Term
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Definition
| Production of identical copies of DNA by asexual means. |
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Term
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology |
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Definition
| Combining DNA from 2 or more different sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA to be introduced into host cell's DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA used to carry foreign DNA into host cell (often a bacterial plasmid.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Insertion of genetic material in human cells for treatment of a disorder. |
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Term
| Creating Transgenic Organisms |
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Definition
| Inserting a gene to allow an organism to produce a product or to better withstand enviormental conditions (Ex. Growing larger animals but inserting a gene for bovine growth hormone.) |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| Creating copies of just a segment of DNA. - Purpose: to obtain many copies of the same section of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene insertion done outside patient's body (Ex. Treatment of ADA Deficiency- an immune disorder.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene insertion done inside patient's body (Ex. Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Prokayotic Models in 1960's |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of genes that functions as a single unit. (pg. 234) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene that codes for repressor molecule (Gene that will be transcribed to mRNA that will be translated to protein repressor molecule. (Pg. 234) |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that binds to operator gene to prevent transcription of structural genes.) Pg. 234 |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene where RNA polymerase first attaches. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene where the repressor molecule can bind (acts as on/off switch.) |
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Term
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Definition
| One of more genes that are transcribed, then translated to (proteins) enzymes. |
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Term
| Negative Control (Inducible Operon Theory) (Lac Operon) |
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Definition
Produces enzymes to break down lactose.
(See handout & Pg. 235) |
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Term
| Positive Control (Repressible Operon Theory) (Tryptophan Operon) |
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Definition
| Produces Enzymes needed to make the amino acid tyrptophan. |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of naming and classifying organisms. (Pg. 338) |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of placing organisms into hierarchial groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The science of assigning names to organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Greek Philospher
- Divided all organisms into 3 groups: animals, vegtables, & minerals.
- Divided animals into vertebrates and invertabrates (no backbone.) |
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Term
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Definition
English Clergyman
-Attempted to systematize taxonomy of plants and animals- developed long phrase names. |
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Term
| Carolus Linnaeus (18th Cent.) |
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Definition
Swedish Taxonomist
-Developed Taxonomic Heirarchy and Binomial Nomenclature. |
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Term
| Linnaeus' Taxonomic Heirarchy |
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Definition
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Classes
-Orders
-Families
-Genus
-Species |
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Term
| Linnaeus' Binomial Nomenclature |
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Definition
| Scientific names consisting of genus and species names. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed the five kingdom system. |
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Term
| Whitaker's Five Kingdom System |
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Definition
-Monera (all Prokaryotes)
-Protista (Eukaryotes- unicellular)
-Fungi (Eukaryotes- Heterotrophic, haploid adult)
-Plante (Eukaryotes- photosynthetic)
-Animalia (Eukaryotes- Heterotrophic, diploid adults) |
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Term
| Carl Woese (Early 1970's) |
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Definition
Developed Six Kingdom System- (not accepted until late 90's)
Split Kingdom Monera into 2:
-Kingdom Eubacteria
-Kingdom Archaebacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, and Domain Eukarya. (Eukarya- contains kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.) |
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Term
| Reproductive Pattern of Plants |
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Definition
| Plants alternate between two multicellular adult forms (generations.) |
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Term
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Definition
diploid adult (generation) that grows from a zygote and produces spores by meiosis. (Has haploid cells as result)
(P.412) |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid cell produced by sporophyte (male= microspore & female= megaspore) |
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Term
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Definition
| Haploid adult that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diploid cell that results from union of nuclei of sperm and egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| freshwater, multicellular green algae. (Pg. 411) |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized tissue to carry water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis through the body of the plant.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bryophytes, Lycophytes (club mosses), and Pteridophytes (ferns and allies.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
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Term
| Bryophytes are ____________ plants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Have no roots, stems, or leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moist and shady. (Ex. Hornworts and Liver worts) |
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Term
| For moss, a Bryophyte, it's gametophyte is the _____________ generation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular tissue that carries water & minerals from the roots towards the leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular tissue taht carries products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the roots. |
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Term
| Examples of vascular, seedless plants |
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Definition
| Lycophytes (club mosses) and Pteridophytes (ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.) |
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Term
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Definition
"naked seed" plants- have seeds not covered by fruit- sporophyte dominates
-Cycads
-Gingkos
-Gentophytes
-Conifers
(p. 420) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Phylum Anthophyta)- have seeds covered by fruit- (often called the "flowering plants")- Sporophyte dominates (Ex. Maple Tree) |
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Term
| Criteria of Classification |
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Definition
| Newer information based on sequence of nucleotide in RNA and DNA. |
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Term
| Organization of Tissues: Cellular Level |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- 2 embryological germ layers (true tissues) : Ectoderm and Endoderm
-3 embyological germ layers : Ectorderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| divided around a central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| divided by a centra plane into right and left portions. |
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Term
| Intracellular Digestive System |
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Definition
| digestion occurs within the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two opening: mouth and anus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Body cavity that is not completely line with mesoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| First embryonic opening (blastopore) becomes mouth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
repetition of body parts
- body will be divided into identical sections.
