Term
| What are chemical senses? |
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Definition
| Gustation (taste) & Olfaction (smell) |
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Term
| Their chemoreceptors respond to chemcials in an ______ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Taste = substances are _______ in ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Smell = substances ________ in fluids of the _________ membranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the organ of smell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the olfactory epithelium cover? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are olfactory receptor cells unipolar or bipolar neurons? |
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Definition
| BIPOLAR neurons with radiating olfactory cilia. |
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Term
| What are olfactory receptors surrounded by? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does signal transduction of smell work? 5 steps. |
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Definition
1.)Odorant binds to it's receptor.
2.)Receptor activates G protein.
3.)G protein activates adenylate cyclase.
4.)Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.
5.)cAMP opens a cation channel that allows Na+ and Ca2+ to influx and depolarize. |
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Term
| What do olfactory receptor cells synapse with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where to mitral cells send the impulse? |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic system. |
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Term
| What brain structure causes the emotional connection between smells? |
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Definition
| the amygdala and limbic system. |
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Term
| Where are taste buds found? |
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Definition
| The papillae of the tongue mucosa. |
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Term
| What are the three types of papillae and which contain taste buds? |
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Definition
1.)Filiform - no
2.)Fungiform - yes
3.)Circumvallate - yes |
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Term
| What are the 5 basic taste sensations and what causes them? |
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Definition
1.)Sweet - Sugars, saccharin, alcohol.
2.)Salt - Metal ions.
3.)Sour - Hydrogen ions.
4.)Bitter - Alkaloids. (Nicotine)
5.)Umami - Glutamate (Protein) |
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Term
| Where are the taste sensations located? |
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Definition
From top left going counter clockwise -
-Bitter
-Sour
-#2 Salt
-Sweet
- #1 Salt
- Sour |
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Term
| What two things must occur for a something to be tasted? |
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Definition
1.) Must be dissolved in saliva.
2.) Must contact gustatory hairs. |
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Term
| How does binding of a food chemical occur? 3 things. |
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Definition
1.)Depolarizes the taste cell -> releases neurotransmitter.
2.)Neurotransmitter -> sensory nerve
3.)This initiates a generator potential that elicits an action potential. |
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Term
| What are the steps of taste transduction? 4 steps/tastes. |
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Definition
1.)Na+ influx in salty tastes act to depolarize the membrane.
2.)H+ in sour tastes directly enters the cell by opening cation chennels or by blockading K+ channels.
4.)Gustducin in sweet and bitter tastes cause ATP secretion from receptor cells which stimulate gustatory afferent nerve fibers. ATP is also exciting presynaptic cells which release serotonin and norepinephrine. |
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Term
| Which cranial nerves are considered the gustatory pathway? |
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Definition
VII - vestibulochochlear
IX - glossopharyngeal |
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Term
| Where do taste impulses travel to? |
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Definition
| thalamus -> gustatory complex -> hypothalamus -> limbic system (appreciation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What three receptors also influence taste? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ and ________ enhance or detract from taste. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are 70% of all sensory receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the eye protected by? |
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Definition
| Cushion of fat and the bony orbit. |
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Term
| What are accessory structures of the eye? |
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Definition
| eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscle. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the eyebrows? |
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Definition
1.)Shading the eye
2.)Preventing perspiration from reaching the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the palpebral fissure? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Medial and lateral angles of the eye. (commissures) |
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Term
| What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of and what does it secrete? |
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Definition
| the lacrimal gland and associated ducts. secretes tears. |
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Term
| what is the wall of the eye composed of? |
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Definition
1.)Fibrous
2.)Vascular
3.)Sensory
Tunics |
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Term
| What does the fibrous tunic form? |
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Definition
| The outermost coat of the eye. |
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Term
| What is the fibrous tunic composed of? |
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Definition
| Opaque sclera (p) and clear cornea (a). |
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Term
| What is the function of the sclera? |
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Definition
-Protects the eye
-anchors extrinsic muslces |
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Term
| What is the function of the cornea? |
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Definition
| Lets light enter and leave the eye. |
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Term
| What is the vascular tunics three regions? |
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Definition
| Choroid, cilliary body, iris. |
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Term
| What is the choroid region and it's function? |
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Definition
| Dark brown membrane, forms posterior part of vascular tunic. Supplies blood to all eye tunics. |
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Term
| What is the ciliary body and it's function? |
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Definition
A thickened ring of tissue surrounding the lens. Composed of smooth muscle bundles.
Anchors the suspensory ligament that holds the lens in place. |
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Term
| What is the sensory tunic, two layers, and it's function? |
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Definition
The retina.
Pigmented layer - outer layer that absorbs light and prevents it from scattering.
Neural layer - contains photoreceptors that tranduce light energy, bipolar cells and ganglion cells, amacrine and horozontal cells. |
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Term
| What is the pathway of light entering the eye? In order. |
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Definition
1.)cornea
2.)aqueous humor
3.)lens
4.)vitreous humor
5.)neural layer of the retina to the photoreceptors |
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Term
| Where is light refracted? |
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Definition
| The cornea. Entering the lens and leaving the lens. |
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Term
| What allows for the focusing of an image? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does emmetropic mean? |
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Definition
| normal eye with light focused properly |
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Term
| What does myopic mean and how is it corrected? |
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Definition
The focal point is in front of the retina. NEARSIGHTED.
Corrected w/ concave lens. |
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Term
| What does hyperopic mean and how is it corrected? |
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Definition
The focal point is behind the retina. FARSIGHTED.
Corrected w/ convex lens. |
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Term
| Where is the bony labyrinth located and what structures are in it? |
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Definition
| The inner ear. Contains the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the membranous labyrinth? |
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Definition
| series of membranous sacs within the bony labyrinth that are filled with potassium-rich fluid. |
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Term
| What is the vestibule and what else does it contain? |
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Definition
| The central egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth. Contains the saccule and utricle. |
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Term
| What are the semicircular canals? |
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Definition
| They are receptors that respond to angular movements of the head. |
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Term
| What is the cochlea and what does it contain? |
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Definition
| Sprial, conical, bony chamber that extends from the anterior vestibule. Contains the organ of the corti. |
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Term
| What is the cochlea divided into? |
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Definition
| Scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani. |
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Term
| How does transmission of sound to the inner ear work? |
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Definition
1.)Stapes vibrate against oval window.
2.)Pressure wave pushes on scala vestibuli.
3.)Spiral organ stimulated; stereocilia move.
4.)Potasstium and calcium channels open depolarizing the cells.
5.)Sterocilia release glutamate. |
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Term
| What are Eustachian tubes and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Regulate air pressure in the middle ear, refresh air in ear, drain normal secretions from middle ear. |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of ear aches? |
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Definition
Otitis externa - inflammation of our outer ear and ear canal. Swells and becomes painful to touch.
Otitis Media - bacterial or viral infection that affects the middle ear. |
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