiastic

(adj) having or showing intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval

colloquial

(adj) used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary

condemnatory

(adj) expressing strong disapproval; censorious

outraged

(v) to arouse fierce anger, shock, or indignation in

hysterical

(adj) deriving from or affected by uncontrolled extreme emotion

consoling

(v) to alleviate or lessen the grief, sorrow, or disappointment of; give solace or comfort

supportive

(v) giving support; providing sympathy or encouragement; providing additional help or information

sympathetic

(v) characterized by, proceeding from, exhibitting, or feeling sympathy

sneering

(v) to smile, laugh, or contort the face in a manner that shows scorn or contempt

condescending

(adj) showing or implying a usually patronizing, descent from dignity or superiority

judgmental

(adj) an act or instance of judging

Conventions: Underlining vs. Quotation Marks

Underlining: to indicate titles of complete works such as magazines, books, newspapers, long poems, etc.

Quotations Marks: titles of short stories, poems, songs, articles, or chapters

Conventions

capitalization, grammar, punctuation

Argumentation: Defend

to prove the correctness of another's claim by substantiating with your own position/evidence 

Argumentation: Refute

prove incorrectness or another's claim by refuting with your own position

Argumentation: Qualify

set limitations of correctness of author's claim by substanciating it with your own evidence/position

Argumentation: Argument Terminology: Claim

states position on piece chose to write about 

Argumentation: Argument Terminology: Evidence

data to support claim

Argumentation: Argument Terminology: Warrant

interprets evidence and supports the claim

Argumentation: Rhetorical Triangle

speaker, audience, message

Analysis: Analysis vs. Summary

Analysis: Steps in Analysis

Analysis: Rhetorical Choices: Diction

author's word choice

Analysis: Rhetorical Choices: Syntax

sentence structure

Analysis: Rhetorical Choices: Imagery

the formation of mental rhetorical images 

Analysis: Rhetorical Choices: Figurative Language

language that contains or uses figures or speech, especially metaphors

Analysis: Rhetorical Choices: Structure

framework of a work of literature

Analysis: Rhetorical Choices: Tone

writer's attitude toward the material or reader(s)

Syntax: Constructs: Functional: Declarative

makes a statement

"You ate lunch."

Syntax: Constructs: Functional: Interrogative

ask a question

"Did you eat lunch?"

Syntax: Constructs: Functional: Exclamatory

expressed strong feeling

"Please eat your lunch!"

Syntax: Constructs: Grammatical: Simple

one independent caluse, no dependent clause

"John and Mary waved at Sue."

Syntax: Constructs: Grammatical: Compound

 two or more independent clauses

"John and Mary waved, but they did not speak."

Syntax: Constructs: Grammatical: Complex

one independent, one or more independent

"Although John and Mary waved at Sue, they did not speak."

Syntax: Constructs: Grammatical: Compound-Complex

two or more independent, one or more dependent

"Although John and Mary waved at Sue, they did not speak; however, the wave was friendly enough."

Syntax: Constructs: Rhetorical: Periodic

main idea (S and V) come at the end

not grammatically complete until the end

"Sitting in her lounge chair, sunglasses shielding her eyes, head tilting to the side, her book lying open on her lap, Susan patiently waited."

Syntax: Clauses: Independent

a clause that can stand by itself

Syntax: Clauses: Dependent

a clause that cannot stand by itself

anadiplosis

repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of following clause

"The crime was common, common be the pain."

"Beech changed to elm, and elm to fir, and fir to stone."

anaphora

the repetition of the same words or group of words at the beginning of sucessive clauses

"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields, and in the steets, we shall fight in the hills."

antimetabole

repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order

"One should eat to live, not live to eat.

"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."

antithesis

the juxtapositions of contrasting ideas, often used in parallel structure (may be in words or in ideas, or both)

apposition

placing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation of modification of the first

"The mountain was the earth, her home."

asyndeton

deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses

"I came, I saw, I conquered."

"They may have it in well doinf, thet have it learning, they may have it even criticism."

chiasmus

(the "criss-cross") reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses

"Exalts his enemies, his friends destroy"

"His time a moment, and a point his space."

ellipsis

deliberate omiss on of a word or words which are readily implied by the context.

"And he to English shall along along with you."
 

epanalepsis

repetition at the end of a clause of the words and occurred at the beginning of the clause

"Blood hath brough blood, and blows have answered blows: Strength match'd with strength, and power confronted power."

epistrophe

repetition of the same words or group of words at the end of successive clauses

"When we firs came we were very many and you were few. Now you are many and we are getting very few."

hyperbole

the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect

"It rauned for four years, eleven months and two days."

isocolon

a scheme of parallel structure which occurs when the paralle elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length

"His purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the scrupulous."

parallelism

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related word, phrases, or clauses

"So Janey waited a bloom time, and a green time and a orange time."

parenthesis

insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentences

Can be parentheses, commas, or dashes

polyptoton

repetition of words derived from the same root

"We could like to contain the uncontainable future in a glass."

polysyndeton

deliberate use of many conjuctions

The effect of polysndeton is to slow down the rhythm of the sentence

rhetorical question

a figured of speech in the form of a question that is asked in order to make a point and without the expectation of a reply

climax

arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance

"Let a man acknowledge obligations to this family, his country, and his God."

Syntax: Constructs: Rhetorical: Cumulative 

beings with the main idea (independent clause)

followed by phrases and clauses which elaborate upon the main

"Susan patiently waited, sitting in her lounge chair, sunglasses shielding her eyes, head tilting to the side,  her book lying open to her lap."