Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| actin and myosin which cause striations in the muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the muscle fibers stimulated by one motor neuron, strength of a contraction depends on the number of motor units activated |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the whole muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds fascicles of muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds each muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane that's electrically polarized |
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Term
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Definition
| proper term for muscle cell cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile unit, 2 microns long, between two Z discs |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth ER, surround each myofibril, stores Ca ions, releases upon stimulation for contraction, regulates the intracellular levels of Ca ions |
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Term
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Definition
| continuation of the sarcolemma that allows impulses to be conducted to the deep regions of the muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| thin filaments of actin, appear light in color |
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Term
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Definition
| thick filaments of myosin, appear dark in color |
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Term
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Definition
| What protein holds thick filaments together, located near the M line |
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Term
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Definition
| this area in the sarcomere is made up of only myosin |
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Term
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Definition
| myofilament that makes up the I band |
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Term
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Definition
| myofilament that causes the A band to appear darker |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that makes up the elastic filaments connecting myosin to the Z disc |
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Term
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Definition
| storage form of glucose, starch |
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Term
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Definition
| lowers the blood pH, releases O2 from hemoglobin, carried by blood to liver to become glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle tension increases but no load is moved, no shortening of muscle, force of muscle met by an equal opposing force, causes greater hypertrophy and increase in strength, increase muscle size |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle shortens and moves a load, muscles shorten, not much increase in tension, better for cardiovascular workout, increases the vascularity of skeletal and cardiac muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to the movable bone |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment to the less movable bone, anchoring side |
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Term
| lactic acid (during contraction use) |
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Definition
| waste product that causes muscle fatigue and cramps |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body along the frontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a limb toward the body or midline or toward the midline of the hand or foot |
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Term
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Definition
| bending movement, decreases the angle of a joint, usually occurs along the sagittal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing the angle between two articulating bones |
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Term
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Definition
| turning of a bone around its own long axis |
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Term
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Definition
| moving a limb so that its distal end draws a circle |
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Term
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Definition
| help prime movers by adding a little extra force in the same direction or act as joint stabilizers |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement, prime movers and antagonists are located on opposite sides of a joint |
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Term
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| two subdivisions of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| when an angle exceeds 180 degrees between two articulating bones |
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Term
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Definition
| lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin |
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Term
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Definition
| depressing the foot, pointing the toes downward |
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Term
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Definition
| touching the thumb to the tips of other fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| sole of foot moves medially (faces inward) |
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Term
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Definition
| sole of foot move laterally (faces outward) |
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Term
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Definition
| rotate the forearm laterally so that the palm faces superiorly or anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| the forearm rotates medially and the palm faces posteriorly or interiorly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| division of nervous system with brain stem and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| division of nervous system with nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the PNS that carries information from sensory receptors to the CNS, towards CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the PNS that transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector organs, muscles or glands; away from CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| the sensory division of the PNS is also known as the ____ division |
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Term
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Definition
| the motor division of the PNS is also known as the _____ division |
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Term
| cell body, axon, axon terminal |
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Definition
| neuron structure contains three things... |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ pairs of cranial nerves, ___ pairs of spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the ANS that readies body for emergencies, uses energy, "fight or flight" |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the ANS that runs day to day activities, energy conserving |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the motor division that conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| part of the motor division that contains visceral motor nerves and regulates the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain responsible for... visual-spacial skills, intuition, identifying objects, artistic and musical skills, creative abilities, recognizing faces, emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain responsible for... language abilities, math, logic, speaking, intellectual functions with language, reading |
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Term
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Definition
| largest part of the brain with a conscious mind, awareness of self and sensations, communication, remembering and understanding, initiates voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| these supporting cells of the CNS form the insulating myelin sheath around neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| white matter is myelinated or unmyelinated |
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Term
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Definition
| type of neuron we draw, major neuron in the CNS, many dendrites on one axon |
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Term
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Definition
| resting membrane potential for a polarized membrane |
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Term
3 Na+ out of cell
2 K+ into cell |
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Definition
