What is basal metabolic rate?  What factors affect BMR? (see p. 941)

-for the following information see pp. 945 - 947

·         What structure is responsible for regulating body temperature?

·         Distinguish between core and shell temperatures.

·         What are the heat-promoting mechanisms?

·         What are the heat-loss mechanisms?

• Describe glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.   Are these active or passive?  Where do these processes occur?

• Describe the different types of regulation over glomerular filtration rate (GFR), (see Figure 25.12)

• What are the functions of tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion?

• Describe the osmotic gradient of the medulla.
• What is a countercurrent mechanism?
• What are the countercurrent mechanisms in the medulla?  What are their roles?

• Describe the role of ADH in the formation of concentrated urine.
• What are aquaporins?

• Define/describe micturition including the role of the internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter.

• Describe the movement of water among the fluid compartments of the body.

• Recognize normal sources of water gain and water loss.

• How do water balance and electrolyte balance interact?

• What are the roles of antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and natriuretic peptides in water balance?

• What are hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia.  How do they occur? What are there general consequences?  (see Table 26.1)

• What are the types of acidosis and alkalosis?  What are their causes and consequences?  (see Table 26.3)

• What are typical sources of acids in the body?

• What are buffer systems?

• Understand what chemical buffer system operate in the ECF, which in the ICF.

• Understand how the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system works.  Be able to predict the effect increasing or decreasing CO₂ and increasing or decreasing H⁺_.

• Understand the phosphate buffer system and protein buffer system.

• Understand the role of the respiratory and urinary systems in maintaining acid-base balance.