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Final Exam Review
N/A
132
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
05/06/2015

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
ultimate source of energy
Definition
sun
Term
products of photosynthesis
Definition
oxygen and glucose
Term
2 phases of photosynthesis
Definition
light independent
light dependent
Term
____ photosynthesis nedds energy from the ___ and is a ___ raction (____). ____ caryy the energy from the sun to P____. _____ gets excited and realeses ___. This causes ___ (H binds to O and now have H2O) and the _____ are now sent to P_____. The hydrogens are pumped out and so creating an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase makes ATP which is sent to the Calvin Cycle with NADPH.
Definition
LD, sun, catabolic, photons, 680, magnesium, electrons, photolysis, electrons, 700
Term
Light independent
Definition
does not have to have light but rather uses NADPH and ATP from the LD reaction. The products resulting are oxygen and glucose.
Term
Fermentation uses only ___.
Definition
glycolysis
Term
How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule during fermentation? Is oxygen involved?
Definition
2
NO
Term
Would aerobes or anaerobes be in a fermented environment?
Definition
anaerobes
Term
Aerobes or anaerobes lack oxygen?
Definition
anaerobes
Term
Aerobes or anaerobes NEED oxygen?
Definition
aerobes
Term
Explain Glycolysis
Definition
glucose converted to pyruvic acid, each step catalyzed by enzyme, no oxygen used, 2 pyruvics, 2 ATP, 2 NADH/substrate phosphorylation
Term
Explain Kreb's cycle
Definition
happens in mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes, happens in the cytoplasm of bacteria, pyruvic acid is decarboxylized to Acetyl CoA-2 NADH, 2 cycles per glucose with never Ending..
6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP
Term
Explain Electron Transport Chain
Definition
major production of ATP which is made by ATP synthase, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, NADH and FADH2 both donate electrons, Eukaryote Electron transport chain performed on mitochondrial membrane and on cell membrane of prokaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation, and proton motive force gradient is set in motion by the pumping of hydrogen ions 38 ATP
Term
T or F
RNA polymerase will unwind DNA itself
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are made in transcription
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F
sigma factors makes the promoter recognizable by RNA polymerase
Definition
TRUE
Term
What are the steps of transcription?
Definition
Initiation, elongation, termination.
Term
T/F
Termination is a process that takes place in only one way in transcription
Definition
FLASE---->
Term
T/F
Bases used are GUAC
Definition
TRUE
Term
What are the steps for translation?
Definition
Initiation, elongation, termination.
Term
Can translation and transcription occur at the same time? WHy or why not?
Definition
Yes. Due to location being in the nucleoid region
Term
T/F
mRNA has the anticodon series
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F
tRNA has the start codon series AUG
Definition
FALSE
Term
When does termination occur?
Definition
when a stop codon is recognized and the 50s subunit releases ribozyme that severs the bond b/t amino acid and the tRNA
Term
what is ribozyme?
Definition
only enzyme that is not PROTEIN!!!
Term
What is an operon?
Definition
specific to bacteria. has a promoter region- a series of genes and an operator that control the movement RNA polymerase
Term
lays down RNA primer
Definition
primase
Term
For the tRNA strand, 3 paired bases
Definition
anticodon
Term
promoter of RNA synthesis
Definition
RNA polymerase
Term
DNA to RNA
Definition
Transcription
Term
seals together the Okazaki fragments of the DNA
Definition
ligase
Term
RNA to protein
Definition
translation
Term
used for the addition of nucleotides
Definition
DNA polymerase
Term
In bacteria ___ breaks up DNA, releases tension, and puts it back together
Definition
Topoisomerase
Term
unwinds DNA
Definition
Helicase
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
Archaea and Bacteria. No organelles or nucleus. One chromosome and 1 or more plasmids that care traits witht he genome contained in nucleoid region. Ribosomes, appendages, cell walls/membranes (enveloped), with all energy performed on the cell membrane, ETC.
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
protozoa, algae, helminthes, fungi
Term
Protozoa
Definition
unicellular, lack cell wall, 2 layer cytoplasm, heterotrophs
Term
Algae
Definition
photosynthesis- cuz of chlorophyll, unicellular, cell wall of cellulose, colonial and filamentous
Term
Fungi
Definition
chitin cell walls, either micro or macro, Nutrition: ALL heterotrophs/some saprobes (obtain organic material from dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats)/some parasitic. Have enzymes that allow them to break down almost anything.
