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A structured series of propositions or premises, followed by a conclusion that is supported by the premises. The premises and conclusion are interdependent. |
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A dispute or disagreement, this is not an argument. |
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An argument in which if the premises are true, the conclusion is also true. The conclusion logically follows from the premises. |
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An argument in which the conclusion follows from the premises, which have a high probablity of being true. The argument is not neccesarily true. |
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An abductive argument presents the most probable explanation. The conclusion may be false even if the premises are true. Determining a conclusion based on evidence presented. |
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When the truth of the premises are guaranteed by the truth of the conclusion. Are the premises true? |
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When an argument is valid and the premises are true. The conclusion flows from the premises. |
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A flaw in an argument when the meaning of an essential word changes in the course of the argument. Ambiguity arises from the misleading use of a term that has more than one meaning. |
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Also known as circularity, this is a logical fallacy in which the truth of a premise relies on the truth of another premise. Ex.
1: The bible says that God exists
2: What the bible says is true because the bible is the word of God.
C: Therefore, God exists. |
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Assuming a premise is true without stating it within the argument. A premise that is implied but still supports the conclusion. |
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Necessary and Sufficient Clauses |
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If A is a necessary condition for B, then B cannot be true unless A is true.
If A is a sufficent condition for B, then if A is true, then B is true.
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A proposition that can be known without experience. Knowledge based on reason. |
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A proposition that can only be understood through experiene. Knowledge based on empirical evidence. |
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Necessary and Contingent Propositions |
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A necessary proposition is one that is true and cannot have been false.
A contingent proposition is one that could have been false. |
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Personal Identity: Fission Problem |
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Parfit's view on personal identity |
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Personal Identity vs. Survival |
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Parfit's view on Survival |
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Miller's 4D view on Personal Identity, psycological continuity |
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Weirob's objection to Miller |
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William's body swap and mind-scramble cases, his view |
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Chisholm's agent-causation, definition and problems |
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Substance causation problem |
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The forking paths argument |
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The problem of luck argument |
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Frankfurt's Jones and Black case, relation to PAP |
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Flicker of freedom, objection to Frankfurt |
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"A will" according to Frankfurt |
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"A person" according to Frankfurt |
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"A wanton" according to Frankfurt |
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Mesh problem for Frankfurt |
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Descriptive vs. perscriptive (normative) ethics |
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The greatest happiness principle, "well-being", problems for the principle |
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Singer's argument for famine relief |
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"Comparable moral significance" |
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Duty ethics vs. deontological theories |
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Kant's categorical imperative, what does he mean by categorical and imperative |
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Lying, murder and suicide, and the description problems for Kant |
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Kant's categorical imperative |
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