| how does the sodium potassium pump work? (# into/out of) |
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Term
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Definition
| largest commisure fiber, connects the two hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow grooves, separate the lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated ridges on a brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the deep groves, separate large regions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| area of lobe that runs conscious intellect and judgement, olfactory bulbs underneath |
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Term
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Definition
| lobe of brain involved in sight |
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Term
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Definition
| lobe of brain that is an area for somatosensory association (receiving information to then understanding), taste |
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Term
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Definition
| lobe of brain that allows hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| lobe of brain that is deep within the lateral sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| gyrus for the primary motor area |
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Term
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Definition
| gyrus for the primary somatosensory area |
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Term
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Definition
| sulcus that separates the occipital and parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| fissure between the hemispheres of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| fissure between the cerebrum and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral aqueduct runs through it, area of pain suppression, “fight or flight”, eye movements, contains corpora quadrigemina |
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Term
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Definition
| links motor cortex and the cerebellum, regulates respiration, normal rhythm of breathing, cranial nerves V (sensations of head and face, chewing), VI (eye movements), and VII (expressions, taste) |
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Term
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Definition
| all tracts between the spinal cord and the brain passes here, decussation of the pyramids, autonomic reflex center, maintains homeostasis, force and rate of heart contraction, vasomotor center for blood pressure, rate and depth of breathing, vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing |
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Term
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Definition
| autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulate food intake, regulates water balance and thirst, regulate sleep and wake cycles, control of endocrine functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| major relay center for all sensory information (except smell) to the cerebrum, sorts out information and relays to the appropriate areas of sensory and assoc. cortex, mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes melatonin (induces sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
| makes muscles movements smooth, maintains muscle tone and posture, uses feedback control to compare movement instructions from the cerebrum to actual performance and compensates for errors, needs constant input from muscles, tendons, inner ear and cerebrum, doesn’t store information, alcoholism can damage it |
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Term
| order of the meninges from superficial to deep |
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Definition
| dura mater - arachnoid layer - pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| lack or loss of memory, can’t recall experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| presenile dementia, degenerative, loss of memory or recent events |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of language function, injury to language areas |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of ability to coordinate voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| motor disorders from CNS damage at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| ischemia, or hemorrhagic injury to brain from vascular disorder, results from a blood clot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unconsciousness, patient can’t be aroused |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of consciousness due to a blow to the head, temporary impairment of higher mental functions; causes “dizziness” and “seeing stars” |
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Term
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Definition
| bruised brain from head trauma, loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| viral inflammation of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis on one side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary, begins in adulthood and causes mental deterioration; rapid, jerky, involuntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| person frequently falls asleep at inappropriate times |
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Term
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Definition
| acute viral infection, may cause lesions resulting in paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| blood term made of 90% water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific term for red blood cells, carry O2, biconcave discs, no nucleus or organelles, hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| packed red blood cell volume that measures anemia |
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Term
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Definition
| hematocrit number for men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| low RBC count, low hemoglobin, or abnormal hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| bright red, in arteries, oxygenated type of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| dark red, veins, no oxygen type of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 combines with reduced hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| average amount of blood in a person (liters) |
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Term
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Definition
| cycle for a RBC lasts how many days |
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Term
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Definition
| CO binds to hemoglobin strongly, normal level is 0.5%, in smokers it's 5-16% |
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Term
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Definition
| remnants of ribosomes left used for diagnostics, last cycle of a RBC before it becomes a erythrocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in RBC (bone marrow cancer, blood doping, low O2 availability) |
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Term
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Definition
| where is erythropoietin released from |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that work in response to low RBC or O2 (hypoxia), encourages erythropoiesis |
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Term
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase in infectious mono, viral infections; large, dark-purple nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in Tuberculosis, fungal infections, monocytic leukemias; nucleus shaped like a U or kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions; large coarse purple-black granules |
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Term
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Definition
| increase during allergic reactions, parasitic infections; red, phone receiver nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| increase may indicate bacterial infection, inflammation; cytoplasm pale lilac |
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Term
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Definition
| fragments of megakaryocytes, help blood clot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fast acting leukemia seen in children |
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Term
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Definition
| term when WBC amount is greater than 11,00 and usually indicates infection |
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Term
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Definition
| leukemia in later stages in cells, slow acting, found in elderly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| causes reduced immunity, RBC count, and/or platelets; causes bleeding problems |
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Term