Term
Helminthes
Definition
Flatworms- very thin segmented body
Round worms- elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented body
Term
what are the basic characteristics of life?
Definition
growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism
Term
What is an enzyme
Definition
a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
Term
What is metabolism
Definition
all chemical and physical workings of a cell
Term
WHat are the 2 parts of metabolism?
Definition
Catabolism and Anabolism
Term
What is Catabolism?
Definition
large molecule broken down into smaller molecule; releases energy
Term
What is Anabolism?
Definition
building of a large molecule form the smaller ones; energy is used
Term
What is the cell wall of a prokaryote mad of?
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
what polymers are found in gram positive cell wall?
Definition
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
Term
What 2 components are found in a gram negative cell wall?
Definition
lipoproteins and lipopolysacharides
Term
Name the 7 categories of microbes
Definition
viruses, archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, helminthes, fungi (yeast/mold!!)
Term
List the microorganisms in order from smallest to largest
Definition
viruses....prokaryotes...eukaryotes
Term
Which organism is acellular?
Definition
viruses
Term
Describe viral genomes...
Definition
ssDNA, ssRNA, dsDNA, dsRNA
Term
List the 5 steps of replication
Definition
attachment
entry
replicate
assemble
exit
Term
Explain the difference between lysogeny and the lytic cycle?
Definition
In lysogeny, the genome integrates with the cell's DNA and replicates in daughter cells. It will eventually go through the lytic cycle. In the lytic cycle, immediate destroys cell's DNA and lysis cell.
Term
What organisms are prokaryotes?
Definition
Bacteria and archaea
Term
What organisms are Eukaryotes?
Definition
fungi, protozoa, algae, helminthes
Term
Eukaryotic means they have a _____?
Definition
NUCELUS
Term
Which 2 types of microorganisms belong to the kingdom Protista?
Definition
Algae and protozoa
Term
Gram ++++
Definition
purple
thick peptidoglycan
LTA/TA
Term
Gram ----
Definition
Pink
thin peptidoglycan
outer membrane
LPS
Term
Prokaryotic DNA
Definition
circular
haploid
30, 50, 70
Term
Eukaryotic DNA
Definition
linear
diploid
40, 60, 80
Term
Prokaryotic structures
Definition
nucleoid
plasmids
ribosomes
Term
What structures are in photosynthetic prokaryotes?
Definition
chlorophyll
Term
Eukaryotic structures
Definition
nucleus
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
ER
lysosomes
vacuoles
Term
What structures are in photosynthetic eukaryotes?
Definition
chloroplasts
Term
Explain the difference b/t DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Definition
Pro- in cytoplasm, topoisomerase, bidirectional, semiconservative
Term
Which nutrient is limiting?
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
What are growth factors?
Definition
pH
temp
pressure
nutrients
osmolarity
Term
organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds
Definition
chemotroph
Term
organism that obtains carbon from organic molecules, such as sugars, obtained form the environment
Definition
autotroph
Term
organism that acquires energy through the oxidation of reduced organic or inorganic compounds
Definition
heterotroph
Term
organism that captures light energy, or photons, through the process of photosynthesis to generate chemical energy, such as ATP
Definition
Phototroph
Term
People are ___?
Definition
chemoheterotrophs
Term
Plants are ____?
Definition
photoautotrophs
Term
grows in LOW pH environments
Definition
Acidophile
Term
grows at temps greater than 80*C
Definition
Hyperthermophile
Term
grows in HIGH pH environments
Definition
Alkalinophile
Term
requires high salt levels for growth
Definition
Halophile
Term
grows under HIGH pressure
Definition
Barophile
Term
grows at temps b/t 15*C-40*C
Definition
Mesophile
Term
grows at temps greater than 55*C
Definition
Thermophile
Term
grows at temps less than 15*C
Definition
psycrophile
Term
What is conjugation?
Definition
the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via direct cell contact
Term
What is transduction?
Definition
the transfer of bacterial DNA from one cell to another by a bacteriophage
Term
What is transformation?
Definition
gene transfer in which a piece of DNA is taken up by a cell
Term
What is transfection?
Definition
putting the vector into a human or animal
Term
What does CHONPS stand for?
Definition
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
Term
H+ ion is ___?
Definition
pH....
Term
what microscope do we use in lab?