-certain structures repeat (vertebrae, ganglia, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Sponges
-cellular level of organization
-most are asymmetrical, some have radial symmetry
-intracellular digestion
-no segmentation
-acoelomate
Pg.517 |
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Term
| Collar Cells (Choanocytes) |
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Definition
Found in Sponges
-line cavity and canas
-"collar" made of microtubules- filters food from water
-flagella create continuous water movement
-produce gametes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Amoeboid Cells (amoebocytes) |
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Definition
Found in Sponges
Between collar cells and epithelial cells.
-carry food from colar cells to epithelial cells.
-produce spicules- skeletal material |
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Term
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Definition
In sponges
-barrel shaped cells that form pores |
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Term
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Definition
Found in Cnidarians
-cells containing nematocysts- attach and secrete toxin. |
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Term
| Tissue layers of Cnidarians |
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Definition
2 true tissues
-ectoderm (outer)
-endoderm (inner)
-mesogla (jelly-like, noncellular between) |
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Term
| Cnidarian Phylum body shapes |
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Definition
-Polyp- vase shape
-Medusa- bowl shape
-Radial symmetry
-Gastrovasular Cavity (GVC)
-Acoelomate
-No Segmentation
-Primitive nervous system (nerve net)
P.519 |
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Term
| Hydrozoans- Class Hydrozoa |
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Definition
A classification of Cnidarians
-Polyp dominates
Ex. Hydra & Physalia (Port. Man-of-war) |
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Term
| Jellyfish- Class Scyphozoa |
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Definition
A classification of Cnidarians
-Medusa Dominates |
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Term
| Anemones & Corals- Class Anthozoa |
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Definition
A classification of Cnidarians
-Polyp dominates
-Corals are important as reef builders |
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Term
| Flatworms- Phylum Platyhelminthes |
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Definition
| A Bilateria Protostomes -dorso-ventrally flattened -bilateral symmetry -sac-like digestive system (GVC) -acoelomate -no segmentation -three tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
All are free-living/ no paracitic
- Example: Dugesia |
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Term
| Turbellarian Nervous System |
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Definition
2 ganglia (clumps of nerve cell bodies) with nerve cords extending.
(Dugesia) |
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Term
| Turbellarians Excretory System |
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Definition
Flame cells-- clump of cilia moves fluid into canal system from tissues-- wastes are excreted out pores.
(Dugesia) |
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Term
| Turbellarian muscular system |
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Definition
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Term
| Turbellarian digestive system |
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Definition
(GVC) Y shaped (rather than straight)
(Dugesia) |
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Term
| Turbellarians Reproductive System |
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Definition
Monoecious (hermaphrodictic)- having male & female reproductive organs in same individual (cannot self fertilize- must mate & exchange sperm)
(Dugesia) P.520 |
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Term
| Flukes (Trematodes) and Tapeworms (Cestodes) |
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Definition
-all parasites
-- Tough outer covering (to resist digestive enzymes)
-- sucker and/or hooks for attachment
-- complex life cycle- involving 2 or more hosts.
Ex. Taenia (pork tapeworm)
(pg. 522) |
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Term
| Conditions of Natural Selection |
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Definition
-Physical & behavioral variations exist within a population
-there is limited amount of resources (food,wate,etc.) and more individualrs are born than enviroment can support; therefore, organisms compete for these resources.
-those individuals who have characteristics that make them better able to obtain resources have better chance of successful reproduction. (Passing on traits= "survival of the fittest.") |
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Term
| Consequences of Natural Selection |
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Definition
-each subsequent generation will have more individuals that are adapted to their enviroment than pervious generations
-the entire population become better adapted |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that organismes were destroyed in a series of catastrophies and only those that survived went on to repopulate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed taht the earth had changed slowly and gradually (Uniformitarianism) which lead to the idea that the earth was old enough for there to be enough time for evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that the available resources were not sufficient for all organisms to survive and that death and famine were inevitable as "controls" to the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that all organisms were imperfect copies of an ideal form and that variations were imperfections. |
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Term
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Definition
| His work in geology was the basis of Charles Lyell's theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed that new species decended from pre-existing species and that the mechanism for the change was natural selection. |
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Term
| Carolus Linnaeus (Evolution) |
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Definition
| believed in "fixity of species" i.e. each species had an "ideal" structure and function and had a place in the scala natura. |
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Term
| Leclerc (Count de Buffon) |
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Definition
| provided evidence of descent with modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognized that organisms were diverse- some more complex than others. He arranged all organisms from simple to complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed in "inheritance of aquired characteristics" and based this belief on the succession of life forms found in rock strata. |
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