(Liquid-solid or gas-solid)

Solutres separated by their differences in attraction to stationary (solid) versus mobile phase

• Solutes separated by differences in their distribution between two liquid phases
• Based on relative solubility in an organic (non-polar) solvent and an aqueous (polar) solvent

• Attractive force between componds is + and - charge.
• Solute mixtures are separated by the magnitude and charge of ionic species.
• Stationary Phase has formal charge

• Analyte must be volatile
• Analyte must be thermal-stable
• Temperature: most important parameter
• Derivatives

1. Pumps
2. Injectors
3. Columns
4. Detectors
5. Recorders
6. Fraction Collector

• Gradient elution using 2 buffers with differing ionic strengths
• Low temperature
• Better separation of thermolabile compounds
• High pressure used to pass mobile phase through column
• Superior resolution
• Short analysis time
• Improved reproducibility

1. Atomization
2. Conversion of fraction of atoms formed in step 1 to stream of ions
3. Separation of ions in step 2 on basis of mass-to-charge ratio
4. Counting numbers of ions of each type

1. Ion Source
2. Mass Analyzer
3. Ion Detector

• Free of ionizable groups
• Protein separation and immunoelectrophoresis

• Chemically uniform; ~81% air space
• Clinical use - proteins, Hgb
• Smaller sample volume

• Different composition of layers of gel and pore size - allows for expanded separation - more zones 
• Individual serum proteins and isoenzymes
• SDS - very neutral; separate by SIZE ONLY

• pI - isoelectric point: protein has a neutral charge
• pI is used to separate proteins in a gel with a pH gradient from cathode (alkaline) to anode (acidic)
• Proteins moves to zone in medium where pH= isoelectric point of protein; at this point charge is zero and migration ceases

• Separation, quantitationm and determination of molecular weights of proteins and peptides
• Separation occurs in electric field

1. Heat - can degrade protein
2. Buffers - cold improves resolution and lessens evaporation
3. Samples - need to optimize to avoid overloading

=[P]/[R]

Coefficients become exponents

• kJ/mol
• Heat change during a reaction

• Favors reverse reaction
• Heat absorbed
• Endothermic

• Adequacy of ventilation
• Adequacy of oxygenation
• Acid Base status

• Adequacy of ventilation
• Adequacy of oxygenation
• Acid Base status

• Arterial blood gases asses

• Net diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane
• -Proportional to the difference in partial pressure
• -Propartional to the area of the membrane
• -Inversly proportional to the thickness of the membrane
• -Can calculate exchange rates of gases across membranes

• Increase binding of O2, decrease release from Hgb
• Increase pH
• Decrease DPG
• Decrease temperature

• Decreased oxygen content in blood
• Decreased cardiac output
• Decreased ventilation

• Low oxygen tension
• Decreased O2
• Compensation - increased cardiac output

• Decreased O2 carrying capacity
• Decreased total hemoglobin
• Abnormal Hgb
• Compensation - increase cardiac output

• Impaired blood flow
• Acite MI
• Cardiac failure
• Shock
• Compensation - increase ventilation

Histotoxic Hypoxia

• Abnormal utilization of oxygen at cellular level
• Increased cellular demand
• Impaired cellular function
• Impaired O2 release fro Hgb
• Compensation - both cardiac output and ventilation increases

pH< 7.35

Increase in CO2

• pH>7.45
• Decrease in CO2, therefore increase in HCO3

pH <7.35

Cause is due to decrease in HCO3-

Hyperventilation to decrease pCO2

Increased secretion of H+

Conserve base HCO3-

• pH > 7.45
• Cause is due to increase HCO3-

Decrease respiration

Retain acid and decrease reclamation of base

(TP + TN)

_____________________

(TP + FP + FN + TN)

• Ability of the method to correctly determine the prescence of disease in those patients who have disease.
• How likely is the positive truly positive?

Globular - symmetrical

Fibrous - elongated 

1. Solubility - albumin is most arent
2. Immunogenicity - Can be effective antigens, depends on size and amino acid content
3. Chemical compositiion - Simple and conjugated
4. Function

Excessive loss

Decreased intake

Decreased synthesis of serum proteins

Accelerated catabolism

• Most abundant
• Function - colloid osmotic pressure

Less production

Increased loss

Alpha 1 Antitripsin

Alpha 1 Glycoprotein

Alpha 1- Alpha 2 bridge

Alpha 2 Haptoglobin

Hemopexin

Lipoproteins

Beta Fraction : Complement

B-G Bridge

CRP

• Protease inhibitor
• Decreased- Emphysema and cirrhosis
• Increased - Inflammation

• Regulates immune response
• Decrease - liver disease, malnutrition
• Increased - inflammatory diseases and cancer

• Dominant serum protein in early embryotic life
• Increased maternal levels

• Serine protease targets other serine proteases
• Decrease- asthma and liver disease
• Increase- inflammation

Binds free Hgb

Decrease - hemolytic anemia

Increase - inflammation

Very large and does not diffuse easily

Major plasma protease inhibitor

Increase- liver disease, diabetes, kidney failure

Decrease - pancreatitis

Copper Donor, catalyzes iron oxidation

Decrease - wilson's disease

Increase - exercise and pregnancy

Binds free iron

Increase in iron deficiency anemia

Decrease in malnutrition

Removes circulating heme

Decreased- hemolytic disorders, liver disease

Interact with Ag-Ab complexes

Decrease malnutrition/ liver diseases

Increase in inflammation

One of the largest plasma proteins

Aids in clot formation

Increase in clotting

Lack of Beta lymphs

Hypogammaglobulinemia

Asthma

Atopic skin diseases

Hay Fever

Anaphylactic shock

Myeloma

Waldenstroms macroglobinemia

Trypanosmiasis

Malaria

Infectious mononucleosis

New deck of cards is shuffled.

Disorder increases

• Pressure gradient
• Flow Rate
• Area
• Distance across membrane

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B

1. Anemic Hypoxia                       A)Hypoventilation
2. Histotoxic                               B)Cardiac Failure
3. Arterial                            C)Decreased O2 Hgb
4. Circulatory                          D)Impaired O2 release

Compensated respiratory Alkalosis

pH, pCO2, HCO3-