Term
ultimate source of energy |
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Definition
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Term
products of photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
2 phases of photosynthesis |
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Definition
light independent light dependent |
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Term
____ photosynthesis nedds energy from the ___ and is a ___ raction (____). ____ caryy the energy from the sun to P____. _____ gets excited and realeses ___. This causes ___ (H binds to O and now have H2O) and the _____ are now sent to P_____. The hydrogens are pumped out and so creating an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase makes ATP which is sent to the Calvin Cycle with NADPH. |
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Definition
LD, sun, catabolic, photons, 680, magnesium, electrons, photolysis, electrons, 700 |
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Term
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Definition
does not have to have light but rather uses NADPH and ATP from the LD reaction. The products resulting are oxygen and glucose. |
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Term
Fermentation uses only ___. |
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Definition
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Term
How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule during fermentation? Is oxygen involved? |
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Definition
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Term
Would aerobes or anaerobes be in a fermented environment? |
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Definition
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Term
Aerobes or anaerobes lack oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
Aerobes or anaerobes NEED oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
glucose converted to pyruvic acid, each step catalyzed by enzyme, no oxygen used, 2 pyruvics, 2 ATP, 2 NADH/substrate phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
happens in mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes, happens in the cytoplasm of bacteria, pyruvic acid is decarboxylized to Acetyl CoA-2 NADH, 2 cycles per glucose with never Ending.. 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP |
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Term
Explain Electron Transport Chain |
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Definition
major production of ATP which is made by ATP synthase, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, NADH and FADH2 both donate electrons, Eukaryote Electron transport chain performed on mitochondrial membrane and on cell membrane of prokaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation, and proton motive force gradient is set in motion by the pumping of hydrogen ions 38 ATP |
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Term
T or F RNA polymerase will unwind DNA itself |
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Definition
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Term
T/F mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are made in transcription |
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Definition
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Term
T/F sigma factors makes the promoter recognizable by RNA polymerase |
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Definition
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Term
What are the steps of transcription? |
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Definition
Initiation, elongation, termination. |
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Term
T/F Termination is a process that takes place in only one way in transcription |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the steps for translation? |
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Definition
Initiation, elongation, termination. |
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Term
Can translation and transcription occur at the same time? WHy or why not? |
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Definition
Yes. Due to location being in the nucleoid region |
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Term
T/F mRNA has the anticodon series |
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Definition
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Term
T/F tRNA has the start codon series AUG |
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Definition
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Term
When does termination occur? |
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Definition
when a stop codon is recognized and the 50s subunit releases ribozyme that severs the bond b/t amino acid and the tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
only enzyme that is not PROTEIN!!! |
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Term
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Definition
specific to bacteria. has a promoter region- a series of genes and an operator that control the movement RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
For the tRNA strand, 3 paired bases |
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Definition
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Term
promoter of RNA synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
seals together the Okazaki fragments of the DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
used for the addition of nucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
In bacteria ___ breaks up DNA, releases tension, and puts it back together |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Archaea and Bacteria. No organelles or nucleus. One chromosome and 1 or more plasmids that care traits witht he genome contained in nucleoid region. Ribosomes, appendages, cell walls/membranes (enveloped), with all energy performed on the cell membrane, ETC. |
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Definition
protozoa, algae, helminthes, fungi |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular, lack cell wall, 2 layer cytoplasm, heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
photosynthesis- cuz of chlorophyll, unicellular, cell wall of cellulose, colonial and filamentous |
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Term
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Definition
chitin cell walls, either micro or macro, Nutrition: ALL heterotrophs/some saprobes (obtain organic material from dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats)/some parasitic. Have enzymes that allow them to break down almost anything. |
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Term
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Definition
Flatworms- very thin segmented body Round worms- elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented body |
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Term
what are the basic characteristics of life? |
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Definition
growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
all chemical and physical workings of a cell |
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Term
WHat are the 2 parts of metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
large molecule broken down into smaller molecule; releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
building of a large molecule form the smaller ones; energy is used |
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Term
What is the cell wall of a prokaryote mad of? |
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Definition
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Term
what polymers are found in gram positive cell wall? |
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Definition
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid |
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Term
What 2 components are found in a gram negative cell wall? |
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Definition
lipoproteins and lipopolysacharides |
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Term
Name the 7 categories of microbes |
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Definition
viruses, archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, helminthes, fungi (yeast/mold!!) |
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Term
List the microorganisms in order from smallest to largest |
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Definition
viruses....prokaryotes...eukaryotes |
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Term
Which organism is acellular? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe viral genomes... |
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Definition
ssDNA, ssRNA, dsDNA, dsRNA |
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Term
List the 5 steps of replication |
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Definition
attachment entry replicate assemble exit |
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Term
Explain the difference between lysogeny and the lytic cycle? |
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Definition
In lysogeny, the genome integrates with the cell's DNA and replicates in daughter cells. It will eventually go through the lytic cycle. In the lytic cycle, immediate destroys cell's DNA and lysis cell. |
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Term
What organisms are prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
What organisms are Eukaryotes? |
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Definition
fungi, protozoa, algae, helminthes |
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Term
Eukaryotic means they have a _____? |
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Definition
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Term
Which 2 types of microorganisms belong to the kingdom Protista? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
purple thick peptidoglycan LTA/TA |
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Term
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Definition
Pink thin peptidoglycan outer membrane LPS |
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Term
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Definition
circular haploid 30, 50, 70 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nucleoid plasmids ribosomes |
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Term
What structures are in photosynthetic prokaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nucleus mitochondria Golgi apparatus ER lysosomes vacuoles |
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Term
What structures are in photosynthetic eukaryotes? |
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Definition
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Term
