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| Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by ______, a state of confusion accompanied by loss of short & long term memory |
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| The early stages of _____ are marked by transient confusion, loss of short-term memory, visuospatial deficits, errors in judgment, restlessness, lethargy, & depression |
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| In advanced stages, ______ patients exhibit severe cognitive decline, loss of long-term memories, loss of speech, & loss of bodily functions that ultimately result in death ~8-10 years after symptom onset |
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| The principal anatomical features of ______ are plaques, tangles, neuronal degeneration, & synapse loss |
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| ______ are dense spherical deposits of protein & cellular material in the extracellular space |
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| ______ are tangled helical filaments of damaged cytoskeletal proteins proliferating intracellularly |
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| Tangle density is highly correlated with ______ severity |
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| Plaque contains _____, a peptide fragment of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) |
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| ______ are enzymes that normally cleave APP into a 40 amino acid-long soluble & non-toxic fragment |
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| ______ resembles the substance that causes tooth decay - a toxic deposit that attacks healthy tissue |
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| Insoluble clumps of ______ beta-amyloid ultimately damage cellular processes, which become swollen & distorted near plaques |
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| The chief component of tangles is a protein called _____ |
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| Tau normally functions to bind & stabilize _____ |
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| In Alzheimer's disease, chemically altered tau twists into ______ |
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| Disruption of its major inputs & outputs isolated the hippocampus from the rest of the brain, causing ______ |
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| Alzheimer's disease cortex exhibits _____ loss that is exaggerated compared to normal aging |
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| _______ loss in Alzheimer's is greatest in the hippocampus & association cortices & least in primary sensory & motor areas |
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| Reduction of synapses is the primary cause of cognitive impairment & loss of ______ |
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| Synapse/volume loss is associated with a comparable reduction in ______ activity |
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| Changes in ______ underlie the abnormal behaviors & mood associated with Alzheimer's |
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| Nearly half of all familial cases of Alzheimer's involve mutations in three genes of different chromosomes: _____, _____, & ______ |
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Definition
| APP, presenilin 1, & presenilin 2 |
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| Risk of late-onset ______ is increased with inheritance of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele on chromosome 19, whereas the ApoE epsilon 2 may be protective against it |
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| ______ is a cognitive disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality |
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| _______ of schizophrenia represent the experience of sensations or ideas that are normally absent |
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| ______ of schizophrenia represent the absence of expressions that are normally present |
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| Early on, schizophrenia was thought to result form excessive ______ in cortical & limbic pathways |
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| Psychosis can be induced by drugs that increase dopamine transmission, such as ______ |
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| Drugs that block dopamine transmission, such as ______, can be used to treat schizophrenia |
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| There is a strong correlation between the clinically effective dose of antipsychotics for schizophrenia & their affinity for the dopamine ______ receptor subtype |
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| Dysfunction of the ______ is thought to be the cause of schizophrenia |
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| Patients with ______ damage exhibit characteristics that resemble the negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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| The ______ cortex of the prefrontal cortex includes the cortical areas lying in the adjacent to the principal sulcus |
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| The ______ cortex of the prefrontal cortex includes regions along the ventromedial surface |
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| _______ regions of the prefrontal cortex have prominent interconnections with limbic structures |
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| The _____ organizes behavior across time in order to plan for the future |
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| The PFC mediates ______, the ability to temporarily store information & use it to guide future actions |
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| ______ is tested by tasks that impose a delay between sensory cues & motor responses |
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| The _____ is responsible for inhibiting inappropriate behaviors |
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| Functional imaging studies indicate that the normal increase in cerebral blood flow to the _____ during working memory tasks is markedly reduced in schizophrenic patients |
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| MRI images suggest a ~10% reduction in _____ & widening of sulci in schizophrenics |
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| Reduced cortical thickness in schizophrenics is associated with enlargement of the ______, the most consistent clinical observation of the disorder |
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| Postmortem studies of ______ patients reveal no change in cell number in the PFC but rather a loss of neurophil |
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| There are major disruptions of ______ neurons in schizophrenics |
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| Since there is no evidence for ______, schizophrenia is not a neurodegenerative disease |
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| Schizophrenia develops after puberty, so it is a ______ disorder |
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