Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

A. Cardiac Output

B. Peripheral Resistance

C. Tissue Perfusion

D. Blood Volume

The urinary system regulates blood pressure ove the long term by...

A. Adjusting the amount of water being excreted in urine.

B. Releasing Angiotension II.

C. By providing sensory input to the cardiovascular centers.

D. none of the above

Chemoreceptors that monitor concentration of O₂, CO₂, and H⁺ in the blood are found in all of the following locations except...

A. Carotid bodies

B. Aortic bodies

C. Medulla Oblongata

D. Spleen.

Most hormones that affect blood pressure work to increase a falling blood pressure.  One hormone though is released when blood pressure is too high and works to decrease this elevated blood pressure.  This hormone is...

A. Atrial natriuretic peptide

B. Antidiuretic hormone

C. Angiotensin II

D. Epinephrine

Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Atrial natriuretic peptide causes the kidneys to conserve sodium and results in an increase in blood pressure.

B. Antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to conserve water and consequently results in an increase in blood pressure.

C. Increaed sympathetic stimulation of the heart leads to a reduction in cardiac output and results in decreased blood pressure.

D. Angiotensin II results in the formation of renin and causes a reduction in blood pressure.

6.    Which of the fohowing types of circulatory shock occurs as a result of pervasive vasodilation?

A. Hypovolemic

B. Septic

C. Cardiogenic

D. Vascular

The_________________________ guards against short-term changes in blood pressure most often associated with rapid changes in body position.

a.     chemoreceptor-mediated reflex

b.    renin-angiotensin II system

c. baroreceptor-mediated reflex

d.   parasympathetic division

The sympathetic nervous system is able to increase cardiac output by...

a.     increasing heart rate

b.    increasing stroke volume

c.     increasing vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels

D. All of the above

e.   Both a and b

As described in the text, during embryonic development lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes arise as lymph sacs from the developing arteries,

a True

b. False

Which of the following sequences places the lymphatic pathway in its correct order?

a.   Lymphatic capillary - lymphatic duct- lymphatic collecting vessel- lymphatic trunk

b. Lymphatic capillary - lymphatic collecting vessel - lymphatic trunk - lymphatic duct

c.     Lymphatic capillary- lymphatic trunk - lymphatic collecting vessel- lymphatic trunk

d.    Lymphatic trunk - lymphatic capillary - lymphatic collecting vessel - lymphatic trunk

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

a.     House/support the immune system.

b.    Filter lymph fluid. Deliver oxygen to tissues.

c.   Deliver oxygen to the tissues

d. Return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream.

12.    The tonsils are positioned best to trap microorganisms that may enter the body via the...

a.        Respiratory tract

b.       Urinary tract

c.        Digestive tract

d.       All of the above

e.        Both a and c

The small intestine contains masses of lymph follicles called_________________ .

a.Islets of Langerhans

b.Peyer's Patches

c.        rugae

d.       lymph nodes

The framework (or stroma) of lymphatic organs and tissues is comprised of...

a.        Elastic connective tissue

b.       Fibrocartilage

c.        Reticular connective tissue

d.       Adipose tissue

Which of the following statements best describes the thymus?

a.        It is a structure of the Central Nervous System.

b.        It is absent in infants.

c.        It guides/regulates the development of T lymphocytes, ct.  

D. It removes damaged erythrocytes from the bloodstream.

Autoimmune diseases are the result of a lack of...

a.        specificity

b.       self-tolerance

c.        memory

d.       diversity

Any substance that is recognized by the body as being foreign and that provokes an immune response by B and T cells is known as a(n)_____________________ .

a.     Antibody

b.       Interferon

c.        Toxoid

d.       Antigen

Which of the following best describes adaptive immunity?

a.        It targets specific threats.

b.        It includes intact skin.

c.        It is fully developed at birth.

d.        It is comprised physical barriers and macrophages.

Matching.  Associate each of the numbered components of the immune system with the following lettered descriptions. May be used more than once or not at all.

19. Plasma Cell

20. Mucous Membrane

21. Macrophage

22. Antibodies

A. Surface barrier

B. Internal defences

C. Humoral Immunity

D. Cellular Immunity

23.Which of the following statements is not an effect of the complement system?

a.        Opsonization

b.       Activation of inflammation

c.        Lysis

d.       Agglutination

Which of the following is not a beneficial effect fever?     

          a.   Membrane attack complexes form.

b.        Liver sequesters iron.

c.        Immune cells are circulated faster.

d.        Immune cells are created faster.