Explain the difference b/t DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
Pro- in cytoplasm, topoisomerase, bidirectional, semiconservative |
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Term
Which nutrient is limiting? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pH temp pressure nutrients osmolarity |
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Term
organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds |
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Definition
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Term
organism that obtains carbon from organic molecules, such as sugars, obtained form the environment |
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Definition
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Term
organism that acquires energy through the oxidation of reduced organic or inorganic compounds |
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Definition
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Term
organism that captures light energy, or photons, through the process of photosynthesis to generate chemical energy, such as ATP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
grows in LOW pH environments |
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Definition
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Term
grows at temps greater than 80*C |
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Definition
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Term
grows in HIGH pH environments |
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Definition
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Term
requires high salt levels for growth |
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Definition
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Term
grows under HIGH pressure |
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Definition
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Term
grows at temps b/t 15*C-40*C |
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Definition
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Term
grows at temps greater than 55*C |
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Definition
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Term
grows at temps less than 15*C |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via direct cell contact |
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Term
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Definition
the transfer of bacterial DNA from one cell to another by a bacteriophage |
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Term
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Definition
gene transfer in which a piece of DNA is taken up by a cell |
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Term
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Definition
putting the vector into a human or animal |
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Term
What does CHONPS stand for? |
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Definition
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what microscope do we use in lab? |
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Definition
compound bright-field light microscope |
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Term
How do you arrive at total magnification? |
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Definition
objective x ocular lens (10x) |
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Term
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Definition
the difference in intensity of two objects |
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Term
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Definition
the ability to distinguish two objects as separate, distinct objects |
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Term
What is magnification and what is it dependent on? |
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Definition
the apparent increase in size curvature of lens/speed of light/thickness of lens |
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Term
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Definition
increases magnification and resolution and enables the lens to capture scattered light better |
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Term
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Definition
LIVE specimens, NO direct background light, specimens appear light against the black background |
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Term
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Definition
simple, sharp, defined, can see fine structures such as cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent molecules that bind to their specific antigens and allow the structures containing those antigens to be detected by the fluorescence |
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Term
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Definition
increase resolution and use UV to take optical slices of different planes to create a 3D image |
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Term
In this microscope, have a very high resolving power and a light beam is not used, but beams of ____ are used. |
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Definition
electrons 10,000-100,000 and viruses can be seen |
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Term
What are 2 examples of probe microscopy? |
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Definition
scanning tunneling microscopy atomic force microscopy |
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Term
Transmission electron microscopy |
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Definition
must occur in a vacuum, contrast and resolution can be enhanced with staining, electrons will pass through the thin slice of the specimen |
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Term
Scanning electron microscopy |
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Definition
only see surface structures as a 3D image |
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Term
Scanning tunneling microscopy |
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Definition
must be electronically conductive, and the metallic probe will be slightly above the surface |
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Term
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Definition
specimen can be alive, probe touches the surface of it and laser is aimed at the probe tip |
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Term
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Definition
color a microorganism with a dye to make structure more visible |
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Term
What does a simple stain use? |
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Definition
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Term
what are simple stains used for? |
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Definition
to make the cellular shape, size and arrangement apparent |
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Term
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Definition
targets a specific bacteria that has a lipid material called myolic acid in their cell walls (EX: mycobacgterium and nocardia) |
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Term
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Definition
used to make the capsules on microbes visible |
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Term
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Definition
used to make the endospore visible |
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Term
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Definition
used to visualize specific structures in bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
undergo sexual reproduction in the definitive host and asexual reproduction/differentiation in the intermediate host |
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Term
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Definition
completes its life cycle entirely within a single species |
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Term
Example on complex life cycle |
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Definition
Plasmodium falciparum- Female ANOPEHELES mosquitoes serve as definitive host. Mosquitoes then transfer the parasites to a human, the intermediate host |
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Term
example of simple life cycle |
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Definition
Giardia lamblia- ingestion cysts present in contaminated water/foods, excystation releases trophozoites, trophozoites replicate in small intestine, encystation occurs in the large intestine, cysts are eliminated in the feces |
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Term
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Definition
sexual reproduction occurs |
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Term
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Definition
asexual replication occurs |
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Term
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Definition
a roundworm that causes Ascariasis= 1.5 billion people worldwide, affects the body's ability to absorb nutrients (kids failure to rhive/blockage of intestine). |
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Term
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Definition
larger than males...can get up to 12 inches |
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Term
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Definition
smaller than female worms |
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Term
What is a problem with Ascaris lumbrioides? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What do pathogenic fungi secrete and what do these do? |
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Definition
secrete: cellulases, pectinases, various proteases. degrade the plant cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
RICE BLAST appressoria- penetrate cuticle |
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Term
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Definition
invasion and acquisition of nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
yeast (fungus?), AIDS-related, many asymptomatic carriers, grows into alveolar spaces, fatal w/out treatment |
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Term
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Definition
alpha-amanitin, kidney/liver cellular destruction/organ failure, binds to RNA polymerase II (not I or III, blocks mRNA (not tRNA or rRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
toxin produced by dinoflagellate, it's a sodium channel blocker, HABs or "red tide", paralytic shellfish poisoning, flaccid paralysis, respiratory distress |
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