Definition
compound bright-field light microscope
Term
How do you arrive at total magnification?
Definition
objective x ocular lens (10x)
Term
Explain contrast
Definition
the difference in intensity of two objects
Term
Explain resolution
Definition
the ability to distinguish two objects as separate, distinct objects
Term
What is magnification and what is it dependent on?
Definition
the apparent increase in size
curvature of lens/speed of light/thickness of lens
Term
What is oil immersion?
Definition
increases magnification and resolution and enables the lens to capture scattered light better
Term
Darkfield
Definition
LIVE specimens, NO direct background light, specimens appear light against the black background
Term
phase contrast
Definition
simple, sharp, defined, can see fine structures such as cilia and flagella
Term
Fluorescent
Definition
uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent molecules that bind to their specific antigens and allow the structures containing those antigens to be detected by the fluorescence
Term
Confocal
Definition
increase resolution and use UV to take optical slices of different planes to create a 3D image
Term
In this microscope, have a very high resolving power and a light beam is not used, but beams of ____ are used.
Definition
electrons
10,000-100,000 and viruses can be seen
Term
What are 2 examples of probe microscopy?
Definition
scanning tunneling microscopy
atomic force microscopy
Term
Transmission electron microscopy
Definition
must occur in a vacuum, contrast and resolution can be enhanced with staining, electrons will pass through the thin slice of the specimen
Term
Scanning electron microscopy
Definition
only see surface structures as a 3D image
Term
Scanning tunneling microscopy
Definition
must be electronically conductive, and the metallic probe will be slightly above the surface
Term
Atomic Force microscopy
Definition
specimen can be alive, probe touches the surface of it and laser is aimed at the probe tip
Term
what does staining mean?
Definition
color a microorganism with a dye to make structure more visible
Term
What does a simple stain use?
Definition
a single basic dye
Term
what are simple stains used for?
Definition
to make the cellular shape, size and arrangement apparent
Term
acid fast stain
Definition
targets a specific bacteria that has a lipid material called myolic acid in their cell walls (EX: mycobacgterium and nocardia)
Term
Negative Stain
Definition
used to make the capsules on microbes visible
Term
Endospore Stain
Definition
used to make the endospore visible
Term
Flagellar stain
Definition
used to visualize specific structures in bacterial cells
Term
complex life cycle
Definition
undergo sexual reproduction in the definitive host and asexual reproduction/differentiation in the intermediate host
Term
simple life cycle
Definition
completes its life cycle entirely within a single species
Term
Example on complex life cycle
Definition
Plasmodium falciparum- Female ANOPEHELES mosquitoes serve as definitive host. Mosquitoes then transfer the parasites to a human, the intermediate host
Term
example of simple life cycle
Definition
Giardia lamblia- ingestion cysts present in contaminated water/foods, excystation releases trophozoites, trophozoites replicate in small intestine, encystation occurs in the large intestine, cysts are eliminated in the feces
Term
definitive host
Definition
sexual reproduction occurs
Term
intermediate host
Definition
asexual replication occurs
Term
Ascaris lumbrioides
Definition
a roundworm that causes Ascariasis= 1.5 billion people worldwide, affects the body's ability to absorb nutrients (kids failure to rhive/blockage of intestine).
Term
female worms
Definition
larger than males...can get up to 12 inches
Term
male worms
Definition
smaller than female worms
Term
What is a problem with Ascaris lumbrioides?
Definition
autoinoculation
Term
phytopathogenic fungi
Definition
cause disease in plants
Term
What do pathogenic fungi secrete and what do these do?
Definition
secrete: cellulases, pectinases, various proteases.
degrade the plant cell wall
Term
xylanase
Definition
degrades hemicellulose
Term
Magnaporthe grisea
Definition
RICE BLAST
appressoria- penetrate cuticle
Term
penetration plug (peg?)
Definition
invasion and acquisition of nutrients
Term
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Definition
yeast (fungus?), AIDS-related, many asymptomatic carriers, grows into alveolar spaces, fatal w/out treatment
Term
amanita phalloides
Definition
alpha-amanitin, kidney/liver cellular destruction/organ failure, binds to RNA polymerase II (not I or III, blocks mRNA (not tRNA or rRNA)
Term
what is saxitoxin?
Definition
toxin produced by dinoflagellate, it's a sodium channel blocker, HABs or "red tide", paralytic shellfish poisoning, flaccid paralysis, respiratory distress
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