25.   Which of the following cells allows the adaptive immune system to have immunological memory?

a.        NK cells

b.        Plasma cells

c.        Helper T cells  

d.       Memory B cells

When a cell becomes infected with an intracellular pathogen (e.g. a virus) which of the following events may occur?

a.        The cell displays abnormal antigens on its MHC proteins.

b.       The cell is attacked by cytotoxic T cells.

c.        The cell produces interferons.

d.     All of the above

Which class(es) of antibody can be transferred from a mother to her child?

A. IgM

B. IgA

C. IgA and IgG

D. IgD and IgM

E. IgE

Which class of antibody is associated with allergic reactions?

A. IgM

B. IgA

C. IgD

D. IgG

E. IgE

T and B cells are which of the following type of leukocyte?

A. Eosinophils

B. Lymphocytes

C. Monocytes

D. Basophils

E. Neutrophils

Which of the following statements concerning B cells is False?

a.     The activation of B cells typically requires tne assistance of Helper T cells.

b.     Certain B cells directly attack antigen bearing cells.

c.        B cells are the basis of humoral immunity.

d.       B cells mature in red bone marrow.

  Interferons are antimicrobial proteins that are used to protect against

a.        tapeworms

b.       bacteria
c.     fungi

d.     viruses

 Which of the following factors facilitates phagocytosis?

A.   Opsonization

b.       Fever

c.        Interferon

d.       Mucus

Class II MHC proteins are used by_______ to display exogenous antigens.

a.    red blood cells

b.  white blood cells

c.   antigen presenting cells

d.  plasma cells

In addition to antigen binding sites, an antibody may also have...

a.       interferon binding sites

b.       macrophage binding sites

c.        helper T cell binding sites

d.       all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a tenant of clonal selection theory?

a.       Clones that are not self-tolerant are eliminated.

b.       Some clones will become memory cells.

c.        Clones all respond to the same antigen.

d.       There exists a large pool of lymphocytes.

Which of the following is most likely to act as an antigen presenting cell (APC)?

a.       Memory T cell

b.       Erythrocyte

c.       Macrophage

d.   Hemocytoblast

There are five possible outcomes of antibody-antigen complex formation that result in destruction of the antigen-bearing substance. Which of the following statement best describes what these five outcomes have in common?

a.  They enhance the ability of phagocytes to remove the antigen-bearing substance through phagocytosis.

b.       They all lead to the hypothalamus triggering fever

c.        They complement the immune response by triggering inflammation, formation of membrane attack complexes, and opsonization

d.       They lead to destruction of the antigen-bearing substance through the secretion of perforins by killer T cells.

A mother that nurses her child passes along her maternal antibodies to that child. The type of immunity acquired by the child in the process is...

a.       natural-active

b.       natural-passive

c.        artificial-active

d.       artificial-passive

A secondary immune response is faster and greater in magnitude than a primary immune response because of the production of ___________ during the primary immune response.

A. Memory Cells

B. Helper T cells

C. Specialized Macrophages

D. All of the Above

Which of the following factors may function as an opsonin?

A. Complemetn Protiens

B. Interferon

C. Immunoglobulins

D. All of the Above

E. Both A and C

Which of the following structures is NOT a component of the conductive portion of the respiratory system?

a.       Trachea

b.      Primary bronchi

c.        Pharynx

d.      Alveolar duct

 Functions of the respiratory system include all of the following EXCEPT...

a.       Acid-base balance

b.      Gas exchange .

c.       Thermoregulation

d.      Sound production

T ype II cells produce_________ that prevents the alveoli from collapsing due to

a.       Mucus...irritants

b.      Antibodies...infection

  c  Surfactant...surface tension

d.   Serous fluid...friction

      Alveolar gas exchange is facilitated by the presence of a(n) ________________ epithelium lining the alveolar walls.

a. Simple squamous

b.      Stratified squamous

c.       Pseudostratified columnar

d.      Simple columnar

__________ refers to gas exchange between the blood stream and the tissues.

A. Pulmonary Ventilatoin

B. Internal Respiration

C. External Respiration

D. Cellular Respirtation

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is known as...

A. Pulmonary ventilation

B. External Respiration

C. Internal Respirtation

D. Cellular Respiration

Incoming air must be conditioned prior to it entering the respiratory portion of therespiratory system. Factors that aid in conditioning the incoming air include all EXCEPT which of the following?

A. Nasal Conchae

B. Nasal Mucosae

C. Epiglottis

D. Ciliated Epithehlia

Which of the following best explains the origins of CO₂ in the body?

A. It is absorbed by the skin from the atmosphere

B. It is obtained from the diet

C. It is a component of inspired air

D. It is produced during aerobic cellular respiration.