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Definition
| viral infections, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis of the liver, exposure to radiation causes |
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Term
| mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+, needs RhoGAM |
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Definition
| Rh situation in erythroblastosis fetalis |
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Term
| anti D antibodies with IgM medicine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rh- can donate to ____
Rh+ can donate to ____ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| men who discovered Rh system |
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Term
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Definition
| upper chambers in a heart called |
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Term
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Definition
| lower chambers in a heart called |
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Term
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Definition
| right side of a heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated |
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Term
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Definition
| left side of a heart is oxygenated/deoxygenated |
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Term
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Definition
| left and right side of hearts act together in a _________ (type of system) |
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Term
| epicardium - myocardium - endocardium |
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Definition
| 3 layers of the walls in a heart (superficial to deep) |
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Term
| Superior and inferior vena cavas |
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Definition
| blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from upper and lower body back to heart (right atrium) |
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Term
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Definition
| largest artery, carries oxygenated blood from left ventricles to body |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels that return oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| located between atria and ventricles, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract, |
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Term
right AV valve- tricuspid valve
left AV valve- biscuspid/ mitral valve |
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Definition
right AV valve that carries deoxygenated blood
left AV valve that carries oxygenated blood |
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Term
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Definition
| located at the base of the two large arteries leaving the ventricles |
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Term
| Pulmonary semilunar valves |
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Definition
| valves located at the right ventricle/pulmonary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| valves located at the left ventricle/aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| heart rate the exceeds the normal resting rate |
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Term
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Definition
| heart rate that is lower than the normal resting heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| stops the pacemaker of the heart in order to try to start the normal heartbeat again |
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Term
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Definition
| heart attack, sudden decrease in blood supply to the heart, caused by block blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| heart stops beating completely, may be restarted with external cardiac massage |
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Term
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Definition
| ballooning out of the heart wall caused by a weakened myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| heart ruptures and blood pours into the pericardial cavity, leads to death |
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Term
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Definition
| force that blood exerts in all directions in any given area, maintains a stable movement of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| salivary glands inferior/anterior to ears, superficial to masseter muscle,releases salivary amylase |
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Term
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Definition
| salivary gland near base of tongue within mandible |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest salivary gland located under the tongue |
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Term
| teeth, mouth, salivary glands |
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Definition
| three organs responsible for masticating food, form it into a bolus |
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Term
systole
-----------
diastole |
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Definition
| what is blood pressure in terms of systole and diastole |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any alteration in normal rhythm |
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Term
| oropharynx (back of throat) |
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Definition
| organ responsible for the process of swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| process of swallowing is called |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 25 cm long organ, circular/longitudinal muscle, responsible for peristalsis |
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Term
| serosa - muscularis - submucosa - mucosa |
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Definition
| 4 layers of tissues of the walls of the digestive tract (superficial to deep) |
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Term
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Definition
| organ where the epiglottis closes off trachea so food cannot enter, closes off epiglottis so air can travel down the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| alimentary canal where food travels down is known as the |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction and relaxation of muscles which propels the food down the esophagus |
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Term
superior - gastroesophageal sphincter
inferior - pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
| superior and inferior opening of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that breaks down food, gastric juice made of: mucus, HCl, gastric lipase, pepsinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that secretes: sodium bicarbonate=raises pH to make neutral, pancreatic amylase=breaks down starch, pancreatic lipase=breaks down fats |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that removes excess nutrients from blood, glyconeogenesis, synthesizes plasma proteins and blood clotting factors; stores iron, copper, vitamins D, D, E, K, B12; detoxifies harmful substances, phagoctizes old blood cells, activation of vitamin D |
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Term
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Definition
| food remains in this organ for 3-5 hours and is responsible for most digestion and absorption, about 18-20 ft long |
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Term
| duodenum - jejunum - ileum |
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Definition
| sections of the small intestines (in order of passage) |
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Term
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Definition
| the function of this organ is to absorb water, vitamins, Na, Cl and form feces |
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Term
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Definition
| section of the brain that regulates food intake |
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Term
|
Definition
| the opening of the large intestine is called the |
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Term
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Definition
| pouch in the beginning of the large intestine that receives fecal matter from the ileum and connects to the ascending colon |
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Term
| ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon |
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Definition
| four colons in the large intestines (in order of passage) |
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Term
|
Definition
| elimination of feces is called |
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